Anatomy & Histology (Bio-3122)

Level-3 (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology);

Lecture 2
Title: Integumentary System
11/10/2023
Assoc. Prof. / Reda M. Mansour
reda.mansour@buc.edu.eg
Office : 235 Biotechnology

Office Hours: Wednesday 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm

Text Books
1- Drake, R.L; Vogl, A.W.; Mitchel, A.W.M. (2003): Grayʼs Human Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, Inc.
2- Hansen, J.T. (2010): Netterʼs Clinical Anatomy. Saunders, Elsevier Inc.
3- Scanlon, V.C. and Sanders, T (2019): Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (8th edition). Davis Company.
Philadelphia
 Integumentary System: Structure and Function
Functions:
• Physical protection from environmental hazards
• Synthesis and storage of lipid reserves
•Coordination of immune response to pathogens and cancers in skin
• Sensory information
• Synthesis of vitamin D3
• Excretion
• Thermoregulation
Structure of integumentary System
 The Structure and Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum corneum • Multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes
• Typically, relatively dry • Water resistant but not waterproof
• Permits slow water loss by insensible perspiration
Stratum lucidum • Appears as a glassy layer in thick skin only
Stratum granulosum • Keratinocytes produce keratohyalin and keratin
• Keratin fibers develop as cells become thinner and flatter
• Gradually the cell membranes thicken, the organelles disintegrate,
and the cells die
Stratum spinosum • Keratinocytes are bound together by maculae adherens attached to
tonofibrils of the cytoskeleton
• Some keratinocytes divide in this layer
• Langerhans cells and melanocytes are often present
Stratum basale • Deepest, basal layer
• Attachment to basal lamina
• Contains epidermal stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells
The Structure and Layers
of the Epidermis.
A light micrograph
showing the major
stratified layers of
epidermal cells in thick
skin.
Thick and
thin Skin
 Occurrence :

Thick skin is the skin from the palms and soles, while thin skin is the
skin from areas of the body other than the palms and soles.

Difference The thickness of the Epidermis:

Between
Thick and Thick skin has a thick epidermis with a thick Malpighian layer, granular
layer, and very thick horny layer while thin skin has a thin epidermis
with a thin Malpighian layer, granular layer, and very thin horny layer.
thin Skin Furthermore, thick skin has a Lucidium layer while thin skin lacks a
Lucidium layer. Hence, this is also a difference between thick and thin
skin.

Hair Follicles: Besides, hair follicles is another difference between

thick and thin skin. Thick skin lacks hair follicles while thin skin
contains hair follicles.
 Dermis: thick skin contains a thin dermis while dermis
of the thin skin is thick.

Sebaceous Glands: Thick skin does not contain

sebaceous glands whereas thin skin contains
Difference sebaceous glands.

Between Sweat Glands: Thick skin has a numerous, spirally-

coiled sweat glands while thin skin has fewer sweat
Thick and glands.
Ridges and Furrows on the Skin: Thick skin contains
thin Skin both ridges and furrows on the surface while thin skin
lacks ridges and furrows on the surface.
Functional Significance: While thick skin is more
restricted to mechanical abrasion, thin skin performs
the other functions of the skin.
 Epidermal Ridges
The stratum basale of the epidermis forms epidermal ridges
• Ridges on the palms and soles
that extend into the dermis
increase the surface area of
the skin and increase friction,
ensuring a secure grip.
• Ridge shapes are genetically
determined: Those of each
person are unique and do not
change in the course of a
lifetime.
• Fingerprint-ridge patterns on
the tips of the fingers can
therefore be used to identify
individuals, and they have
been so used in criminal
investigation for over a
century.
Epidermal appendages

1- Hair

2- Nails

3- Glands
Hair
The portion of a hair above the
skin is called the shaft, and all that
beneath the surface is the root.
The root penetrates deeply into
the dermis or hypodermis and
ends with a dilation called the hair
bulb.
The only living cells of a hair are in
and near the hair bulb.
The hair bulb grows around a bud
of vascular connective tissue called
the dermal papilla, which provides
the hair with its sole source of
nutrition.
Immediately above the papilla is a
region of mitotically active cells,
the hair matrix, which is the hair’s
growth center. All cells higher up
are dead.
 Epidermal Pigment Content
Carotene is an orange-yellow pigment that is found in various orange-colored
vegetables, such as carrots, corn, and squashes. It can be converted to vitamin A,
which is required for epithelial maintenance and the synthesis of visual pigments
by the photoreceptors of the eye.

Melanin is produced and stored in melanocytes. The black, yellow-brown, or

brown melanin forms in intracellular vesicles called melanosomes. These vesicles,
which are transferred intact to keratinocytes, color the keratinocytes temporarily,
until the melanosomes are destroyed by lysosomes.
As we age our hair pigmentation can
change too, although the exact age when
this process starts depends on each
individual's genetics, which is why there
are many young adults with partially - or
fully - grey hair.

Naturally as we get older our hair

pigment can gradually diminish as the
melanocytes’ function decreases -
melanocytes being the cells responsible
for our colouring (skin, eyes, hair, etc).
The anatomy of your nail consists
of:
Nail plate: The hard part of your
nail you can see.
Nail bed: The skin under your nail
plate.
Cuticle: The thin skin at the base of
your nail plate.
Matrix: The “root” of your nail
responsible for making it grow.
Lunula: The white, moon-shaped
part of your nail plate.
 Glands in the Skin
The skin contains two types of exocrine glands: sebaceous glands and sweat
(sudoriferous) glands.
1- Sebaceous Glands: (or oil glands) discharge a waxy, oily secretion into hair
follicles. The gland lipid product is released through holocrine secretion.
2- Apocrine Sweat Glands: Sweat glands that release their secretions into hair
follicles in the axillae (armpits), around the nipples (areolae), and in the groin.
Apocrine gland secretions contain pheromones (communicating chemicals).
3- Merocrine Sweat Glands (eccrine sweat glands):
The adult integument contains around 3 million merocrine glands. They are smaller
than apocrine sweat glands, and they do not extend as far into the dermis. Palms
and soles have the highest numbers; estimates are that the palm of the hand has
about 500 glands per square centimeter (3000 glands per square inch). Merocrine
sweat glands are coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto
the surface of the skin.
The Skin during the Aging Process. Characteristic changes in the skin during aging; some causes
and some effects.
 Clinical Terms
Acne: A sebaceous gland inflammation caused by an accumulation of secretions.
Basal cell carcinoma: A malignant tumor that originates in the stratum basale. This is the most
common skin cancer, and roughly two-thirds of these cancers appear in areas subjected to
chronic UV exposure. Metastasis rarely occurs.
Dermatitis: An inflammation of the skin that involves primarily the papillary region of dermis.
Granulation tissue: A combination of fibrin, fibroblasts, and capillaries that forms during tissue
repair following inflammation or injuries.
Hyperkeratosis: Excessive production of keratin by the epidermis.
Hyperkeratosis include Calluses are thickened patches that appear on already thick-skinned
areas, such as the palms of the hands or the soles or heels of the feet, in response to chronic
abrasion and distortion. Corns are more localized areas of excessive keratin production that form
in areas of thin skin on or between the toes.
Hypodermic needle: A needle used to administer drugs via subcutaneous injection.
keloid (‫)ندبات‬: A thickened area of scar tissue covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface.
Keloids most often develop on the upper back, shoulders, anterior chest, and earlobes in
darkskinned individuals.
 Hyperkeratosis
Acne
keloid
Malignant melanoma : A skin cancer originating in malignant melanocytes. A potentially fatal
metastasis often occurs.
Psoriasis : A painless condition characterized by rapid stem cell divisions in the stratum basale of
the scalp, elbows, palms, soles, groin, and nails. Affected areas appear dry and scaly.
Scab: A fibrin clot that forms at the surface of a wound to the skin.
seborrheic dermatitis: An inflammation around abnormally active sebaceous glands.
skin graft: Transplantation of a section of skin (partial thickness or full thickness) to cover an
extensive injury site, such as a third-degree burn.
split-thickness skin graft: This type of skin graft involves moving the upper layers of skin from
a healthy area to an area with a skin defect. The types of injuries that are suitable for this type of
graft include ulcers, burns, abrasions, and surgical wounds formed when tissue needs to be
removed.
squamous cell carcinoma: A less common form of skin cancer almost totally restricted to areas
of sun-exposed skin. Metastasis seldom occurs except in advanced tumors.
xerosis : “Dry skin,” a common complaint of older people and almost anyone living in an arid
climate.
 xerosis
Psoriasis