Search

Upload Download free for 30 days Login

Opencast
mining
machineries
Jan 30, 2022 •
12 likes • 8,087 views

G G… Follow

In this pdf one can get the

di!erent types of …
Read more
:
:
:
:
Exness Trade: Online Trading

Go
:
:
:
:
:
 Gallery
29 of 110

Most read

Most read

9
:
 10
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
 More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Mining Machinery Learning Material

Bhaskar Naidu

65.7K views • 178 slides

Development and depillaring with continuous miner

:
 Development and depillaring with continuous miner

Safdar Ali

3.1K views • 55 slides

Bucket wheel excavator

VR M

6.1K views • 17 slides

Similar to Opencast mining machineries (20)

ritesh final project

901902

683 views • 130 slides

Multi direction dumping system

Bhautik Nakum

4.6K views • 22 slides

HYDRAULIC TRUCK TIPPLER

Soumen Nandan

1.8K views • 16 slides

:
 Slideshows for you (20)
sampling ppt

Swati Luthra

458.6K views • 31 slides

Industrial Visit Report

Babu Rao

223.9K views • 3 slides

Sample project-synopsis

Sheshank Priya

472.8K views • 5 slides

Recently uploaded
:
 Recently uploaded (20)
How to Create a Theme Module in Odoo 17 - Odoo 17
Slides
Celine George

188 views • 20 slides

Keiser University CWL1000 Using Direct

Quotations.pptx
slinne

78 views • 14 slides

Inflammation - general surgery DR.Jvdprasad.docx

JELLA VISHNU DURGA PRASAD

5 views • 6 slides

Related Books
Free with a 30 day trial from Everand View All

Ebook Ebook Ebook

Automobile Coiled Tubing Oil and Gas
Engineering Operations at a… Artificial Fluid…
Knowledge Flow Khosrow
Glance:M.What
Hadipour
Do Khosrow
Li!ing M. Hadipour
★★★★☆ ★★★★★
You Know About ★★★★★
Techniques
4/5 5/5 5/5
Coiled Tubing
:
 Related Audiobooks
Free with a 30 day trial from Everand View All

Audiobook Audiobook Audiobook

The Highway Boiler Operation Earthmoving
Code UK: For Al… Engineer Exam,… Equipment…
Department
Road Users for Tran… Chetan SinghQ&A,
Interview Richard Skiba
Operations
☆☆☆☆☆ ☆☆☆☆☆
Terminology, and ☆☆☆☆☆
0/5 0/5 0/5
Boiler Overview

Opencast mining machineries

1. MINING MACHINERIES EQUIPMENT USED IN SURFACE/OPENCAST MINE PREPARED BY: GAURAV KUMAR
2. HEMM “Heavy Earth Moving Machinery (HEMM)” means machinery used in opencast mines for
digging, drilling (excluding hand held drills and drill machines capable of drilling hole of a diameter up to
50 mm), dredging, ripping, dozing, grading, excavating, loading or transporting minerals or overburden;
“Machinery” means – (i) any locomotive or any stationary or portable engine, air compressor, boiler or
steam apparatus which is, or (ii) any such equipment used for cutting, drilling, loading and transport of
material which is, or (iii) any such apparatus, appliance or combination of appliances intended for
developing, storing, transmitting, converting or utilizing energy which is, or (iv) any such apparatus,
appliance or combination of appliances if any power is developed, stored, transmitted, converted or
utilized thereby is, used or intended for use in connection with mining operations;
3. Equipment/Machineries used in surface/opencast mines SHOVEL- ROPE SHOVEL/HYDRAULIC
SHOVEL/BACKHOE DUMPER PAYLOADER DOZER (WITH RIPPER ATTACHMENT) BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR
DRAGLINE GRADER SURFACE MINER BLAST HOLE DRILL
4. Safety features & protective devices common for all HEMM 1.Ergonomically designed operator's cabin -
with roll-over protective structure, safe access, emergency exit, seat, seat belt, controls and indicators. 2.
Service, emergency and parking brakes. 3. AVA, horn, lights, operator's fatigue warning device. 4. Rear
vision camera and blind spot mirrors. 5. Portable fire extinguishers, automatic fire detection and
suppression system (AFDSS) 6. Hoses, wires - fire resistant. 7. Noise level for operator and persons nearby
:
 not more than 85 dB(A). 8. Retro-reflective reflectors on all sides.
5. ROPE SHOVEL
6. ROPE SHOVEL Shovel is the most commonly used excavating equipment in opencast mines. This
crawler chain mounted machine stands on bench floor and cuts so! soil/OB or blasted OB/coal from the
face. Construction-This large size machine is easy to understand. It is a mechanized form of hand shovel.
Main parts are 1. Bucket (or dipper) 2. Dipper stick 3. Boom 4. Machine house (A- frame and turntable) 5.
Crawler chassis
7. CONSTRUCTION Bucket is mounted rigidly at the end of dipper stick. Dipper stick moves forward and
backward by its rack which sits on a pinion mounted on the boom. At the top, bucket is connected to a
hoist rope which passes over hoist pulley and is wound on the hoist rope drum. By turning the hoist drum,
bucket can be raised or lowered. Lower end of the boom is connected to front of the machine turntable
by a pin joint and its upper end is held in position by boom ropes attached to the machine A-frame. The
machine house has a power unit, gears, drums, switches and operator cabin. It sits on a set of rollers on the
chassis so that the machine house along with boom and bucket can be rotated through 360°. Power unit
maybe an electric motor getting power from an external source through a flexible trailing cable or it maybe
a diesel engine. Diesel shovels are now rarely used in opencast coal mines in India. Shovel runs on two
sturdy crawler chains. Since bucket movements are controlled by rope, shovel known as rope shovel.
In a hydraulic shovel, all movements boom, boom stick and bucket are done hydraulically.
8. Operation For taking load, bucket is thrust into the material to be loaded with the help of hoist rope
and dipper stick-this action is known as 'crowding’. Bucket is li!ed up with the help of hoist rope, and as
soon as it is full, dipper stick is pulled back-this action is known as 'retracting'. Now, the machine house
with boom and loaded bucket is swung horizontally to position the bucket over the dumper. Bucket is
bottom discharging and its door is opened by the trip rope. As soon as bucket is emptied the door swings
back to its original position and gets locked automatically. Bucket (with boom and machine house) is then
swung back to take load again. For good production, dumpers are so spotted that shovel swing time and
angle is the minimum. Shovel size is reckoned with the size of its bucket. In India 4,6,8,10 and 20 cubic
meter electric shovels are commonly used.
9. Hydraulic Shovel & Backhoe
10. BACKHOE SHOVEL
11. HYDRAULIC SHOVEL Like rope shovel, hydraulic shovel also runs on crawler tracks, and super
structure is mounted on the turntable which is capable of swinging through 360°. But, the functions which
in a rope shovel are done by ropes are done by hydraulic cylinders in a hydraulic shovel. Electric motor or
diesel engine of the shovel drives hydraulic pumps and the pressure developed is utilized for various
operations. The boom, which is smaller than that of rope shovel, is mounted on pin joints at front part of
turntable. It can be moved up or down by two boom piston cylinders. Stick is mounted on top of the boom
by a pin joint, and can be moved in a vertical plane by the stick piston cylinder. For an equal bucket
capacity, hydraulic shovel is much lighter than rope shovel-almost of half weight. Hence, it is much
cheaper. It also gives better production because of a smaller cycle time and has fast travel speed. In spite
of all these advantages, hydraulic shovels have not become popular in India because their maintenance
requires better skill, it is costlier and the machine is prone to breakdown.
12. Backhoe Shovel It is a diesel operated crawler mounted hydraulic shovel which stands on top of the
bench and loads the material (soil coal/OB) into dumpers. In a way it is a large mechanized form of a spade.
:
 Open end of the bucket is towards the shovel. The machine is very useful in mines where seepage is
excessive or where rain water forms muck, or where coal pillars are extracted by opencast method. It is
quite convenient for cutting garland drains and sump. In Indian coal mines only small backhoes of capacity
1.5 to 3.5 m³ are used for special purposes stated above. Backhoe is kept on top of the bench and at right
angles to the beach face to avoid danger to the machine from collapse of the face.
13. SHOVEL CYCLE TIME CROWDING TIME(DIGGING+LOADING time)+hoist time+ RETRACTING
TIME+SWING TIME TO POSITION THE BUCKET OVER DUMPER+ UNLOADING TIME+RETURN BACK TIME+
lowering the bucket for next cycle Slope usually doesn’t exceed 15 degree Speed less than 1km/h-rope
shovel
14. DUMPER
15. Special safety features/devices for dumpers ➢ AVA while reversing ➢ Seat belt reminder ➢ Canopy
covering operators cabin fully ➢ Retarder brake-control the speed while operating down the gradient ➢
dump brake ➢ Proximity warning device-sensing range up to 20m ➢ Dump body raised indicator-hooter
along with indicator ➢ Dump Body raised position lock-NO backward movement ➢ Speed limiting device-
enable mine management to decide the maximum speed of vehicle to be operated in mine. ➢ Propeller
sha! guard to prevent damage to hydraulic hoses ➢ Engine cut o#, battery cut o# ➢ Auto dipping system
-150m ➢ Rock ejectors for tandem tyres- hanging chain ➢ Load indicator, to enable management to
detect/prevent over loading
16. Types of brakes (a) Service brake (b) Parking brake- to prevent the movement of stationery vehicle (c)
Retarder brake- to control the speed down the gradient (d) Dump brake (to keep dumper body steady
during dumping of material)
17. Brake testing All brakes are to be tested once in every 15 days and record maintained with counter
signature of engineer and manager. Service brake: On operation of brake on a dumper running
at30kmph on a level road, it should stop dead within 21m. Parking brake: Should be able to hold a
loaded dumper on a gradient of 15 degree for at least 10 minutes. Other brakes: Functioning to be
checked once in 15 days. Brake testing area in workshop is kept fenced.
18. DUMPER ▪ Dumpers are used in almost all opencast mines. They are loaded by rope shovel, hydraulic
shovel, backhoe or payloader to transport OB/coal. ▪ Dumpers used in opencast mines are heavy duty
trucks which, - can withstand shocks of material loaded by shovel etc. - can run well even on rough and
temporary haul roads of the mine, - can unload the material fast. ▪ Size of dumper is chosen basis of shovel
size, such that it can be loaded in 4 to 5 bucket loads. Hence with smaller shovels, 35 or 50t capacity
dumpers are used, while with bigger shovel’s 85t, 120t or 170t dumpers are used. ▪ 120t & 170 dumpers are
used with 20-25cubic meter capacity shovels. ▪ 85t capacity dumpers are diesel driven. ▪ 120t & 170t
dumpers are diesel- electric. The diesel engine generates electricity which is used to drive electric motors
mounted on wheels of the dumper.
19. Main Parts Of Dumper Are ➢ Chassis (to which are fitted suspension system, wheels & tyres) ➢ Body and
operator's cab ➢ Engine ➢ Hydraulic system and air system (for controlling steering, body hoisting and
brakes) In dumpers, engine and body sit on 4 suspension cylinders containing nitrogen gas and some oil.
20. Construction Dumper body is of a very sturdy construction, usually V-shaped, and it has a canopy
for protection of the operator cabin. Body is open at the top, there is no tail gate and there is an
arrangement to li! the body by powerful hydraulic rams. Body swings from its horizontal position around a
fulcrum to nearly 70° to dump its load, and it is swung back to its original horizontal position on the chassis
:
 a!er unloading. Such dumpers are known as rear dumpers because they unload the material from the rear
side. Wheels of dumpers are huge in size. They are fitted with tubeless tyres-which have a flap of special
design but no tube. Tubeless tyres are lighter, do not get as hot as tube tyres, air leaks slowly and they can
be fitted faster than tube type tyres. Ordinary trucks have clutch and gear box, but dumpers are provided
with torque convertor and hydraulic transmission for swi!er and smoother automatic gear shi!ing and
reduced operator fatigue. Wheels of dumpers have a di#erential system which permits inner and outer
wheels to run at di#erent speeds while negotiating a curve. For repair work, the upli!ed body of dumper is
held supported by holding props provided for the purpose.
21. CYCLE TIME FOR DUMPER Components of DCT SPOTTING TIME+LOADING TIME+LOAD TRAVEL
TIME+DUMPING TIME+EMPTY TRAVEL TIME+WAITING TIME AT SHOVEL END (SPOTTING TIME-DUMPER
TAKING ITS POSITION BESIDES SHOVEL FOR LOADING) SINGLE SPOTTING CONDITION DOUBLE
SPOTTING CONDITION- WAITING TIME WILL BE ZERO
22. 106. Mechanized opencast working (1) In all mechanized opencast workings, the precautions
specified in sub-regulation (2) to sub-regulation (6) shall be observed. (2) Before starting a mechanized
opencast working, the owner and agent of the mine shall ensure that the mine, including its method of
working, ultimate pit slope, dump slope and monitoring of slope stability, has been planned, designed and
worked as determined by a scientific study and a copy of the report of such study has been kept available
in the o#ice of the mine: Provided that in case of mines where such a study has not been made, it shall be
the responsibility of the owner and agent to get the said study made within one year from the date of
coming into force of these regulations.
25. (3) The owner, agent and manager of every mechanized opencast mines shall ensure that the
recommendations made in the report of scientific study referred to in sub-regulation (2) are complied with.
(4) The height of the benches in overburden consisting of alluvial soil, morum, gravel, clay, debris or
other similar ground shall not exceed 3 meters and the width thereof shall not be less than three times the
height of the bench
26. Reg.no.106 Mechanized opencast working (4) The height of the benches in overburden consisting of
alluvial soil, morum, gravel, clay, debris or other similar ground shall not exceed 3 meters and the width
thereof shall not be less than three times the height of the bench. (5) The height of benches in coal and
overburden of rock formation other than that mentioned in sub regulation (4) shall not be more than the
digging height or reach of the excavation machine in use for digging, excavation or removal, and the width
thereof shall not be less than – (a) the width of the widest machine plying on the bench plus two meters;
or (b) if dumpers ply on the bench, three times the width of the dumper; or (c) the height of the bench,
whichever is more.
28. 105. Manual opencast working In manual opencast workings, the following precautions shall be
observed, namely: - (1) In alluvial soil, morum, gravel, clay, debris or other similar ground,- (a) the sides
shall be sloped at an angle of safety not exceeding 45 degrees from the horizontal or such other angle as
the Regional Inspector may permit by an order in writing and subject to such conditions as he may specify
therein; or (b) the sides shall be kept benched and the height of any bench shall not exceed 1.5 meters
and the breadth thereof shall not be less than the height: Provided that the Regional Inspector may, by an
order in writing and subject to such conditions as he may specify therein, exempt from the operation of this
clause in any working in the case of which special di#iculties exist, which, in his opinion, make compliance
with the provisions thereof not reasonably practicable.
:
 29. (2) Where any pillar is le! ‘in situ’ for the purpose of measurement, its height shall not exceed 2.5
meters; and where the height of such pillar exceeds 1.25 meters, the base of the pillar shall not be less than
1.5 meters in diameter. (3) In coal, the sides shall either be kept sloped at an angle of safety not
exceeding 45 degree from the horizontal, or the sides shall be kept benched and the height of any bench
shall not exceed three meters and the breadth thereof shall not be less than the height: Provided that the
Chief Inspector may, by an order in writing and subject to such conditions as he may specify therein,
exempt, from the operations of this sub- regulation, any working, in the case of which special di#iculties
exist which in his opinion make compliance with the provisions thereof not reasonably practicable
30. (4) In an excavation in any hard and compact ground or in prospecting trenches or pits, the sides
shall be adequately benched, sloped or secured so as to prevent danger from fall of sides: Provided that
the height of the bench shall not exceed six meters. (5) No tree, loose stone or debris shall be allowed to
remain within a distance of three meters from the edge or side of the excavation. (6) No person shall
undercut any face or side or cause or permit such undercutting as to cause any overhanging
31. width of haul road All haul roads in opencast working shall be arranged to provide one way tra#ic
having width of the largest vehicle plying on that road +5m (width of LV+5m) If one way tra#ic not
possible ,no road shall be of a width less than three times the width of largest vehicle plying on that
road+5m (3times width of LV+5m) No road shall have a gradient steeper than 1 in 16. Ramp shall be
used for only crawler mounted machine and not for tyre mounted machines. Gradient of ramp shall not be
steeper than 1 in 10 and its stretch shall not be more than 50m in one stretch.
32. Spoil bank
33. Spoil bank
34. Spoil bank failure
35. 108. Spoil-banks and dumps (1) While removing overburden, the top soil shall be stacked at a
separate place, so that, the same is used to cover the reclaimed area. (2) The slope of a spoil bank shall
be determined by the natural angle of repose of the material being deposited but, in any case, slope shall
not exceed 37.5 degrees from the horizontal: Provided that where in any mine, a steeper slope of spoil bank
has been recommended as a result of a scientific study by any scientific agency or institution, having
expertise in slope stability, the Regional Inspector may, by an order in writing and subject to such
conditions as he may specify therein, permit a steeper slope of the spoil bank. (3) Loose overburden and
other such materials from opencast workings or other rejects from washeries or from other sources shall be
dumped in such a manner that there is no possibility of dumped material sliding.
37. (4) Any spoil bank exceeding 30 metre in height shall be benched so that no bench exceeds 30 metre
in height and the overall slope shall not exceed 1 vertical to 1.5 horizontal. 5) The toe of a spoil-bank shall
not be extended to any point within 100m of a mine opening, railway or other public works, public road or
building or other permanent structure not belonging to the owner. (6) A suitable fence shall be erected
between any railway or public works or road or building or structure not belonging to the owner and the
toe of an active spoil bank so as to prevent unauthorized persons from approaching the spoil-bank. (7)
No person shall approach or be permitted to approach the toe of an active spoil bank where he may be
endangered from material sliding or rolling down the face. (8) Adequate precautions shall be taken to
prevent failure of slopes of the spoil banks or dumps
38. Berms Berms are long, low piles of material built up to at least height of the diameter of largest mobile
equipment which usually travels the roadway at the mines.
:
 40. Height of berm will not be less than the diameter of tyre of largest vehicle deployed in the mines.
41. Berm and parapetwall
42. PARAPET WALL/Embankment
43. Parapet wall/Embankment Where any road existing above level of surrounding area, it shall be
provided with strong parapet wall/embankment of following dimensions. I. Width at top not less than 1 m
II. Width at bottom not less than 2.5 m III. The height not less than that the diameter of the largest tyre of
the vehicles plying on the road. Dumping of mud or overburden shall not be treated as strong parapet wall.
46. Sleeping holes
50. Payloader
51. PAYLOADER ❑ Payloader or wheel loader is a tyre mounted loading machine which is used to load
blasted coal into small tippers or dumpers. It is a flexible and cheap machine utilized for loading trucks in
coal stock yard, loading wagons in railway siding, and in some mines for loading coal at the face. It is not
suitable for loading overburden. The machine is called a front end loader also because loading bucket is
mounted at the front. ❑ Safety precautions of payloader are similar to those of a dumper. ❑ Gradient-30%
i.e. 1 in 3.3 i.e.16.7 degree
52. DOZER
53. DOZER ➢ It is a diesel operated crawler chain mounted machine with a pusher blade at front for
pushing loose material or for cutting so! earth. It is a very useful machine of opencast mines. Dozer is used
for various jobs like Pushing and gathering scattered blasted material for loading by shovel or payloader
Cleaning the bench of coal/OB fallen during loading by shovel-dumper Levelling blasted OB and
preparing ground for placement of dragline Pushing and levelling material in OB or coal dump
Preparing face for placement of drill Pushing coal into ground bunker of coal handling plant (CHP)
Making haul road, cutting side drains and removing muck Shi!ing skid mounted blasting shelter, switch,
pump and cable in the quarry Levelling uneven ground and bush cleaning Towing breakdown dumper
to repair in shed or workshop Pushing scraper for loading ➢ Dozer can work on gradients as steep as 1 in
3
54. DOZER WORKING
55. Main parts of a dozer Pusher blades Arms Crawler chassis or undercarriage Engine,
transmission Operator cab Pusher blade is 5-6m wide, 1.2-1.3m high attached to the under carriage by
two pusher arms in the front of dozer. Pusher blade has a cutting blade at its lower edge. The pusher blade
is moved up or down by two hydraulic rams. In angle type dozers (the commonly used dozers), blade can
be tilted through a small angle for cutting earth. Crawler units are attached on either side of undercarriage.
The crawler chain consists of a number of track pads joined together and driven by a sprocket at the rear
end and supported by an idler at the front. Upper portion of crawler chain runs on carrier rollers and it has
track rollers at the lower portion inside the crawler chain.
56. There is an arrangement for tensioning the track chains. Both crawler chains have separate clutches.
For steering dozer to the right, the right side is de-clutched (it stops), the le! side is clutched, it moves and
turns the dozer. For marching forward or backward, both the clutches are engaged. Pressure of dozer on
the ground is only about 1kg/cm² Capacity of dozer is designated by its engine power in kilowatt. 240-
410kW dozers are quite common in India. But in bigger opencast mines, powerful dozers of capacity 810kW
are used. During marching from one place to another, dozer is not run fast to prevent undue wear of its
parts. In some mines tyre mounted dozers are used for light work like cleaning work near shovels.
:
 57. Safety devices of dozer ➢ Brake, lights ➢ Sturdy operator cabin (roll over type) ➢ Hoses of fire resistant
type ➢ Portable fire extinguisher ➢ Seat belt ➢ AVA Precautions in dozer operations Before moving the
dozer, operator shall ensure that nobody is present in vicinity Before taking the dozer near the shovel,
he shall obtain signal from shovel operator. Dozing shall be done a!er stopping the shovel and dumpers
Dozer shall not be taken too near the quarry face or side to prevent accident by fall of material For
dozing near edge of quarry bench or OB dump, dozer shall be at right angles to it as a precaution against
danger of toppling of dozer
58. Precautions in dozer operations continue… Dozer shall be parked on hard and level ground, at a
safe place which does not obstruct movement of other machinery Dozer shall not be worked on a
gradient more than 1 in 3 Dozer shall not be used for dozing material at base of OB dump, since the
material may slide and engulf the dozer and its operator. (Such accident occurred in Jayant opencast of
NCL in Dec. 2008) While marching the dozer from one place to another, it shall not be run in reverse
position-it may crush a person behind Nobody shall stand on dozer blade or its arm while the engine is
running Blade shall be lowered to the ground and engine stopped before any repair/adjustment is
carried out Before leaving the machine, operator shall rest the blade on the ground and stop the engine
Dozer produces a lot of noise. Operator shall use ear mu#s for protection.
59. Ripper Ripper is not a separate machine; it is a plough like attachment fitted to the rear end of the
dozer to 'rip' the ground. It rips soil, so! stone or shale band like a plough ripping the earth. In coal mines,
a single shank ripper is used; in other places where ground is so! a two-shank ripper is used. It can be
pushed 0.5-1m into the ground. Depth of ripping and dozer speed is varied by the operator according to
hardness of strata. Movement of ripper is controlled by hydraulic pusher rams. In New Kenda OCP (ECL) in
the 80s, OB removal and coal extraction were done by using scrapers and ripper dozers, but, later when
strata hardness increased with depth, blasting had to be done and shovel-dumpers were introduced.
Ripper is quite heavy and it reduces normal working e#iciency of dozer. It is therefore used in mines where
it is absolutely necessary. Ripper provides a good means of OB removal and coal extraction in areas in close
proximity of habitation. A number of ripper dozers are being used in MCL for loosening OB which is loaded
by surface miners.
60. Dragline
61. Dragline
62. Dragline Dragline is a cyclic/discontinuous equipment used for handling of last overburden bench
(other benches are excavated by shovel dumper combination)just above the coal seam (last interburden
bench above the deep most coal seam in case of multi seam deposit. A dragline, in its normal operation sits
on the top of a bench and excavates below its crawler level. It transports and dumps its own load through
direct casting. Working gradient: 1in 6 to 1 in 8 don’t march dragline on a gradient of more than 10 degree.
Operating voltage: 6.6 kv Walking speed- 0.2 to 0.4 km/h Can not marched from one mine to another. Life
approx30 to 40 years Common size of dragline-10/70 ,15/90, 20/90, 24/96 (bucket capacity, boom length)
Cycle time- 55 sec to 65 sec
63. Dragline cycle time Dragline working cycle consists of six components: I. Digging through the blasted
bench material (or in-situ face) loading the bucket II. Hoisting the bucket III. Forward swing of the loaded
bucket over the dumping area IV. Dumping of the bucket load V. Return swing of the empty bucket to the
face area VI. Lowering the bucket at bench floor level to start the next cycle KEY CUT
64. The swing angle is approximately 90° for simple side casting and extended bench method, but it
:
 may vary from 45° to 180° depending on the working method up to 180° swing in pull back method and
45° to 90° swing while working in vertical tandem Lower the swing angle, lower will be the value of actual
cycle time, generally it varies from 55 sec to 65 sec for simple side casting
65. APPARATUS Length of flexible cable Portable/transportable apparatus 100m In L/W working CCM,
Cutter loader, or armoured face conveyor or in depillaring shuttle car, LHD,CM 250m In opencast mine
HEMM 300m Dragline 600m BWE of 11kv 1000m
66. BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR
67. STACKER
68. SPREADER
69. BWE used for extraction of Lignite coal Bucket capacity-350 l, 700l,1400l Bench height-20-30 m
Operating voltage-11kv/3.3kv Receiving conveyor and discharge conveyor Stacker & spreader used in
conjunction with BWE.
70. Cutting Geometry Lateral Block method Full Block Method: terrace cut and dropping cut
71. GRADER
72. Grader is a machine used for grading, cleaning, and levelling the haulroad. It doesn’t li! the
material but just pushes the loose material or scrapes the material to level the ground. Wheel mounted
Diesel operated
73. CONTINUOUS SURFACE MINER
75. CSM CRAWLER MOUNTED MACHINE DIESEL OPERATED ROTATING DRUM AT ITS CENTRE is fitted
with tungsten carbide picks Cuts a thin layer of 200-400 mm (20 cm to 40 cm) and cut width is 2.4 m
(smallest size machine) By cutting layers one a!er another, the entire coal thickness is excavated
Selective mining is possible windrowing mode o#ers opportunity to pick out impurities through visual
inspection of the cut material A minimum pit size of 500m * 200m is required for getting good output.
Operating gradient-flat or moderately dipping seams up to 8 degree Can cut material of compressive
strength up to 50 MPa. In India csm started first at LAKHANPUR OCP of MCL
76. OPERATING PRINCIPLE
77. Methods of working of CSM The methods of workings of surface miner can be classified based on- ❑
sequence of extraction of strips ❑ Mode of travel ❑ Mode of loading 1. Based on sequence of extraction of
strips a) wide bench method b) Block mining method c) Stepped cut method
78. 2. Based on mode of travel a. Empty travel method b. Turn back method c. Continuous mining method
3. Based on loading a. Direct loading b. Indirect loading
79. Wide bench method: In this method, first the uppermost layer of the whole width of the bench is
extracted in number of slices followed by the extraction of the next layer and so on till the full height of the
mineral bench is extracted. Block mining method In this method the bench width is suitably divided into
number of blocks, and then the block from the edge side of the bench is extracted first for the full height of
the bench in number of slices following a sequence similar to that of wide bench method. A!er completion
of one block the next adjacent block is extracted and the process continues till the whole bench is
extracted
81. Block mining method
82. The stepped cut method is used when excess moisture/water is present in the mineral bench that
creates problem in extracting the slices. In this method also the bench is first divided into suitable
number of blocks and then the individual slices are so extracted that it forms a number of small steps on
:
 the mineral bench. The formation of steps facilitates the drainage from the mineral bench thereby
improving the machine e#iciency
84. ➢In the empty travel back method, the surface miner starts excavating a slice from one end of the
bench and moves up to the other end of the bench covering the full length of the bench available for
extraction. A!er completion of one full cut, the cutting drum is raised and the machine travels back
empty to the starting end. A!er coming back to the starting end, the machine sets for a new cut in the
adjacent parallel slice, and the process continues till all the designated slices in that layer are extracted
85. Empty travel method
86. Turn back method the surface miner starts cutting a slice from one end of the bench and moves to
the other end covering the available length of cut. A!er the cut is complete the cutting drum is raised and
the machine turns back there to start a fresh cut adjacent and parallel to the previous cut. In this way the
required number of slices are extracted. The method is most widely accepted and used provided the
following conditions exist. ❑ Available length of the bench is more than 200m. ❑ Turning time is less than
the empty travel time for the machine. ❑ Required turning space is available at the cut ends.
88. Continuous mining method Continuous mining method ensures continuous cutting operation by
the machine. In this method, the machine moves with cutting the material and near the pit ends it takes
turn with a gentle angle while still cutting the material. Thus there is no discontinuity in cutting operation.
This results in a round shape of the cut area particularly at the cut ends. The process continues till the
circular/elliptical turnings become so sharp that the machine cannot take turn while continuing the cutting
operation. Then the machine follows the turn back method for mining the rest of the material at the
central portion. Overlapping circular or elliptical movement of the machine may be adopted to avoid this
situation, but this creates problem like reduced productivity, di#iculty in controlling the pit slope and floor
gradient
92. FRONT LOADING
93. Rear loading
94. Side casting
98. CRANE
99. MECHANICAL HAMMER/BOULDER BREAKER
100. Tyre handler
101. Blast hole drill
102. PERCUSSIVE DRILLING –small holes in hard rock ROTARY DRILLING – large size holes -so! to
medium hard rock ROTARY-PERCUSSIVE DRIILING
107. Cyclic/discontinuous and continuous mining machinery ➢ Single bucket machine-
cyclic/discontinuous mining machinery example: Dragline, shovel, payloader, ➢ Multibucket/ bucket less
machine- Continuous mining machinery example: BWE,CSM
108. SCRAPER Scrapers are unique equipment in the sense that it cuts, loads, transports and spreads
the material all by itself. Moreover, it cuts and spreads the material in form of layers. Though the machine
can be used as primary excavator for excavating so!/loose material or weak rocks, it is mostly preferred
for direct replacement of topsoil in case of the mine practicing simultaneous backfilling. The scrapers are
of four types – standard, tandem, elevating and tandem elevating.
:
 About Support Terms Privacy Copyright

Cookie Preferences Do not sell or share my personal information English

Everand

© 2024 SlideShare from Scribd

: