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    Analysis of Lecture 12: Electrochemistry (2024) : 1 Coulombic Forces and Electric Fields

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    Analysis of Lecture 12: Electrochemistry (2024) : 1 Coulombic Forces and Electric Fields

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    Sahil Agrawal
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    5 views3 pages

    Analysis of Lecture 12: Electrochemistry (2024) : 1 Coulombic Forces and Electric Fields

    Uploaded by

    Sahil Agrawal
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Analysis of Lecture 12: Electrochemistry (2024)

    1 Coulombic Forces and Electric Fields


    1.1 Equation for Electric Field
    The electric field E due to a point charge Q1 at a distance r is given by:
    Q1
    E=
    4πϵ0 r2
    where ϵ0 is the permittivity of free space. This equation describes how a charged
    particle influences the space around it.

    1.2 Coulombic Interactions near Surfaces


    The Coulomb force on a charge q near a flat surface with uniform charge density
    σ (in C/m2 ) is also discussed. Diagrams of charges near surfaces and the re-
    sulting electric fields are included to help visualize charge interactions and field
    lines.

    2 Boltzmann Distribution in Salt Solutions


    2.1 Boltzmann Law for Particle Distribution
    The Boltzmann distribution describes how particles distribute in an electric
    field:
    U
    ni = n0i e− kT
    where:
    • U is the potential energy change for particle i,
    • ni is the particle concentration at a given potential,
    • n0i is the bulk concentration,
    • k is the Boltzmann constant,
    • T is the absolute temperature.
    Figures illustrate the variation of ion concentration in the presence of po-
    tential, with graphs of ion distribution in an electric field.

    1
    3 Debye-Hückel Theory and Electrostatic Po-
    tentials
    3.1 Debye-Hückel Potential
    The Debye-Hückel theory explains how charges in an ionic solution create an
    exponentially decaying electrostatic potential. The potential due to an ion at a
    distance r is:
    Q −κr
    ψ(r) = e
    4πϵ0 r
    where κ is the inverse Debye length, characterizing the screening effect in elec-
    trolyte solutions.

    3.2 Electric Double Layer


    The electric double layer consists of a Stern layer (immobile ions) and a diffuse
    layer (mobile counterions). Diagrams of the electric double layer show the ion
    concentration and potential as a function of distance from a charged surface.

    4 Zeta Potential and Charged Interfaces


    4.1 Zeta Potential
    The zeta potential measures the potential difference between the dispersion
    medium and the stationary layer of fluid attached to a charged surface:
    µη
    ζ=
    ϵ
    where:
    • µ is the mobility,
    • η is the viscosity of the medium,

    • ϵ is the permittivity.
    Graphs show the variation of zeta potential with distance from a surface and
    its role in colloidal stability.

    5 Electrostatic Forces in Liquids


    5.1 Electrostatic Forces Between Two Charged Surfaces
    Two charged surfaces interact through electrostatic forces, depending on the
    distance between them, surface charge density, and electrolyte properties. The

    2
    force between two point charges in a medium, modified by an electrolyte, is
    given by:
    Q1 Q2
    F =
    4πϵ0 r2
    Diagrams show the forces between charged surfaces in liquid environments,
    illustrating the Stern and diffuse layers in electrolyte solutions.

    6 Graphs and Photos from Lecture 12


    6.1 Graphical Representation of Ion Distribution
    Visual representations of ion concentration near a charged surface, and the
    potential decay with distance, are provided. These illustrate the electric double
    layer and the Poisson-Boltzmann equation.

    6.2 Photos and Images


    Photos and graphical illustrations include:

    • Potential decay near surfaces,


    • Electrostatic force diagrams for charged surfaces,
    • Ion concentration profiles and zeta potential curves.

    These images enhance the understanding of electrochemical principles by


    providing visual aids for electric fields, ion distributions, and electrostatic inter-
    actions.

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