Submitted BY: DANIYAL UR REHMAN

Student ID:0000579472
Course Code: 8605
Assignment # 2
Semester:1ST
Level:B.ED 1.5 Years

1
 ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Question # 1
Q.1 Critically examine the physical aspects of school and hostel building.
The school's physical environment refers to all school buildings, indoors and outdoors. These facilities must be
safe and clean and conducive to the health and well-being of all students and staff.
Learning environment consists of many factors such as teaching and learning materials such as text books and
charts and physical facilities such as classrooms, library, resting rooms, and playground among others.

 Importance
1. Enhancing Learning Experience: AV aids, such as videos, images, and interactive presentations,
provide visual and auditory stimulation, making the learning experience more engaging and effective.
They can simplify complex concepts, illustrate abstract ideas, and cater to different learning styles.

2. Promoting Active Learning: AV aids encourage active participation and involvement of learners. They
facilitate discussions, debates, and interactive activities that promote critical thinking, problem-solving,
and collaboration among students. They can also serve as a tool for self-paced learning.
3. Improving Retention and Comprehension: Visual and auditory elements in AV aids increase the
retention and comprehension of information. They help in creating mental connections, improving
memory recall, and facilitating better understanding and internalization of concepts.
4. Bridging Language Barriers: AV aids can transcend language barriers by utilizing visual cues,
gestures, and subtitles. They enable effective communication and understanding among diverse groups
of learners who may have different language backgrounds.
5. Fostering Creativity and Imagination: AV aids stimulate creativity and imagination by presenting
information in dynamic and visually appealing formats. They inspire learners to think creatively, explore
different perspectives, and express their ideas using various media.
Roles

2
 1. Presentation and Demonstration: AV aids are used to present and demonstrate information, concepts,
and processes. They can be employed by teachers, trainers, or presenters to deliver engaging and
interactive sessions, making it easier for learners to grasp complex ideas.
2. Supplementing Classroom Teaching: AV aids act as supplementary tools to enhance traditional
classroom teaching methods. They provide additional resources, such as multimedia presentations,
educational videos, and interactive simulations, to reinforce and enrich the learning experience.
3. Facilitating Distance Learning: AV aids are particularly valuable in distance learning scenarios. They
enable remote learners to access educational materials, participate in virtual classes, and engage with
multimedia content, thereby bridging the gap between physical and virtual classrooms.
 Importance of Libraries:
 Access to Knowledge and Information: Libraries are invaluable resources that offer a wide range of books,
journals, periodicals, research papers, and digital resources. They provide access to a vast collection of
knowledge, allowing individuals to explore various subjects, conduct research, and stay informed.

 Promoting Literacy and Learning: Libraries play a vital role in promoting literacy and fostering a love for
reading. They provide a conducive environment for individuals of all ages to cultivate reading habits,
improve language skills, and expand their knowledge base.
 Supporting Research and Study: Libraries serve as essential hubs for researchers, students, and scholars.
They offer a wealth of reference materials, databases, and research resources necessary for conducting in-
depth studies, gathering evidence, and producing high-quality academic work.
 Encouraging Lifelong Learning: Libraries promote lifelong learning by offering resources for personal and
professional development. They provide educational programs, workshops, and seminars, creating
opportunities for individuals to acquire new skills, explore diverse subjects, and pursue lifelong intellectual
growth.
 Preserving Cultural Heritage: Libraries also play a vital role in preserving cultural heritage. They collect
and archive books, manuscripts, historical documents, and other artifacts, ensuring that important works are
preserved for future generations.

3
Roles of Libraries:
 Information Literacy Education: Libraries offer information literacy programs to equip individuals with the
skills to locate, evaluate, and use information effectively. They teach critical thinking, research skills, and
ethical use of information in an era of abundant digital resources.
 Community Engagement: Libraries serve as community hubs, providing spaces for individuals to gather,
exchange ideas, and participate in cultural and educational events. They organize book clubs, author talks,
workshops, and exhibitions, fostering social connections and community engagement.
 Digital Access and Technology: Libraries adapt to the digital age by offering computer access, internet
connectivity, and digital resources. They bridge the digital divide by providing technology-related services
to individuals who may not have access to such resources at home.
 Preservation and Archiving: Libraries play a critical role in preserving and archiving historical documents,
rare books, manuscripts, and other valuable materials. They ensure the long-term conservation of cultural
heritage and support research and scholarship in various fields.
 Support for Special Needs: Libraries strive to be inclusive by offering resources and services tailored to
individuals with special needs. They provide accessible formats, assistive technologies, and specialized
programs to support learners with disabilities or unique learning requirements.
It is important to note that the roles and importance of AV aids and libraries may vary depending on the context,
educational level, and technological advancements. However, both continue to play essential roles in facilitating
learning, promoting information access, and nurturing intellectual growth in diverse communities.

Question # 2
Q.2 Discuss the need for service book, stock register and admission register.
Service Book: A service book is a chronological record of events, activities, or observations. It serves various
purposes and holds importance in different domains, such as transportation, research, maintenance, and record-
keeping. Here are some key points highlighting the importance of a service book:
1. Documentation: service books provide a systematic and organized way to document important
information, events, or activities. They serve as a reliable source of historical data, enabling easy
reference, analysis, and decision-making based on past records.
2. Legal and Compliance Requirements: In certain industries, log books are essential for meeting legal
and regulatory compliance. For example, in transportation, pilots, drivers, and operators are required to
maintain log books to track flight hours, driving hours, and maintenance activities to ensure safety
standards and regulatory compliance.

4
 3. Communication and Collaboration: Log books facilitate communication and collaboration among
individuals or teams. They serve as a means to share information, updates, and progress with other team
members or stakeholders, ensuring transparency and accountability.
4. Problem Identification and Troubleshooting: Log books help in identifying patterns, trends, or
recurring issues over time. They enable problem identification and troubleshooting by providing a
record of events or incidents that can be analyzed to identify root causes and take corrective actions.
5. Maintenance and Service Records: Log books are often used to track maintenance and service
activities. They provide a record of maintenance schedules, performed tasks, repairs, and replacements,
ensuring proper upkeep and adherence to maintenance protocols.
Cash Book: A cash book is a financial record that tracks all cash transactions, including receipts and payments.
It serves as an essential tool for maintaining accurate financial records and managing cash flow. Here are the
key reasons highlighting the importance of a cash book:

 Financial Management: A cash book helps in effective financial management by providing a clear overview
of cash inflows and outflows. It enables businesses and organizations to monitor and control their cash
position, identify cash shortages or surpluses, and make informed financial decisions.
 Record Keeping and Accountability: A cash book ensures proper record keeping of all cash transactions,
including sales, purchases, expenses, and payments. It promotes accountability by documenting the sources
and uses of cash, facilitating transparency and accuracy in financial reporting.
 Cash Flow Analysis: By maintaining a cash book, businesses can analyze their cash flow patterns over
time. It helps in understanding the timing and magnitude of cash inflows and outflows, identifying cash
flow trends, and planning for future financial needs.
 Budgeting and Forecasting: A cash book provides valuable data for budgeting and forecasting purposes. It
helps in estimating future cash flows, projecting revenue and expenses, and developing realistic financial
plans and budgets.
 Audit and Tax Compliance: A cash book serves as a key document during audits and tax assessments. It
provides a comprehensive record of cash transactions, supporting the accuracy and completeness of
financial statements and tax filings.

5
Fee Collection Register: A fee collection register is a record that tracks the collection of fees or payments from
individuals or organizations. It holds significance in educational institutions, clubs, organizations, or any entity
that collects fees or dues. Here are the important aspects highlighting the importance of a fee collection register:
 Financial Records: A fee collection register ensures accurate and systematic recording of fee collections. It
provides a clear record of who paid, how much, and when, ensuring transparency and accountability in
financial management.
 Revenue Tracking: By maintaining a fee collection register, institutions can track their revenue streams and
monitor the inflow of funds. It helps in assessing the financial health of the organization, analyzing fee
collection trends, and identifying any discrepancies or irregularities.
 Fee Compliance and Verification: A fee collection register enables institutions to ensure fee compliance. It
helps in verifying whether students, members, or participants have paid the required fees.

Question # 3
Q.3 Describe major steps of BISE and education code. Also highlight the responsibilities
of NBC.
The provincial education secretariat is responsible for the planning, organization, administration, control,
direction and coordination of all educational programmes and activities carried out through various bodies and
institutions in the province.
The scope, need, importance, and role of education in provinces are significant factors in shaping the
educational landscape and ensuring the overall development of a region. Let's discuss each aspect in detail:
Scope of Education in Provinces: The scope of education in provinces encompasses various dimensions,
including:
 Access to Education: Ensuring that every individual in the province has access to quality education,
irrespective of their location, socioeconomic background, or demographic factors.
 Curriculum Development: Designing a curriculum that aligns with national educational standards while
considering the specific needs, culture, and aspirations of the province's population.

6
 Infrastructure and Facilities: Establishing and maintaining educational institutions, such as schools,
colleges, and universities, equipped with adequate infrastructure, classrooms, laboratories, libraries, and
technology.
 Teacher Training and Professional Development: Providing opportunities for teacher training and
professional development programs to enhance teaching methodologies, pedagogical skills, and subject
knowledge.
 Special Education: Addressing the needs of students with disabilities and special learning requirements by
implementing inclusive education policies, providing necessary support services, and promoting an
inclusive learning environment.
Need for Education in Provinces: Education holds immense importance in provinces due to the following
reasons:
 Human Resource Development: Education plays a crucial role in developing the human capital of a
province. It equips individuals with knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for personal growth,
employment opportunities, and contributing to the socioeconomic development of the region.
 Socioeconomic Empowerment: Education is a catalyst for socio-economic empowerment. It enables
individuals to acquire skills, enhance employability, and pursue entrepreneurial ventures, thus reducing
poverty, inequality, and dependency on external resources.
 Cultural Preservation: Education in provinces ensures the preservation and promotion of local culture,
traditions, and indigenous knowledge. It helps in preserving the identity of the province and nurturing a
sense of belonging and pride among the local population.
 Civic Engagement and Democracy: Education fosters active citizenship and democratic values by
promoting critical thinking, civic awareness, and participation in the democratic process. It empowers
individuals to engage in informed decision-making and contribute to the development of their communities
and society as a whole.
Importance of Education in Provinces: Education holds significant importance in provinces due to the
following factors:
Regional Development: Education is a vital tool for regional development. It equips individuals with the skills
necessary to drive economic growth, innovate, and contribute to the development of key sectors within the
province.
1. Social Cohesion: Education promotes social cohesion by fostering tolerance, respect for diversity, and
understanding among individuals from different backgrounds. It helps in building bridges across diverse
communities within the province, leading to social harmony and inclusivity.
2. Health and Well-being: Education plays a crucial role in promoting health and well-being within the
province. It creates awareness about health-related issues, hygiene practices, preventive measures, and
promotes healthy lifestyle choices among individuals.

7
 3. Knowledge Economy: Education is the foundation of a knowledge-based economy. It promotes
research, innovation, and technological advancements, leading to economic competitiveness, job
creation, and attracting investments to the province.
4. Sustainable Development: Education plays a vital role in promoting sustainable development practices
within the province. It raises awareness about environmental conservation, climate change, and
sustainable resource management, enabling individuals to become responsible stewards of their natural
surroundings.
5. Poverty Alleviation: Education is a powerful tool for poverty alleviation. It equips individuals with the
knowledge and skills needed to break the cycle of poverty, empowering them to secure better
employment opportunities, improve their living conditions, and contribute to the economic growth of the
province.
6. Cultural and Artistic Expression: Education fosters artistic and cultural expression within the province.
It provides platforms for promoting local arts, music, literature, and heritage, preserving and celebrating
the province's cultural identity.
Role of Education in Provinces: The role of education in provinces encompasses various dimensions,
including:
1. Skill Development: Education equips individuals with skills relevant to the needs of the province,
including technical skills, vocational training, and entrepreneurship development. It prepares individuals
for employment opportunities and empowers them to contribute to the local economy.

2. Capacity Building: Education builds the capacity of individuals, institutions, and communities within the
province. It enhances leadership qualities, decision-making abilities, problem-solving skills, and critical
thinking capabilities, enabling individuals to tackle local challenges and drive sustainable development.
3. Social and Cultural Integration: Education promotes social and cultural integration by fostering
understanding, respect, and appreciation of diverse cultures.
4. Policy Formulation: Education plays a vital role in shaping educational policies and reforms at the
provincial level. It involves the participation of education experts, administrators, teachers, and
community members to develop policies that address the unique needs and challenges of the province's
education system.

8
 5. Community Engagement: Education encourages community engagement and active involvement in
educational initiatives. It fosters partnerships between schools, parents, community organizations, and
local businesses to create a supportive learning environment and enhance educational outcomes.
6. Research and Innovation: Education promotes research and innovation within the province. It
encourages educational institutions to engage in research activities that address local challenges, explore
innovative teaching methodologies, and contribute to the knowledge base of the province.
7. Lifelong Learning: Education in provinces emphasizes the importance of lifelong learning. It encourages
individuals of all ages to continue their education, acquire new skills, and pursue personal and
professional development throughout their lives.
8. Social Mobility: Education is a powerful tool for social mobility. It provides opportunities for
individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds to improve their socio-economic status, break barriers, and
access better opportunities within the province.
9. Cultural Exchange and Integration: Education facilitates cultural exchange and integration within the
province. It promotes intercultural understanding, respect, and appreciation among students from diverse
backgrounds, fostering a sense of unity and harmony within the province.
10. Future Leadership: Education plays a critical role in nurturing future leaders within the province. It
equips students with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary to become responsible, ethical, and
visionary leaders who can contribute to the progress and development of the province.

Question # 4
Q.4 Differentiate the role of education in four provinces. Discuss the salient features of
education in four provinces. Also give suggestions for improving the education system
in all provinces of Pakistan.
The major functions of BISE (Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education) and the education code are as
follows:
Functions of BISE:
1. Conducting Examinations: BISE is responsible for conducting intermediate (11th and 12th grade) and
secondary (9th and 10th grade) examinations. They develop examination schedules, issue roll numbers,
appoint examination staff, conduct exams, and announce results.
2. Curriculum Development: BISE plays a role in the development and revision of curricula for
intermediate and secondary education. They collaborate with educational experts, teachers, and relevant
stakeholders to ensure that the curriculum aligns with national educational standards and caters to the
needs of students.

9
 3. Affiliation of Educational Institutions: BISE grants affiliation to secondary and intermediate educational
institutions within its jurisdiction. They ensure that these institutions meet the required standards in
terms of infrastructure, faculty, and academic quality. BISE also monitors affiliated institutions for
compliance with educational policies and regulations.
4. Registration of Students: BISE facilitates the registration of students for intermediate and secondary
examinations. They maintain student records, issue registration forms, and collect registration fees. The
registration process ensures that students are eligible to appear in the respective examinations.
5. Issuance of Certificates and Degrees: BISE is responsible for issuing certificates and degrees to
successful candidates who have passed their intermediate and secondary examinations. These
certificates serve as official documentation of educational achievement and are required for further
education or employment purposes.
6. Verification of Documents: BISE verifies educational documents, such as certificates and degrees, for
individuals who need to authenticate their educational qualifications. This verification process ensures
the credibility and authenticity of educational credentials.
7. Examination Reforms and Quality Assurance: BISE is involved in examination reforms and quality
assurance measures. They work to enhance the integrity, fairness, and transparency of the examination
system. BISE may introduce new examination policies, adopt advanced assessment methods, and
monitor examination centers to maintain the standards of evaluation.
Functions of Education Code:
The education code refers to a set of laws or regulations that govern the educational system within a particular
jurisdiction. Its major functions include:

1. Legal Framework for Education: The education code provides a legal framework for the educational
system. It establishes rules, regulations, and standards that educational institutions, students, teachers,
and administrators must adhere to.

10
 2. Governance and Administration: The education code defines the governance and administrative
structure of the educational system. It outlines the roles, responsibilities, and powers of educational
authorities, such as the education department, school boards, and educational regulatory bodies.
3. Curriculum and Instructional Guidelines: The education code outlines the curriculum framework and
instructional guidelines for different levels of education. It specifies the subjects, content, and learning
outcomes that educational institutions should follow. The code may also provide guidelines for
instructional methods, assessments, and teacher qualifications.
4. Educational Rights and Obligations: The education code enshrines the rights and obligations of students,
parents, and educational institutions. It ensures equal access to education, protection against
discrimination, and the provision of a safe and conducive learning environment.
5. School Governance and Accountability: The education code establishes mechanisms for school
governance and accountability. It defines the roles and responsibilities of school administrators,
teachers, and support staff. The code may outline procedures for school management, financial
accountability, and disciplinary actions.
6. Teacher Qualifications and Professional Standards: The education code sets standards for teacher
qualifications, recruitment, and professional development. It may specify the required educational
qualifications, teaching certifications, and ongoing professional development requirements for teachers.
7. Student Assessment and Evaluation: The education code provides guidelines for student assessment and
evaluation practices. It may outline procedures for conducting examinations, grading systems,
promotion criteria, and the recognition of academic achievements.

Question # 5
Q.5 Discuss the different models of evaluation. Which one model is better in our schools
and why? Discuss.
Models of Evaluation: The models of evaluation in the context of education in Pakistan encompasses various
aspects, including:
1. Student Assessment: Evaluation is conducted to assess students' learning outcomes, knowledge, skills,
and competencies. It involves the measurement of academic performance through tests, assignments,
projects, and examinations.

11
 2. Teacher Evaluation: Evaluation is carried out to assess the effectiveness of teachers in delivering quality
education. It includes assessing their teaching methods, classroom management, student engagement,
and professional development needs.
3. Institutional Evaluation: Evaluation is conducted to assess the overall performance and quality of
educational institutions, including schools, colleges, and universities. It examines factors such as
infrastructure, teaching resources, governance, leadership, and student support services.
4. Curriculum Evaluation: Evaluation is used to assess the appropriateness, relevance, and effectiveness of
the curriculum in meeting the educational goals and objectives. It examines the content, pedagogical
approaches, and alignment with national educational standards.
Importance of Evaluation: Evaluation holds significant importance in the educational system of Pakistan
due to the following reasons:
1. Quality Assurance: Evaluation ensures the quality and standardization of education. It helps identify
strengths and weaknesses in student learning, teaching methods, and institutional practices. Evaluation
findings guide improvement initiatives to enhance the quality of education.
2. Accountability: Evaluation promotes accountability among students, teachers, and educational
institutions. It provides a measure of performance and enables stakeholders to identify areas for
improvement and take necessary actions to address shortcomings.
3. Policy Development: Evaluation serves as a basis for policy development and decision-making in the
education sector. It provides evidence and data-driven insights to formulate educational policies, allocate
resources, and implement necessary reforms.
4. Continuous Improvement: Evaluation facilitates continuous improvement in teaching and learning
processes. It helps identify effective teaching strategies, instructional materials, and interventions to
enhance student achievement and educational outcomes.
5. Feedback and Remediation: Evaluation provides feedback to students, teachers, and institutions
regarding their performance. It helps identify areas of improvement, address learning gaps, and
implement targeted interventions to support students' educational development.

12
 6. Accreditation and Recognition: Evaluation plays a crucial role in accreditation processes and recognition
of educational institutions. It ensures that institutions meet certain standards and criteria for quality
education and enables students to make informed choices about their educational pursuits.
Nature of Evaluation: Evaluation in the Pakistani education system can be characterized by the following
aspects:
1. Formative and Summative: Evaluation in Pakistan includes both formative and summative assessments.
Formative assessment focuses on ongoing feedback, monitoring student progress, and guiding
instructional decisions. Summative assessment measures overall achievement at the end of a period or
course.
2. Standardized and Classroom-based: Evaluation in Pakistan combines standardized assessments
conducted at the provincial or national level with classroom-based assessments carried out by teachers.
Standardized tests provide a benchmark for comparison, while classroom-based assessments provide
insights into individual student performance and progress.
Factors Affecting the Evaluation Process in Pakistan:
1. Socioeconomic Disparities: Socioeconomic disparities impact the evaluation process, as students from
different socioeconomic backgrounds may have unequal access to resources, educational support, and
opportunities for learning.
2. Language and Cultural Diversity: Pakistan's linguistic and cultural diversity poses challenges in
designing assessments that are inclusive and fair for students from different regions and language
backgrounds.
3. Infrastructure and Resources: Inadequate infrastructure, limited resources, and disparities in access to
technology can affect the administration and quality of evaluations, particularly in remote areas or
underprivileged schools.
4. Teacher Capacity and Training: The quality of evaluation is influenced by the capacity and training of
teachers. Insufficient teacher training on assessment methods, bias-free evaluation, and result
interpretation can impact the reliability and validity of assessments.

13