FIVE-YEAR PLANS OF INDIA

INTRODUCTION In the past India was considered to be one of the richest countries in the world. It had Great Natural Resources. But over centuries it was under slavery and was subjected to exploitation. Foreign rules left the country Economically Depleted and poverty engulfed the nation. This situation had to be remedied when the nation achieved political independence. The nation had to be made self-reliant in all respects. For this, careful planning was needed. Our first Prime Minister and the architect of modern India, Nehru introduced the concept of five-year plans. The planning commission was set up to prepare the five-year plans. These plans are designed to achieve the optimum result in a limited period of a time, to plan the use of its limited resources and to ensure an all round development of the nation. It was intended that the country had to be selfreliant in about three decades. But various factors disturbed our planning and reaching the desired goals is still a distant dream. The wars with china and Pakistan led to the deterioration in our economy.

MAJOR FOCUS AREAS IN FIVE YEAR PLANS OF INDIA:

1. National income: The First Five Year Plan had the Government outlay of RS 2,400 Crores and the Ninth Plan (1997-2002) had Rs. 8, 59,000 Crores. Indias National Income that was Rs. 9140 Crores in 1950-51 raised Rs. 16, 80,000 Crores in 1998-99. The per Capita Income that was Rs. 255 only in 1950-51 increased to about Rs. 16,500 in 2000-2001.

2. Population: The percentage of the population who have below the poverty line was 55 in 1974 and it came down to 26 per cent in 200 (people who o earn below the poverty line). In spite of our planned economic development, we still face poverty, unemployment and economic inequality. Population explosion is one of the main reasons for such a state of condition.

3. Privatization: The policy of privatizing the state-owned industries emerged in the 1980s. It started in England during the Thatcher Era (1976-89). It spread to both the developed and developing countries. Basic and key industries, which were under the exclusive control of the Government such as Airways, Railways, Shipping, Power Generation, Water works and Telecommunication etc., have need thrown open for private enterprises. Privatization gained momentum when liberalization started in India after 1991.

4. Liberalization: The restrictions imposed upon the private establishments to start industries that were exclusively owned and controlled by the Government were relaxed. This proves began in India after 1991. After liberalization the number of industries reserved for the public sector in India has come down from17 to 3. Now private sector is industries. Similarly there has also been the realization of all rules and regulations with regard to license, permissions to import and export, price control and marketing. This process is called as liberalization.

5. Disinvestment has become the next step in liberalization. The New Industrial Policy, announced in 1991, has made Strategic and High-Tech Industries and Infrastructure as the Government investment areas. The Government began t raise resources by selling its equities in the public and public undertakings to the private sector. The Private sector is encouraged to become more professional and competitive. The Public Sector has face the challenge and become efficient.

6. Globalization: Nations are economically interdependent at the global or international level. They have to necessarily integrate themselves with the global trade, business and market. World has become a global village due to communication and information revolution. This has made the member countries of the United Nations Organization (UNO) to come together to set up the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1st January 1995. Its purpose is to promote trade among the world countries. Its headquarters is at Geneva. They must countries of goods, capital, technology and labor. They to relax trade restrictions in their countries. They have to relax trade restrictions in their countries. They have to remove the limits on import and export quotas. At the same time they have to accept WTO conditions. The WTO sets the global

norms of trade which the member countries have to accept and follow. This is called as the Globalization process. India is a member of the WTO.

7. Scientific and Technological Developments after Independence: Prior to independence India produced scientists like J.C. Bose, C.V. Raman and S. Rumanian. A new chapter began in the history of Science and Technology in India after independence. Jawaharlal Nehru was a great believer in science and technology. He considered them as effective tools to bring rapid socio-economic changes in India. Therefore his Government promoted research in science and technology. The Parliament adopted Nehrus Science Policy Resolution in 1958. Three organizations played very important role in the promotion of science and technology in India. They are:

(a) The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) which functioned under H. J. Bhabha. (b) The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) that worked under S. S. Bhatnager, and (c) The Defence Science Organization (SDO) headed by D.S. Kothari.

8. Atomic Research: The Atomic Energy Commission was set up in August 1948. It became full-fledged Department of atomic Energy Commission (DAE) in 1954. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre was set up at Mumbai in 1957. India uses Atomic Energy for the peaceful purpose of power generation. The first nuclear power station at Tarapur started generating pore in October 1969. Two such centers came at Kota in Rajasthan and Kalpakkam near Chennai in Tamil Nadu. The fourth one was set up at Narora in Uttar Pradesh. Besides the availability of Hydro-electric power, these centers generate power which is very essential for industrial development. India carried out peaceful nuclear explosions at Phokran in Rajasthan on 18 May 1974 and 11 May 1998.

9. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research: The Council of Scientific and industrial Research (CSIR), which was set up in 1942, was re-organised after independence. Nehru became its President. It was placed under S. S. Bhatnager, a great scientist. Due to his efforts thirty national laboratories in different parts of India came up before 1964. Many more centers have come up all over India.\

10. Space Research: Space research has made appreciable progress in India. Vikram A. Sarabai expanded the work of the Indian space Research Organization (ISRO) which is situated at Bangalore. Space center in India are located at Bangalore in Karnataka (the ISRO), Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala (theVikram Sarabhai Space Center), Sri Harikota (Satish Dhawan Space Centre) in Andhra Pradesh, Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu (the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre) and Ahedabad.

11. Satellite launching programme started in India in 1972. Indias first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched in 1975. India has also launched other satellites Bhakra and Vehicles (ASLVs), Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLVs) and Polar Satellite /launch Vehicles (PSLVs). A series of Indian National Satellites (INSATs) launched from 1982 onwards have

revolutionized our television, telecommunication, resource survey and management, environmental monitoring meteorological and information technology systems.

12. In Oceanography Indian scientists have made good progress. Our scientists have set up a research centre at Antarctica. It is called as the Dakshin Gangotri. In The field of agricultural research M. S. Swaminathan has contributed much for the success of the Green Revolution in India. Our missile technology has improved due to the contribution of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Research has progressed in many fields like food, fuel, fertilizers, physics, electronics, aeronautics, cosmic rays and Chemistry.

13. Nehrus Government appointed a Scientific Manpower Committee in 1947 to assess the technical personnel needed for the country. It led to the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) at Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Karagpur and Mumbai. Later two more have come at Roorkee and Assam. They have produced many trained technologists. India stands third in having trained technologists next to the United States and Russia. Computer engineering is popular in India. There are many computer scientists and professionals in the country.

THE TENURES OF FIVE YEAR PLANS PLANS

1. 1st Five Year plan 2. 2nd Five year plan 3. 3rd Five Year Plan 1956 April 2, 1956-March 31, 1961. April 1, 1961-March 31, 1966. Plan Holiday 1966-1969

TENURE
April 1, 1951-March 31,

(Three Annual Plans I (1966-1967), II (1967-1968), III (1967-1968) were introduced.) 4. 4th Five Year Plan 5. 5th Five Year Plan April 1, 1969-March 31, 1974. April 1, 1974-March 31, 1978.

({1979} It was terminated on Year before its stipulated time. Rolling Plan 1978-1980-1983) 6. 6th Five Year Plan 7. 7th Five Year Plan 2nd Plan Holiday 1990-1992. 8. 8th Five Year Plan 9. 9th Five Year Plan 10. 10th Five Year Plan 11. 11th Five year plan April 1, 1992-March 31, 2002 April 1, 1997-March 31, 2002 April 1, 2002-March 31, 2007 Current Plan April 1, 1980-March 31, 1985 April 1, 1985-March 31, 1990

APPROACH TO EACH PLAN

At the time of the First Five year plan (1951-1956) India was faced with three problemsinflux of refugees, severe food shortage and mounting inflation. India had also to correct the disequilibrium in the economy caused by the Second World War and the Portion of the country. Accordingly, the First Plan emphasized, as its immediate objectives the rehabilitation of refugees, rapid agricultural development so as to achieve food self-sufficiency in the development so as to achieve food selfsufficiently in the shortest possible time and control of inflation. Simultaneously, the First Plan attempted a process of all-round balanced development which could ensure a rising national income and a steady improvement in the living standards of the people over period of time. The Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) was conceived in an atmosphere of economic stability. Agricultural targets fixed in the First Plan had been achieved. Price level had registered a fall and, consequently, it was felt that the Indian economy had reached a stage where agriculture could be assigned a lower priority and a forward thrust made in the development of heavy and basic industries of the economy for a more rapid advance in future. The basic philosophy of the Second /Plan was, therefore, to give a big push to the economy so that it enters the takeoff stage. Besides, the Government announced its Industrial policy in 1956 accepting the establishment of a socialistic pattern of society as the goal of economic policy. This necessitated the orientation of economic policy to conform to the national goal of Socialist economy. Accordingly, the Second Plan aimed at rapid industrialization with particular emphasis on the development of basic and heavy industries, such as iron and steel, heavy chemicals, including nitrogenous fertilizers, heavy engineering and machine building industry. By the beginning of the Third Five Year Plan (1961-66) the Indian planners felt that the Indian economy had entered the Take off stage and that the first two plans had generated an institutional structure needed for rapid economic development. Consequently, the Third Plan set as its goal the establishment of a self-reliant and self-generating economy. But the working of the second plan had also shown that the

rate of growth of agricultural production was the main limiting factor in Indias economic development. The experience of the first two plans suggested that agriculture should be assigned top priority. The Third plan accordingly gave top priority to agriculture but it also laid adequate emphasis on the development of basic industries, which were vitally necessary for rapid economic development of the country. However, because of Indias conflicts with China in 1962 and with Pakistan in 1965, the approach of the Third Plan was later shifted from development to defense and development. The original draft outline of the fourth plan prepared in 1966 under the stewardship of Ashok Mehta had to be abandoned on account of the pressure exerted on the economy by two years of drought, devaluation of the rupee and the inflationary recession. Instead, three annual Plans (1966-69) euphemistically described as Plan Holiday were implemented. India learnt a bitter lesson during indo-Pakistan war when its so-called allies refused to supply essential equipment and raw materials for its economic development. The Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) set before itself the two principal objectives of growth with stability and progressive achievement of self-reliance. The fourth plan aimed at 5.5 per cent average rates of growth in the national income and the provision of national minimum for the weaker sections of communitythe latter came to be known as the objectives of growth with justice and Garibi Hatao The Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) was introduced at the time when the country was reeling under a veritable economic crisis arising out of a run-way inflation, fuelled by the hike in oil prices since September 1973 and failure of the government take-over of the wholesale trade in wheat. But the Indian planners were concerned with the slogans of Garibi Hatao and the growth with social justice. The original approach paper of the fifth plan prepared under C. Subramanian in 1972 emphasized that main cause of abject poverty were open unemployment, underemployment and low resource base of a very large number of producers in agriculture and service sectors. The elimination of poverty could not be attained simply by acceleration in the rate of growth of the economy alone but strategy should be to launch a direct attack on the problems of unemployment, under-employment and

massive low-end poverty. But this approach was eventually abandoned and by D.P. Dhar proposed to achieve the two main objectives, viz. removal of poverty and attainment of self-reliance, through promotion of income and a very significant stepup in the domestic rate of saving. The Fifth Plan, however, was terminated by the Janata Party at the end of the fourth year of the Plan in March 1978. There were to sixth five Year Plan (1980-1985). The Janata Party Sixth Plan (1978-83) openly praised the achievements of economy in terms of self-reliance and modernization growing unemployment for the concentration of economic power in the hands of few powerful business and industrial families, for the widening of inequalities of income and wealth and for mounting poverty. The Janata Sixth Plan sought to reconcile the objectives of higher production with those of greater employment so that millions of people living below the poverty line could benefit there from. The focus of the Janata Sixth Plan was enlargement of the employment potential in agriculture and allied activities, educing consumer goods for mass consumption and to raise the incomes of the lowest income classes through a minimum needs programmed. After the defeat of the Janata Party, The Congress came to power in 1980 and decided to have a new Sixth Plan. When the new sixth Planners rejected the Janata approach and brought back Nehru Model of growth by aiming at a direct attack on the problem of poverty by creating conditions of an expanding economy. The Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) was introduced in April 1985, after the country had enjoyed a reasonable rate of economic growth of the order of 5.4 per cent during the Sixth Plan. The Seventh Plan sought to emphasis policies and programmers which would accelerate the growth in food grains production, increase employment opportunities and raise productivity-all these three immediate objectives were regarded central to the achievement of long term goals determined as, far back as the First Plan itself. The approach to Eight five Year Plan (1990-95) was approved in September 1989 and Eight Plan was to be introduced in April 1990. However, three were a series of changes in Governments at the Centre, Necessitating constant reconstitution of the Planning Commission and preparation of a series of versions of the approach to the

10

Eighth Plan. Finally, the fourth version of the Eight Plan (1990-97) was approved at a time the country was going through a severe economic crisis caused by a balance of payments crisis, a rising debt burden, ever-widening budget deficits, minting inflation and recession in industry. The Narasimha Rao Government initiated the process of fiscal reforms as also of economic reforms with a view to provide a new dynamism to the economy. The Eighth Plan (1992-97) reflected these changes in its attempt to accelerate economic growth and improve the quality of life of the common man. The Ninth Five Year Plan (1992-1997) prepared under the United Front Government was released in March 1998. The same was modified and approved by the National Development Council in February 1999, nearly two years after its implementation from April 1, 1997. The focus of the Ninth Plan was on Growth with Social justice and equality. It assigned priority to agriculture and rural development with a view to generation adequate productive employment and eradication of poverty. It aimed at achieving GDP growth of 7 per cent per annum, since during the eighth plan, already a GDP growth rate of 6.5 per cent had been achieved. Besides, it ensured food and nutritional security for all, particularly for the weaker sections of the society. However the plan failed to achieve the GDP growth target of 7 per cent and realized only 5.35 per cent average GDP growth. It is, thus, clear that the short-term objectives of each plan-also called as the Approach to each plan-reflect the current state of the economy and the economic thinking of the party in power and of the planners in the planning commission. The 10th Five-Year Plan (2002-2007) was prepared against the backdrop of high expectations arising from some aspects of recent performance. But these positive developments were clouded by matter for concern, particularly jobless growth during the 1990s. Although growth had strong direct poverty-reducing effects, the friction and rigidities in the Indian economy can make these process les effective, and the 10tth plan was formulated in a manner that explicitly addresses the need to ensure equity and social justice. It is thus, clear that the short-term objectives of each plan also called as the. Approach to each plan-reflect the current state of the economy and the economic thinking of the party in power and of the planners of the country.

11

MODELS OF FIVE YEAR PLANS

PLANS 1st Five year Plan 2nd Five Year Plan 3rd Five Year Plan 4th Five Year Plan 5th Five Year Plan Rolling Plans 7th Five Year Plan 8th Five Year Plan 9th Five year Plan

MODELS Harrot Domers Model Mahalnobis Model or (Nehru-Mahalnobs Model) Growth Model of John Sandy & S. Chakavorty. Allen Mabre and Ashok Rudra Model. Exim model or Consumption Model Gandhian Model. Based on Long-term Development Plans. Manmohan model. Common Minimum Programme and boosting Agricultural investment.

10th Five Year Plan 11th Five Year Plan

Poverty alleviation programmes. Infrastructure Model.

12

OBJECTIVE OF ALL THE FIVE YEAR'S PLAN:

1st FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-56) y The first five year plan was presented by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951. The First Five Year Plan was initiated at the end of the turmoil of partition of the country. It gave importance to agriculture, irrigation and power projects to decrease the countries reliance on food grain imports, resolve the food crisis and ease the raw material problem especially in jute and cotton. y

The total planned budget of Rs. 206.8 billion (US$23.6 billion in the 1950 exchange rate) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2 percent), agriculture and community development (17.4 percent), transport and communications (24 percent), industry (8.4 percent), social services (16.64 percent), land rehabilitation (4.1 percent), and for other sectors and services (2.5 percent). The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problemsdeficiency of capital and low capacity to save. The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6%
Though the first plan was formulated hurriedly, it succeeded in fulfilling the targets. Agriculture production increased dramatically, national income went up by 18%, per capita income by 11% and per capita consumption by 9%.

India became independent in 1947.

The population of the country was But the production from the

approximately 350 million i.e 35 crore.

agricultural sector was not sufficient to fulfill the demands of the large

13

population. This was due to the low per hectare yield. Hence it was a challenge before the government to increase the total productivity of the agricultural sector in order to sustain the demands of the growing population. Hence the government provided funds to the development of the agricultural sector in the first five-year plan. The monsoon was good and there were

relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra Dam and Hirakud Dam. The World Health Organization, with the Indian government, addressed children's health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth.
y

At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The University Grant Commission was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the second five-year plan.

2nd FIVE YEAR PLAN (1956-61)

The second five year plan was initiated in a climate of economic prosperity, industry gained in prominence. Agriculture programs were formulated to meet the raw material needs of industry, besides covering the food needs of the

14

increasing population. The Industrial Policy of 1956 was socialistic in nature. The plan aimed at 25% increase in national income.

In comparison to First Five Year plan, the Second Five Year Plan was a moderate success. Unfavorable monsoon in 1957-58 and 1959-60 impacted agricultural production and also the Suez crisis blocked International Trading increasing commodity prices.

A sizeable increase in national income so as to raise the level of living. The per capita income of the country during 1956 was approximately. The government was committed to its promise of providing decent living to the Indian people. Hence to increase the national income, it decided to create basic infrastructure for the development of heavy and medium scale industries.

The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statiatical Institute. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centered on importing capital goods.

Hydroelectric power projects and five steel mills at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east. The Atomic Energy Commission was formed in 1948 with Homi J. Bhabha as the first chairman. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research was established as a research institute. In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power. The total amount allocated under the second five year plan in India was Rs. 4,800

15

crore. This amount was allocated among various sectors:

y y y y

Power and irrigation Social services Communications and transport Miscellaneous

3rd FIVE YEAR PLAN (1961-66)

While formulating the third plan, it was realized that agriculture production was the destabilizing factor in economic growth. Hence agriculture was given due importance. Also allotment for power sector was increased to 14.6% of the total disbursement.

Emphasis was on becoming self reliant in agriculture and industry. The objective of import substitution was seen as sacrosanct. In order to prevent monopolies and to promote economic developments in backward areas, unfeasible manufacturing units were augmented with subsidies. The plan aimed to increase national income by 30% and agriculture production by 30%.

The wars with China in 1962 and Pakistan 1965 and bad monsoon in almost all the years, meant the actual performance was way of the target.

16

An increase in national income of more than 5 per cent annually. The investment pattern laid down must be capable of sustaining this growth rate in the subsequent years

An increase in the agricultural produce and to achieve self sufficiency by increasing food grain production.

Greater equality of opportunities, more even distribution of economic power and reducing wealth and income disparities.

4th FIVE YEAR PLAN (1969-74)

At the time of initiating the fourth plan it was realized that GDP growth and rapid growth of capital accumulation alone would not help improve standard of living or to become economically self-reliant. Importance was given to providing benefits to the marginalized section of the society through employment and education.

Disbursement to agricultural sector was increased to 23.3% .Family planning programme was given a big stimulus.

The achievements of the fourth plan were below targets. Agriculture growth was just at 2.8% and green revolution did not perform as expected. Industry too grew at 3.9%.

17

To achieve stability and progress towards self-reliance.

To achieve an overall rate of growth of 5.7 per cent annually.

To raise exports at the rate of 7 per cent annually.

5th FIVE YEAR PLAN (1974-79)

As a result of inflationary pressure faced during the fourth plan, the fifth plan focused on checking inflation. Several new economic and non-economic variables such as nutritional requirements, health, family planning etc were incorporated in the planning process. Investment mix was also formulated based on demand estimated for final domestic consumption.

Industry got the highest allocation of 24.3% and the plan forecasted a growth rate of 5.5% in national income.

The fifth plan was discontinued by the new Janata government in the fourth year itself.

Expansion of productive employment and fuller utilisation of existing skills and equipment.

18

A national programme for minimum needs and extended programmes of social welfare.

6th FIVE YEAR PLAN (1980-85)

The Janata government moved away from GNP approach to development, instead sought to achieve higher production targets with an aim to provide employment opportunities to the marginalized section of the society. But the plan lacked the political will.

The Congress government on taking office in 1980 formulated a new plan with a strategy to lay equal focus on infrastructure and agriculture.

The plan achieved a growth of 6% pa.

To eliminate unemployment and underemployment

To raise the standard of living of the poorest of masses

To reduce disparities in income and wealth.

7th FIVE YEAR PLAN (1985-89)

19

The first three years of the seventh plan saw severe drought conditions, despite which the food grain production rose by 3.2%.Special programmes like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana were introduced. Sectors like welfare, education, health, family planning, employment etc got a larger disbursement. Decentralisation of planning and full public participation in development. The maximum possible generation of productive employment. Removal of poverty and reduction in income disparities

8th FIVE YEAR PLAN (1992-97)

y

The eighth plan was initiated just after a severe balance of payment crisis, which was intensified by the Gulf war in 1990.several structural modification policies were brought in to put the country in a path of high growth rate. They were devaluation of rupees, dismantling of license prerequisite and decrease trade barriers.

The plan targeted an annual growth rate of 5.6% in GDP and at the same time keeping inflation under control.

Generation of adequate employment of achieve near full employment level by the turn of the century.

Containment of population growth through people's active co-operation and an effective scheme of incentives and disincentives.

Universalisation of elementary education and complete eradication of illiteracy among the people in the age group of 15 to 35 years.

20

9th FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002)

It was observed in the eighth plan that, even though the economy performed well, the gains did not percolate to the weaker sections of the society. The ninth plans therefore laid greater impetus on increasing agricultural and rural incomes and alleviate the conditions of the marginal farmer and landless laborers.

Priority to agriculture and rural development. Accelerating growth rate of economy. Food and nutritional security for all sectors. Empowerment of women and socially disadvantaged groups such as SC/ST, backward classes and minorities. Promoting and developing participatory institutions like "Panchayati Raj" institutions, co-operatives and self-help groups.

10th FIVE YEAR PLAN (2002-2007)

y

The aim of the tenth plan was to make the Indian economy the fastest growing economy in the world, with a growth target of 10%.It wanted to bring in investor friendly market reforms and create a friendly environment for growth. It sought active participation by the private sector and increased FDI's in the financial sector .

Emphasis was laid on corporate transparency and infrastructure.

improving the

It sought to reduce poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by 2007and increase in literacy rates to 75 per cent by the end of the plan.

21

Increase in forest and tree cover to 25 per cent by 2007 and all villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water.

Growth in gainful employment to, at least, keeps pace with addition to the labour force.

4 Decadal population growth to reduce from 21.3% in 1991-2001 to 16.2% by 2001-11

Reducing gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by 50%

Literacy rate to increase from 65% in 1999-2000 to 75% in 2001

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to be reduced from 72 in 1999-2000, to 45 in 2007

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to be reduced from 4 per 1000 in 1999-2000 to 2 per 1000 in 2007

Providing portable drinking water in all villages

Cleaning of major polluted river stretches

22

Increase in forest/tree cover from 19% in 1999-2000 to 25% in 2007

TOTAL OUTLAY FIVE YEAR PLANS

PLANS FIRST PLAN SECOND PLAN THIRD PLAN ANNUAL PLAN ANNUAL PLAN ANNUAL PLAN FOURTH PLAN PERIOD APRIL 1, 1951- MARCH 31, 1956 APRIL 1, 1956- MARCH 31, 1961 APRIL 1, 1961- MARCH 31, 1966 APRIL 1, 1966- MARCH 31, 1967 APRIL 1, 1967- MARCH 31, 1968 APRIL 1, 1968- MARCH 31, 1969 APRIL 1, 1969- MARCH 31, 1974 INVESTMENT (RS. CRORE ) 1,960 4,672 8,577 2,137 2,205 2,283 15,779

23

FIFTH PLAN ANNUAL PLAN SIXTH PLAN SEVENTH PLAN EIGHTH PLAN NINTH PLAN TENTH PLAN ELEVENTH PLAN

APRIL 1, 1974- MARCH 31, 1979 APRIL 1, 1979- MARCH 31, 1980 APRIL 1, 1980- MARCH 31, 1980 APRIL 1, 1985- MARCH 31, 1990 APRIL 1, 1992- MARCH 31, 1997 APRIL 1, 1997- MARCH 31, 2002 APRIL 1, 2002- MARCH 31, 2007 APRIL 1, 2007- MARCH 31, 2012

39,426 12,176 1,09,292 2,18,730 4,85,457 8.44,032 15,25,639 -----------------

CONCULSION

So far ten plans have been implemented. Each plan has its objectives and priorities. The planning commission prepares the blue print of these plans. The first five year plan gave priority to agriculture and power projects. The second plan aimed at creating a socialistic pattern of society. Self sustaining growth was the objective of the third plan. The fourth plan concentrated attention on the weaker sections of the society. The fifth plan had self reliance as it slogan. After this there were annual plans. The sixth plan gave priority to the removal of poverty. The seventh and the eight plans had been prepared to ensure an all round developments. The ninth plan aims the acceleration of economic reforms the tenth plan aims to supply protected drinking water for all villages. All these plans had common features like removal of poverty, improving the life of the common man and generation of employment opportunities.

24

Now we are discuss the five year plan in India at glance:

FIVE YEAR PLAN IN INDIA AT GLANCE PLANS 1st five Year Plan 2nd Five Year Plan MAIN AIMS & PREFERENCES Agriculture on top priority. Development of Basic & Heavy Industries &Speed up of Industrialisation. Self reliant & Self*generating economy. Growth with Stability & Self reliance with Social justices. Eradication of Poverty & Power & achievements Of self dependence. Control on population & Modernization of Technology for advancement Development of Energy & Power & Infrastructure To remove regional

3rd Five Year Plan 4th Five Year Plan 5th Five Year Plan 6th Five Year Plan

7th Five Year Plan

25

8th Five Year Plan

9th Five Year plan 10th Five Year Plan

11th Five Year Plan

imbalance, increase in Efficiency of production units. Promotion of Export & Generation of more & more Employment opportunities. Equitable & justified distribution & growth with Equality. The main aim of this plan is to raise the quality of Life of the people i.e. Development of Human Resources by providing them best possible standard Of living. That is why it is also known as Plan of The People. The Indian government has included 100% urban. Sanitation as a goal in its 11th Five-Year Plan. Its Ultimate aim is for people in urban areas to have access to safe sanitation facilities by 2012.

Bibliography
www.scribd.com www.fotosearch.com www.surfindia.com www.answers.com www.wikianswers.com www.mbaknowledge.com

26

Reference book INDIAN ECONOMY. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT & PLANNING

Prof. A. N. AGRAWAL

NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMIED, PUBLISHERS

27