MIT18 100BF10 Pset8sol

SOLUTIONS TO PS 8
Xiaoguang Ma
Solution/Proof of Problem 1. From f (x) = f (x2 ), we have

1 1 1
f (x) = f (x 2 ) = f (x 4 ) = · · · = f (x 2n ).
1
� 0, so lim yn = 1. Since f is continuous, we
Now let yn = x 2n , and assume x =
n→∞
have if x �= 0
f (x) = lim f (x) = lim f (yn ) = f ( lim yn ) = f (1).
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
When x = 0, then f (0) = lim f (y) = f (1).

y→0
Then f is a constant.
Solution/Proof of Problem 2. From MVT, we have ∀x > 0, ∃y = y(x) ∈
(x, x + 1), s.t.
g(x) = f (x + 1) − f (x) = f � (y).
Notice that y > x, so lim y = ∞, so we have
x→∞
lim g(x) = lim f � (y) = 0,

x→∞ x→∞
since lim f � (y) = 0.

y→∞
Solution/Proof of Problem 3. Consider the function

C1 x2 Cn xn+1
g(x) = C0 x + + ··· + .
2 n+1
Then g(0) = 0 and g(1) = C0 + C21 + · · · + n+1
Cn
= 0. By the mean value theorem,
�
we have that g (y) = 0 for some y ∈ (0, 1), which means the equation C0 + C1 x +
· · · + Cn xn has a root between 0 and 1.
Solution/Proof of Problem 4. (a) Suppose f has two fixed point, x1 < x2 . Then
by MVT we have that
f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
∃y ∈ (x1 , x2 ), = f � (y).
x2 − x1
Then f � (y) = 1 which is a contradiction.
(b) If f has a fixed point, then
f (t) = t ⇒ t = t + (1 + et )−1 ⇒ (1 + et )−1 = 0.
But we know that et > 0 then (1 + et )−1 �= 0. So f has no fixed point.
(c)Consider a sequence defined by xn = f (xn−1 ) for any x1 ∈ R. Then we have
|xn − xn−1 | = |f (xn−1 ) − f (xn−2 )| = |f � (y)||xn−1 − xn−2 | � A|xn−1 − xn−2 |.
By using |x − z| � |x − y| + |y − z|, we have
� n−2
�
�
|xn −xm | � |xn −xn−1 |+|xn−1 −xn−2 |+· · ·+|xm+1 −xm | � Ai |x2 −x1 |.
i=m−1
1
2 SOLUTIONS TO PS 8
� i
Since A < 1, the series A converges, and so the partial sums form a Cauchy
sequence. This inequality shows that {xn } is also a Cauchy sequence and hence
converges.
Notice that |f (x + h) − f (x)| � Ah, so f is continuous. Then we have
x = lim xn = lim f (xn−1 ) = f ( lim xn−1 ) = f (x).
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
So x is a fixed point of f (x).

Solution/Proof of Problem 5. f � (0) exists because of the following:
(0))�
By definition, f � (0) = lim f (x)−f
x
(0)
. Since we have (f (x)−f
(x)� = f � (x), and
x→0
f (x)−f (0)
the limit lim f � (x) = 3 exists, from L’Hospital rule, we know f � (0) = lim x
x→0 x→0
� f (x)−f (0)
exists and f (0) = lim x = 3.
x→0
Solution/Proof of Problem 6. From Taylor’s theorem, we have

1 (2)
f (x) = f (x0 ) + f � (x0 )(x − x0 ) + f (x0 )(x − x0 )2
2!
1 1
+ ··· + f (n−1) (x0 )(x − x0 )n−1 + f (n) (y)(x − x0 )n ,
(n − 1)! n!
for some y ∈ (x, x0 ) or (x0 , x). Then we have
1 (n) f (x) − f (x0 )
f (x) = f (x0 ) + f (y)(x − x0 )n ⇒ f (n) (y) = n! .
n! (x − x0 )n
We want to say that f (n) (y) has the same sign as f (n) (x0 ), but we have to be
careful because f (n) need not be continuous. It may well be the case that there is
a sequence zn approaching x0 such that f (n) (zn ) does not go to f (n) (x0 ). Never
theless, we will show that if y(x) is the intermediate point in (x, x0 ) appearing in
Taylors’s theorem, then as x → x0 , f (n) (y) → f (n) (x0 ).
The reason is that, as pointed out above,
f (x) − f (x0 )
lim f (n) (y) = lim n! ,
x→x0 x→x0 (x − x0 )n
and we can compute the limit on the right by using L’Hôpital’s rule n − 1 times:
f (x) − f (x0 ) f � (x) f (n−1) (x)
lim n! = lim (n − 1)! = . . . = lim
x→x0 (x − x0 )n x→x0 (x − x0 )n−1 x→x0 (x − x0 )
and then noticing that since f (n−1) (x0 ) = 0, this is equal to

f (n−1) (x) − f (n−1) (x0 )
lim = f (n−1) (x0 ) = A
x→x0 (x − x0 )
If A > 0, then f ((xx)−f (x0 )

−x0 )n > 0 in a neighborhood of x0 . If n even, this implies
f (x) − f (x0 ) > 0 for any element in the neighborhood of x0 , i.e x0 is a local
minimum. When n is odd, f does not have a local minimum or maximum.
Similarly, if A < 0 and n even, then f (x) − f (x0 ) < 0 for any element in the
neighborhood of x0 , i.e x0 is a local maximum. When n is odd, f does not have a
local minimum or maximum.
SOLUTIONS TO PS 8 3
Solution/Proof of Problem 7. For x > 0 we have f (x) = x3 and hence f � (x) =

3x2 and f �� (x) = 6x. For x < 0 we have f (x) = −x3 and hence f � (x) = −3x2 and
f �� (x) = −6x. Notice that we can write, for x �= 0,
f (x) = |x|x2 , f � (x) = 3|x|x, f �� (x) = 6|x|.
Hence at x = 0 we have
f (h) − f (0) |h|h2
f � (0) = lim = lim = lim |h|h = 0
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
�� f � (h) − f � (0) 3|h|h

f (0) = lim = lim = lim 3|h| = 0
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
��
f (h) − f (0) 6|h|
f �� (0) = lim = lim does not exist
h→0 h h→0 h
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu
18.100B Analysis I
Fall 2010
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

MIT18 100BF10 Pset8sol

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MIT18 100BF10 Pset8sol

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MIT18 100BF10 Pset8sol

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOLUTIONS TO PS 8

Solution/Proof of Problem 1. From f (x) = f (x2 ), we have

When x = 0, then f (0) = lim f (y) = f (1).

lim g(x) = lim f � (y) = 0,

since lim f � (y) = 0.

Solution/Proof of Problem 3. Consider the function

So x is a ﬁxed point of f (x).

Solution/Proof of Problem 6. From Taylor’s theorem, we have

and then noticing that since f (n−1) (x0 ) = 0, this is equal to

If A > 0, then f ((xx)−f (x0 )

Solution/Proof of Problem 7. For x > 0 we have f (x) = x3 and hence f � (x) =

�� f � (h) − f � (0) 3|h|h

You might also like