Curculionidae - Wikipedia

11/10/24, 3:41 PM Curculionidae - Wikipedia
Curculionidae
The Curculionidae are a family of weevils, commonly
called snout beetles or true weevils. They are one of the True weevils and bark beetles
largest animal families with 6,800 genera and 83,000[1]
species described worldwide. They are the sister group to
the family Brentidae.[2]
They include the bark beetles as the subfamily Scolytinae,

which are modified in shape in accordance with their wood-
boring lifestyle. They do not much resemble other weevils,
so they were traditionally considered a distinct family,
Cholus cinctus, Panama
Scolytidae. The family also includes the ambrosia beetles, of
which the present-day subfamily Platypodinae was formerly Scientific classification
considered the distinct family Platypodidae. Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Description Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Adult Curculionidae can be recognised by the well-
developed, downwards-curved snout (rostrum) possessed Order: Coleoptera
by many species, though the rostrum is sometimes short Infraorder: Cucujiformia
(e.g. Entiminae).[3][4] They have elbowed antennae that end
Clade: Phytophaga
in clubs, and the first antennal segment often fits into a
groove in the side of the rostrum.[3][4] The body tends to be Superfamily: Curculionoidea
robust, convex, heavily sclerotised and covered in scales or Family: Curculionidae
bristles.[3] Curculionidae range in size from 1-35 mm long, Latreille, 1802
usually being 5-15 mm long.[4] Most Curculionidae are
sexually dimorphic with females (compared to males) Diversity
having antennae positioned more basally and a longer, Some 20 subfamilies (see text)
thinner rostrum.[4]
Larval Curculionidae are C-shaped and lightly sclerotised, with

minute antennae, robust mandibles[3] and no legs.[5]
Most weevils feed on plants as larvae and adults, and they

include important pests of cultivated plants that chew holes in
fruits, nuts and other parts.[4] The long rostrum possessed by
most adult weevils is used by females to help lay eggs (oviposit)
inside plant tissue.[5] Some feed on rotten wood or bark (e.g.
Cossoninae and Cryptorhynchinae), and some are wood-borers A true weevil
that feed on ambrosia fungi (Platypodinae and some
Scolytinae).[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curculionidae 1/4
Although pesticide resistance hasn't historically been an issue

with these insects, recently a mutation was discovered in
association with the voltage-gated sodium channel in the
species Sitophilus zeamais, indicating there is a lot to learn
about how these insects adapt to changing environments.[6]
Behavior
Curculio elephas
When disturbed, adult curculionids often play dead by lying
motionless on their backs.[4]
Many species of weevils are common household and garden pests, but don't harm people, pets, or
buildings. Their presence is more of a temporary nuisance, usually to plants and their fruits in
their larval stage. In tropical areas they have larger effects, specifically several species in the genera
Conotrachelus and Copturus.[7]
Cylas formicarius has been observed with an increased amount of inbreeding suppression than is
normal for the average population of weevils, both intraspecific and interspecific.[8]
Phylogeny and systematics

The phylogeny of the group is complex; with so many species, a spirited debate exists about the
relationships between subfamilies and genera. A 1997 analysis attempted to construct a phylogeny
based mainly on larval characteristics.[5]
Recent work on the phylogenetic relationships in weevils mentions the two subfamily groups
Adelognatha (short-nosed weevils, subfamily Entiminae) and Phanerognatha (long-nosed
weevils, subfamilies of Curculionidae other than Entiminae) for the species of Curculionidae.[9]
Almost two dozen subfamilies are recognized by some authors even when merging those that are
certainly invalid. Others, however, recognize a lesser number – the only subfamilies that are
almost universally considered valid are the Baridinae, Cossoninae, Curculioninae, Cyclominae,
Entiminae, Molytinae, Platypodinae, and Scolytinae. The various proposed taxonomic schemes
typically recognize as many additional subfamilies again, but little agreement is seen between
authorities about which. In particular, the delimitation of the Molytinae has proven difficult.
The timeline for current and extant weevil speciation and diversification is consistent with the
radiation of gymnosperms during the Mesozoic period.[10]
The subfamilies considered valid by at least some authors today:
Bagoinae (sometimes in Molytinae)

Baridinae
Brachycerinae (disputed)
Conoderinae (sometimes in Baridinae)
Cossoninae
Curculio, scarabeiform
Cryptorhynchinae (sometimes in Curculioninae)
larva
Acalles
Curculioninae – flower weevils, acorn and nut weevils
Cyclominae
Dryophthorinae (sometimes placed at family level)
Entiminae – broad-nosed weevils
Etheridgea (disputed)
Hyperinae (sometimes in Molytinae)
Lixinae (sometimes in Molytinae) Cionus tuberculosus (Curculioninae)
Mesoptiliinae (sometimes in Molytinae)

Molytinae
Orobitidinae (sometimes in Baridinae)
Platypodinae – typical ambrosia beetles, "higher"
Curculionidaes[2]
Raymondionyminae (sometimes in Brachycerinae)
Scolytinae – bark beetles
Xiphaspidinae (sometimes in Baridinae)
See also
Curculio nucum, a brown nut-weevil
Insects portal
Arthropods portal
Black vine weevil

Boll weevil
Pecan weevil
Wheat weevil
Hylobius
Orthorhinus cylindrirostris
Premnotrypes
Scolytoplatypus
Pests and diseases of roses
References
1. "Curculionidae" (https://www.gbif.org/species/4239). www.gbif.org.
2. Gunter, Nicole L; Oberprieler, Rolf G; Cameron, Stephen L (May 2016). "Molecular
phylogenetics of A ustralian weevils ( C oleoptera: C urculionoidea): exploring relationships in a
hyperdiverse lineage through comparison of independent analyses" (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.c
om/doi/10.1111/aen.12173). Austral Entomology. 55 (2): 217–233. doi:10.1111/aen.12173 (http
s://doi.org/10.1111%2Faen.12173). ISSN 2052-174X (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2052-17
4X).
3. "Coleoptera | What Bug Is That?" (https://anic.csiro.au/insectfamilies/biota_details.aspx?OrderI
D=25407&BiotaID=26524&PageID=families). anic.csiro.au. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
4. "Family Curculionidae - Snout and Bark Beetles" (https://bugguide.net/node/view/139).
bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
5. Adriana E. Marvaldi (1997). "Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera:
Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broad-nosed
weevils" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120218064752/http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/entomologia/A
rticulos/Cladistics13(1997).pdf) (PDF). Cladistics. 13 (4): 285–312. doi:10.1111/j.1096-
0031.1997.tb00321.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.1997.tb00321.x).
PMID 34911227 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34911227). S2CID 202843753 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:202843753). Archived from the original (http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/e
ntomologia/Articulos/Cladistics13%281997%29.pdf) (PDF) on 2012-02-18. Retrieved
2009-12-12.
6. Araújo, Rúbia A.; Williamson, Martin S.; Bass, Christopher; Field, Linda M.; Duce, Ian R.
(2011). "Pyrethroid resistance in Sitophilus zeamais is associated with a mutation (T929I) in the
voltage-gated sodium channel" (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2583.201
1.01079.x). Insect Molecular Biology. 20 (4): 437–445. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01079.x
(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2583.2011.01079.x). ISSN 1365-2583 (https://search.worldc
at.org/issn/1365-2583). PMID 21496128 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21496128).
S2CID 205307830 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205307830).
7. Fuentes, Luis Martin Hernandez; Vildozola, Alvaro Castaneda; Urias-Lopez, Mario Alfonso
(2017-04-12). Shields, Vonnie D.C. (ed.). Weevil Borers in Tropical Fruit Crops: Importance,
Biology and Management (http://www.intechopen.com/books/insect-physiology-and-ecology/w
eevil-borers-in-tropical-fruit-crops-importance-biology-and-management). InTech. p. 43.
doi:10.5772/66635 (https://doi.org/10.5772%2F66635). ISBN 978-953-51-3033-8.
8. Kuriwada, Takashi; Kumano, Norikuni; Shiromoto, Keiko; Haraguchi, Dai (July 2011).
"Inbreeding avoidance or tolerance? Comparison of mating behavior between mass-reared
and wild strains of the sweet potato weevil" (http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-011-1158-
6). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 65 (7): 1483–1489. Bibcode:2011BEcoS..65.1483K
(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BEcoS..65.1483K). doi:10.1007/s00265-011-1158-6 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-011-1158-6). ISSN 0340-5443 (https://search.worldcat.org/iss
n/0340-5443). S2CID 25037423 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25037423).
9. Lieutier, François, ed. (2007). Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe: a
synthesis (Repr ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4020-2240-1.
10. Shin, Seunggwan; Clarke, Dave J; Lemmon, Alan R; Moriarty Lemmon, Emily; Aitken,
Alexander L; Haddad, Stephanie; Farrell, Brian D; Marvaldi, Adriana E; Oberprieler, Rolf G;
McKenna, Duane D (2018-04-01). "Phylogenomic Data Yield New and Robust Insights into the
Phylogeny and Evolution of Weevils" (https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/35/4/823/476591
6). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35 (4): 823–836. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx324 (https://doi.
org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsx324). hdl:11336/57287 (https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F5728
7). ISSN 0737-4038 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038). PMID 29294021 (https://pub
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29294021).
External links
Media related to Curculionidae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Curculionidae at Wikispecies
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11/10/24, 3:41 PM Curculionidae - Wikipedia

They include the bark beetles as the subfamily Scolytinae,

Larval Curculionidae are C-shaped and lightly sclerotised, with

Most weevils feed on plants as larvae and adults, and they

Although pesticide resistance hasn't historically been an issue

Phylogeny and systematics

The subfamilies considered valid by at least some authors today:

Bagoinae (sometimes in Molytinae)

Curculioninae – flower weevils, acorn and nut weevils

Mesoptiliinae (sometimes in Molytinae)

Black vine weevil

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curculionidae&oldid=1256453110"

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