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    Midterm - SOC

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    Midterm - SOC

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    Midterm- SOC (1)

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    Midterm - SOC

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    Zoie Cook

    Multiple Choice Questions (3 points each = 30 Points Total)


    Answer each of the following ten questions. Bold the correct answer.

    1. Which of the following is not a factor in the initial rise of black ghettos in the U.S.?
    a. Increasing residential segregation
    b. Demand for industrial labor
    c. New open housing policies of city governments
    d. The Great Migration

    2. Which of the following was not a factor in the modern civil rights movement discussed
    in lecture?
    a. cognitive liberation
    b. Continued concentration of blacks in Southern agriculture
    c. withdrawal of consent
    d. direct action

    3. Which of the following is not an element of the new Temporary Assistance to Needy
    Families (TANF) program created by welfare reform?
    a. 5 years of lifetime benefits for recipients in most states
    b. status as a federal entitlement program
    c. a means-tested program
    d. requirement that recipients find work

    4. Which is not a component of the Social Security Act of 1935?


    a. Job Re-Training Program
    b. Old Age Assistance
    c. Old Age Insurance
    d. Aid to Dependent Children
    5. Which of the following is not a feature of Keynesian economic policies implemented
    during the New Deal to increase aggregate demand?
    a. Tax cuts that favor the working class
    b. Tight monetary policy
    c. Public works jobs
    d. Federal deficit spending

    6. The Great Depression (1929-1941) represented a serious economic crisis that greatly
    exacerbated inequality. Which of the following was not a feature of the Depression
    when Roosevelt first took office in 1933?
    a. Increasing unemployment
    b. Price inflation
    c. Massive bank failures
    d. Falling industrial production

    7. Which of the following is not a type of social movement discussed in the lecture?
    a. Regressive
    b. Reform
    c. Restorative
    d. Revolutionary

    8. Which of Bonilla-Silva’s four frames of color-blind racism corresponds with the


    argument that endorses whites having the right to choose to live in segregated
    neighborhoods based on the right to individual choice?
    a. abstract liberalism
    b. naturalization
    c. cultural racism
    d. minimization of racism

    9. Which of the following was not a social cost of the Jim Crow system according to the
    lectures?
    a. loss of genuine democracy
    b. relatively high poverty rates for Southern whites
    c. influx of white migrants from the North
    d. relatively higher costs of maintaining segregated institutions

    10. Which was not one of the major civil rights organizations?
    a. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
    b. Congress of Integrated Organizations
    c. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
    d. Congress of Racial Equality

    Short Answer Questions (4 points each = 40 Points Total)


    Provide a thorough answer to each question.

    1. What are the 3 key features of hyperghettoization discussed in lecture?


    The hyper ghetto arises due to decline in demand for black labor, and, although there is
    a decline for black labor necessity, there is also a surplus of Black population. Hyper
    ghettoization can also be considered post-industrial ghettoization.

    2. What is the difference between universal and means-tested policies? Explain with an
    example of each.
    Means-tested policies are policies that have stipulations in place to approve the
    ‘right’ people for their policies: low income, people with children, minorities, etc; TANF is
    a means-based program. Whereas universal policies allow services to all members of
    society, regardless of their income and abilities (or lack thereof); I believe Social
    Security is a universal policy.

    3. How did “Operation Wetback” exacerbate the problem of undocumented


    immigration?
    “Operation Wetback” relied on media coverage of exaggerated strength of border
    patrol, forcing tens of thousands of immigrants out of the United States within the first
    week, alone. This operation was effective, but illegal immigration sky-rocketed right after
    it died down.

    4. What did the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 accomplish?


    This Act was passed to protect workers’ rights and their workplace democracy.
    Two of the main accomplishments of this act were giving employees the ability to form a
    union if they’d like to do so and engage in activities that would lead to strengthening or
    improving working conditions.

    5. What were the 3 strategies that women on welfare used to supplement their AFDC
    benefits?
    Many women would engage in underground or unreported work, so the extra
    AFDC benefits and their monthly earnings couldn’t be taken by the government.
    Another strategy women would use was having a network of people to give them “gifts”
    or “payouts” so they could, again, keep their benefits and money.
    Finally, women could also seek help from soup kitchens, churches, or any other kind of
    community help center, to receive help, because they just couldn’t make it by. They
    either weren’t making enough or they weren’t approved for extra support. This would
    save them around an extra $60 a month.

    6. What are the origins of Mexican Americans in the U.S. (in the 19th Century) that
    complicates the focus on Mexican Americans as primarily an immigrant group?
    Many different origins of Mexican Americans in the U.S. complicated the focus of
    them being primarily an immigrant group because A, we began mixing heritage and
    blurring boundaries (listening to each other’s native music, learning languages), B, their
    continued residency, C, territorial incorporation (Mexican land becoming American,
    making them involuntary immigrants), and D, their updated legal and social statuses the
    longer they stayed in the states.

    7. What is the problem of invisibility faced by the women in Hays’ study?


    Hays’ study highlighted the need for policies and societal attitudes that recognize
    and address the diverse and complex realities of poverty, caregiving responsibilities,
    and economic hardship experienced by women, especially those in diminished or
    vulnerable situations. Thus bringing forward a need for a more inclusive approach to
    welfare reform, addressing and understanding the broad spectrum of women’s
    challenges.

    8. What is the difference between the work plan and the family plan according to Hays?
    According to Hays, the work plan and family plan are different approaches to
    welfare policies for poor women. The work plan focuses on employment and economic
    independence, while the family plan focuses on policies that support caregiving roles
    and address family needs.

    9. What does Bonilla-Silva mean by the white habitus?


    I believe Bonilla-Silva meant that the white habitus refers to innate, ingrained
    cultural norms or practices, that are characteristics of white people in a racially layered
    society.

    10. How are the concepts of sexism and patriarchy linked?


    The concepts of sexism and patriarchy are simply linked by one gender feeling
    superior compared to the other, taking more control or thinking they deserve more
    control because of this. In a patriarchy, men are considered higher figures, more
    intelligent, etc. Sexism is the discrimination or prejudice of a person, or group of people,
    due to their sex; ie: men being seen as superior, because they’re men.
    Essay Question (30 Points Total)
    Provide a thorough answer to the following short essay question.
    The conflict perspective in sociology sees social inequalities as intrinsic to society.
    Sociologists describe both race and gender as social constructions. From the lectures,
    how did the civil rights movement and feminist movements challenge “white supremacy”
    and “patriarchy?” Since the 1970s, social movements have attempted to develop new
    ideas and tactics to challenge racial and gender inequalities. How do the Bonilla-Silva
    and Hays readings describe the changed conditions of the “post-civil rights era” for
    racial minorities and the “welfare reform” era for poor women and children? What does
    the theory of intersectionality offer for thinking about race, gender, and other inequalities
    in the twenty-first century?

    The civil rights movement and feminist movements challenged "white


    supremacy" and "patriarchy" in many ways. First being demonstrating during the Civil
    Rights Movement. This movement was mainly focused on racial equality and justice, by
    challenging racism and segregation laws. Seeking to dismantle legal and social
    structures that encouraged white supremacy, therefore advocating for the civil rights
    movement and societal changes. Second being the feminist movements.

    Separately, the feminist movements addressed the patriarchal systems which


    looked down on women. These movements had the goal to find gender equality in many
    faces, such as politics, economics, and social norms. These movements fought against
    traditional gender roles, and advocated for reproductive rights, equal pay, and better
    governmental representation.

    Together, these movements challenged the dominant opinions and social


    structures that were unknowingly put in place, and shed light to the fact that many
    people were being treated as less than, simply because of their gender or race.

    Of course, these movements both changed conditions in the Post-Civil Rights


    and Welfare Reform Eras. Bonilla-Silva discusses how racial inequalities persist due to
    forms of racism such as ‘colorblind racism.’ Despite legal gains from the War,
    institutional discrimination and structural barriers continued to obstruct racial minorities'
    full participation and advancement in society.

    Hays analyzed the impacts the welfare reform came with, specifically for children
    and poor women, while Bonilla-Silva analyzed the racial contests happening. Hays
    states that the welfare reform policies had many implications for poor women. Many of
    these implications being that they faced increased pressure to find and maintain
    employment, which many of them hadn’t had to worry about before the workfare era.
    The emphasis on work, however, overlooked issues such as childcare, transportation,
    or basic costs that their low-income jobs couldn’t suffice for. These issues negatively
    impacted their ability to find and secure stable work.

    While children did not have as many issues as women, they were still affected in
    the welfare era. As previously stated, women were encouraged to work without being
    given the chance to look for childcare, so many children didn’t have time to adapt to life
    without their parents there all the time. Also, children had to navigate their
    independence while their parents navigated financial hardships and the workforce.

    The theory of intersectionality examined how different social categories interact


    to produce individual cases of discrimination and privilege. Intersectionality offered a
    framework for understanding the diversity of inequalities, and highlighted that individuals
    can experience multiple forms of the same thing, which can shape their lives very
    differently but similarly. Though, this theory also emphasized the interconnected nature
    of social identities and dynamics, encouraging comprehensive approaches to social
    justice, which address multiple dimensions of oppression at the same time.

    In conclusion, the conflict perspective in sociology views social inequalities as inherent


    in societal structures. The civil rights and feminist movements challenged "white
    supremacy" and "patriarchy" by advocating for racial and gender equality. The post-civil
    rights and welfare reform eras brought in new challenges for racial minorities and poor
    women and children, as discussed by Bonilla-Silva and Hays. Intersectionality provides
    a contemporary lens for analyzing how race, gender, and other inequalities intersect
    and shape individuals' experiences. All of these bits of information are crucial to
    understand and develop strategies for social change and justice.

    Extra Credit Questions (2.5 points each)

    1. What is the difference between ancient slavery and chattel slavery?


    The differences between ancient slavery and chattel slavery are embedded in the legal
    status, treatment of, and economic and social statuses of the enslaved individuals.
    Though both involved the exploitations of humans as laborers and property, chattel
    slavery is exclusive because of its extreme legal and social dehumanization of enslaved
    individuals.

    Ancient slavery: slaves could occasionally buy or earn their freedom


    Chattel slavery: slaves are considered pieces of property, to be bought, sold, or
    inherited

    Ancient slavery: slaves typically faced relatively humane treatment


    Chattel slavery: slaves were to be stripped of their humanity and dignity, their children
    were automatically enslaved and inherited

    2. What are the differences and conflicts between cisgender and transgender identities?
    Cisgender individuals identify with the gender and sex they were assigned at birth,
    whereas transgender individuals do not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth.
    Neither of these have to do with gender most of the time, though some can be
    comfortable with their sex organs, they just prefer for their gender status to be changed,
    expecting people to utilize different pronouns or more masculine/feminine names or
    compliments than they were socially assigned at a young age.

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