MUTHAYAMMAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

RASIPURAM-637408.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

NAME :

DEPARTMENT :

REGISTER NO :
 INDEX
MARK SIGNATURE
S.NO DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
OF THE STAFF
Circuit Diagram:
EXP. NO:1
DATE:
Simulation on Modeling of Buck Converter

AIM:
To model and simulate a Buck Converter in MATLAB/Simulink, analyze its voltage regulation
characteristics, and observe its behavior under different load conditions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity

1. Simulation software (MATLAB Simulink ) 1

Procedure:
1.Open MATLAB/Simulink and create a new model.
2.Drag and drop the following components from the Simulink library:
 DC Voltage Source (for input voltage)
 MOSFET (for switching)
 Inductor (L)
 Capacitor (C)
 Load (Resistor)
 PWM Generator
 Diode
3.Connect the components in the typical buck converter configuration.
4.Set the DC source to a higher voltage (e.g., 24V).
5.Set the values for the inductor, capacitor, and resistor to design for a specific output (e.g., 12V).
6.Implement the PWM block to generate the switching signal for the MOSFET. Set the duty cycle to
control the output voltage.
7.Simulate the system and observe the output voltage across the load.
8.Use Scope blocks to display the input and output voltages and the inductor current.
9.Run the simulation and analyze the performance under steady-state conditions.
Result:
Circuit Diagram:
EXP. NO:2
DATE:
Simulation on Modeling of MathModel BuckBoost
(Subsys Closed Loop)
AIM:
To model and simulate a Boost Converter in steady-state using MATLAB/Simulink, and analyze the
voltage step-up process with respect to varying input and load conditions.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity

1. Simulation software (MATLAB Simulink ) 1

Procedure:
1.Open Simulink and create a new model.
2.Insert the following blocks:
 DC Voltage Source
 MOSFET
 Diode
 Inductor (L)
 Capacitor (C)
 Load (Resistor)
 PWM Generator
3.Connect the blocks to form the standard boost converter circuit.
4.Set the input voltage (e.g., 12V) and design the circuit to step it up (e.g., 24V output).
5.Set appropriate values for the inductor and capacitor for continuous conduction mode (CCM).
6.Use the PWM generator to control the MOSFET switching.
7.Run the simulation and observe the output voltage using the Scope blocks.
8.Plot the input/output voltages and current through the inductor.
Result:
Circuit Diagram:
EXP. NO:3
DATE:
Simulation on Modeling of Buck Boost Circuit Subsys Closed Loop

AIM:
To model and simulate a Buck-Boost Converter in MATLAB/Simulink, and study its voltage buck and
boost characteristics, observing both step-up and step-down operations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity

1. Simulation software (MATLAB Simulink ) 1

Procedure:
1.Open Simulink and start a new model.
2.Add the necessary components:
 DC Voltage Source
 MOSFET
 Diode
 Inductor
 Capacitor
 Load
 PWM Generator
3.Arrange the circuit in a buck-boost topology.
4.Set the input voltage (e.g., 12V) and simulate both buck and boost conditions by adjusting the PWM
duty cycle.
5.Set the values of L and C for continuous operation.
6.Connect scopes to monitor the input voltage, output voltage, and current.
7.Run the simulation and observe the output voltage, showing both step-up and step-down behaviors.
Ressult:
Circuit Diagram:

Simulink diagram
EXP. NO:4
DATE:
Simulation on Modeling of Cuk Converter
AIM:
To simulate a Cuk Converter in MATLAB/Simulink, examine its working principle, and evaluate its
ability to step-up and step-down the DC voltage with reduced ripple.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity
1. Simulation software (MATLAB Simulink ) 1

Procedure:
1.Open Simulink and create a new model.
2.Add the following components:
 DC Voltage Source
 Two Inductors (L1, L2)
 Two Capacitors (C1, C2)
 Diode
 MOSFET
 Load
3.Connect the components in the Cuk converter configuration.
4.Set the input voltage and design the converter to step down and invert the voltage.
5.Adjust the PWM duty cycle to control the converter's behavior.
6.Use scopes to observe the input/output voltages and currents.
7.Simulate and observe how the Cuk converter maintains steady-state operation.
Result:
Non-Isolated Buck-Boost Converter:
% Parameters for Non-Isolated Buck-Boost Converter
Vin = 48; % Input voltage (from EV battery) - boost mode
Vout = 100; % Output voltage (for load) - buck mode
R = 10; % Load resistance (ohm)
L = 1e-3; % Inductance (H)
C = 1e-3; % Capacitance (F)
fs = 50e3; % Switching frequency (Hz)
Ts = 1/fs; % Switching period

% Buck-Boost Duty Cycle Calculation

D_buck = Vout/(Vin + Vout); % Duty cycle for buck mode
D_boost = 1 - (Vin/Vout); % Duty cycle for boost mode

% Simulation time
t_final = 0.02; % Final simulation time (seconds)
t = 0:Ts:t_final; % Time vector

% PWM signal generation

PWM_buck = square(2*pi*fs*t, D_buck*100); % PWM for buck mode
PWM_boost = square(2*pi*fs*t, D_boost*100); % PWM for boost mode

% Output current and voltage (initialization)

I_L = zeros(size(t)); % Inductor current
V_C = zeros(size(t)); % Capacitor voltage (output)

% Simulating converter behavior

for i = 2:length(t)
% Boost mode operation (discharging EV battery)
if mod(i, 2) == 0 % Alternate between boost and buck
if PWM_boost(i) > 0
I_L(i) = I_L(i-1) + (Vin/L) * Ts; % Charging inductor
else
I_L(i) = I_L(i-1) - (Vout/L) * Ts; % Discharging inductor
end
V_C(i) = I_L(i) * R;
else
% Buck mode operation (charging EV battery)
if PWM_buck(i) > 0
I_L(i) = I_L(i-1) + (Vout/L) * Ts; % Charging inductor
else
I_L(i) = I_L(i-1) - (Vin/L) * Ts; % Discharging inductor
end
V_C(i) = I_L(i) * R;
end
end

% Plot Results
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, I_L);
title('Inductor Current vs Time');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Current (A)');

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, V_C);
title('Output Voltage vs Time');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Voltage (V)');
 EXP. NO:5
DATE:
Simulation on Non-Isolated Buck-Boost Converter:
Aim:

To simulate and analyze the behavior of a non-isolated bidirectional buck-boost converter using MATLAB/Simulink, and demonstrate its operation in both
buck (step-down) and boost (step-up) modes with a practical application to electric vehicle (EV) systems.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity

1. Simulation software (MATLAB) 1

Procedure to Simulate Non-Isolated Buck-Boost Converter in MATLAB

1. Open MATLAB:
o Launch the MATLAB application on your computer.
2. Create a New Script:
o Click on New in the toolbar, then select Script.
3. Save the Script:
o Click on File > Save As.
o Name your file (e.g., BuckBoostConverter.m) and ensure it has the .m extension.
4. Set Up Parameters:
o Define necessary parameters such as input voltage, output voltage, inductance, capacitance, resistance, and switching frequency within the script.
5. Generate PWM Signals:
o Include functionality to create PWM signals for controlling the converter's operation.
6. Simulate Converter Operation:
o Write logic to simulate the behavior of the buck-boost converter over time, considering both buck and boost modes.
7. Plot Results:
o Add commands to plot the inductor current and output voltage as functions of time.
8. Run the Script:
o Press F5 or click the Run button to execute the script.
9. Analyze Output:
o View the generated plots to analyze the inductor current and output voltage for the buck-boost converter.
10. Close MATLAB:

 Save any changes and close MATLAB when finished.

Result:
Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:

% Parameters for Isolated Converter

Vin = 48; % Input voltage (battery voltage)
Vout = 100; % Output voltage (stepped-up or down)
R = 10; % Load resistance (ohm)
L = 1e-3; % Inductance (H)
C = 1e-3; % Capacitance (F)
fs = 20e3; % Switching frequency (Hz)
Ts = 1/fs; % Switching period
n = 5; % Transformer turns ratio

% Duty Cycle for Full-Bridge Isolated converter

D_isolated = Vout/(n * Vin); % Duty cycle

% Time vector
t_final = 0.02; % Final simulation time
t = 0:Ts:t_final;

% PWM signal generation

PWM_isolated = square(2*pi*fs*t, D_isolated*100);

% Output current and voltage (initialization)

I_L = zeros(size(t)); % Inductor current
V_C = zeros(size(t)); % Output voltage

% Simulation loop
for i = 2:length(t)
% Full-Bridge operation
if PWM_isolated(i) > 0
I_L(i) = I_L(i-1) + (Vin/L) * Ts; % Charging inductor
else
I_L(i) = I_L(i-1) - (Vout/(n*L)) * Ts; % Discharging inductor
end
V_C(i) = I_L(i) * R; % Output voltage
end

% Plot Results
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, I_L);
title('Inductor Current vs Time - Isolated Converter');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Current (A)');

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, V_C);
title('Output Voltage vs Time - Isolated Converter');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Voltage (V)');
 EXP. NO:6
DATE:
Simulation on Isolated Buck-Boost Converter:
AIM:
To simulate and analyze the behavior of an isolated buck-boost converter using MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrating its operation in both buck (step-down) and
boost (step-up) modes, with a focus on its application in electric vehicle (EV) systems and renewable energy applications.
App
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity

1. Simulation software (MATLAB) 1

Procedure:
 Open MATLAB:

 Launch the MATLAB application.

 Create a New Script:

 Click on New > Script.

 Save the Script:

 Click File > Save As.

 Name it IsolatedBuckBoostConverter.m and save it.

 Define Parameters:

 Set parameters like input voltage, output voltage, inductance, capacitance, resistance, and switching frequency in the script.

 Model the Converter:

 Use the Simulink environment to build the isolated buck-boost converter model:
o Add a Transformer block for isolation.
o Include Inductor, Capacitor, Switch, and Diodes.

 Create PWM Control:

 Generate PWM signals to control the switching of the converter.

 Run the Simulation:

 Press Run or hit F5 to execute the script.

 View Results:

 Check the output plots for inductor current and output voltage.

 Save Your Work:

 Save the script and any changes made.

 Close MATLAB:

 Close the application when done.

Result:
program:
% 1. Define Parameters
Vin = 10; % Input Voltage in volts
R = 5; % Load Resistance in ohms
L = 0.01; % Inductance in henries
C = 0.001; % Capacitance in farads

% 2. State Space Representation

A = [-1/(R*C), -1/C; 1/L, -R/L]; % System matrix
B = [1/C; 0]; % Input matrix
C = [0, 1]; % Output matrix
D = 0; % Feedforward matrix

% 3. Set Up Initial Conditions

x0 = [0; 0]; % Initial conditions for [Vout; IL]

% 4. Define Simulation Time

tspan = [0 0.5]; % Time span for the simulation in seconds

% 5. Use ODE Solver

[t, x] = ode45(@(t, x) A*x + B*Vin, tspan, x0);

% 6. Plot Results
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x(:,1), 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5); % Output Voltage
title('Output Voltage of Buck Converter');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Voltage (V)');
grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, x(:,2), 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5); % Inductor Current
title('Inductor Current of Buck Converter');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Current (A)');
grid on;
 EXP. NO:7
DATE:
Simulation of basic topologies using state space model derived –
Comparison with the circuit model based
simulation already carried out.
AIM:
To simulate the dynamic behavior of a power converter (e.g., Buck Converter) using the state space
representation, and to analyze its performance in terms of output voltage and inductor current over time.
Theory
State Space Representation: The state space approach is a mathematical modeling technique used to describe a physical system in terms of its state
variables. In control systems, state space models provide a convenient framework for analyzing the dynamic behavior of systems.
A power converter can be described using state space equations in the following general form:

Where:
 x is the state vector (e.g., output voltage, inductor current).
 A is the system matrix that describes the dynamics of the system.
 B is the input matrix that describes how the input affects the state.
 C is the output matrix that relates the state to the output.
 D is the feedforward matrix (usually zero in many cases).
 u is the input (e.g., input voltage).
Example for a Buck Converter
For a Buck Converter, the state variables can be defined as:

The system equations can be derived from Kirchhoff's laws and can be
expressed in state space form, allowing the simulation of its dynamic response to changes in input voltage.
Result
Block Diagram of Buck Converter System :

simulation of DC-DC step down converter :

 The values of parameters of buck converter selected for simulations are: R = 7 Ω,

L = 4.5mH, C = 47 µF, Fs = 100 kHz, Vg = 20 V, reference voltage V r = 10 V MATLAB
simulations are performed for above mentioned two cases: Figure represents the graph of output
voltage of buck converter w.r.t time for sliding mode control with Gao’s reaching law using PID
surface
EXP. NO:8
DATE:

simulation of buck converter using sliding mode control

AIM:
To design, implement, and analyze a sliding mode control system for a buck converter that regulates the
output voltage under varying load conditions and input voltage changes, ensuring robustness against
disturbances and uncertainties.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity
1. Simulation software (MATLAB Simulink ) 1

THEORY:
A buck converter is a type of DC - DC converter that steps down a higher input voltage to a
lower output voltage. It is widely used in power supply systems due to its high efficiency.
However, controlling the output voltage in the presence of disturbances like input voltage
changes and load variations can be challenging. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) provides a robust
solution for this.
Buck Converter Overview
A basic buck converter consists of:
 Switch (MOSFET / Transistor): Controls the connection between the input voltage and the
load.
 Diode: Allows current to flow when the switch is off.
 Inductor: Stores energy when the switch is on and releases it when the switch is off.
 Capacitor: Smooths the output voltage.
 Resistive Load: Represents the load connected to the converter.
Output voltage of Buck Converter with SMC using PID surface
Result:
Simulation Diagram:
EXP. NO:9
DATE:
Simulation of Closed Loop PIDBoost
AIM:
The aim of this experiment is to simulate and analyze the performance of a closed-loop PID-controlled
boost converter. The objective is to:
1. Boost the input voltage to a higher level using a boost converter circuit.
2. Regulate the output voltage to a desired reference value using a PID controller.
3. Analyze the transient response and steady-state performance of the system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity
1. Simulation software (MATLAB Simulink ) 1

THEORY
1. Boost Converter Theory
A Boost Converter is a type of DC-DC converter that steps up the input voltage to a higher output voltage.
It consists of:
Inductor (L): Stores energy during the switch's ON phase.
 Capacitor (C): Filters the output voltage and provides a steady output.
 Switch (MOSFET or IGBT): Controls the current flow through the inductor.
 Diode: Prevents reverse current flow when the switch is OFF.
The operation of a boost converter can be divided into two modes:
 Switch ON: The inductor stores energy.
 Switch OFF: The inductor releases its energy, boosting the output voltage higher than the input.
The output voltage is given by:

Where:
 Vout is the output voltage.
 Vin is the input voltage.
 D is the duty cycle of the switch (the ratio of ON time to total switching time).
PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB Simulink and set up a new model for simulating the boost converter circuit.
2. Component Setup:
o Inductor (L): Set the inductance to 2 mH.

o Capacitor (C): Set the capacitance to 470 µF.

o Resistors (R1 and R2): Set the resistance to 91.26 ohms for each.

o Switches (MOSFET/IGBT): Use switches for controlling the current flow in the circuit.

o Diode: Place a diode to allow current flow during the switching cycle.

o PowerGUI block: Place the PowerGUI block for continuous simulation.

3. Controller Design:
o Insert a PID Controller block from the Simulink library.

o Connect the output voltage to the PID controller’s input (feedback loop).

o Set the reference voltage (desired output) to 370V.

4. Simulation Configuration:
o Set up the input voltage source.

o Configure the switching frequency for the MOSFET/IGBT (as per the design requirement, e.g.,

10 kHz).
o Define the simulation parameters for continuous operation.

o Add a Scope block to monitor and visualize the output voltage and current.

5. Tuning the PID Controller:

o Use trial-and-error or automatic tuning methods (such as Ziegler–Nichols) to adjust the PID pa-

rameters: KpK_pKp, KiK_iKi, and KdK_dKd, until the desired performance is achieved (minimal
overshoot, fast settling time).
6. Run the Simulation:
o Run the simulation and observe the output voltage waveform on the Scope.

o Ensure that the output voltage tracks the reference voltage (370V) and check for any overshoot,

settling time, and steady-state error.

7. Results and Analysis:
o Record the output voltage behavior over time.

o Analyze the transient response (how quickly the system reaches the setpoint) and steady-state

performance.
o Observe the effectiveness of the PID controller in maintaining the desired output voltage.

RESULT:
EXP. NO:10
DATE:
Simulation of electric vehicle on-board chargers (OBC):
AIM:
To simulate and analyze three converter topologies used in electric vehicle on-board chargers
(OBC):
1.Totem-Pole Bridgeless PFC for AC - DC conversion.
2.Full Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for isolated DC-DC conversion.
3.A 7.2-kW On-Board Charger (OBC) that integrates both topologies to perform efficient power
conversion in electric vehicles.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Quantity

1. Simulation software (MATLAB Simulink ) 1
Theory:
Introduction to On-Board Chargers (OBC):
An on-board charger (OBC) is a crucial component in electric vehicles (EVs) responsible for converting the
AC supply from a charging station into DC power to charge the vehicle's battery. The conversion system
typically consists of an AC-DC converter followed by a DC-DC converter. Modern OBC designs aim for
high efficiency, compactness, and reduced cost.
Totem-Pole Bridgeless PFC (Power Factor Correction) Topology:
This is an advanced topology for AC-DC conversion, which minimizes conduction losses by reducing the
number of components in the current path. The main advantage of this topology is achieving high efficiency
and improved power factor by reducing harmonics, making it ideal for EV applications.
 Benefits:
 High power factor.
 Reduced rectifier losses.
 Reduced total harmonic distortion (THD).
Full Bridge LLC Resonant Converter Topology:
A full bridge LLC resonant converter is used for isolated DC-DC conversion. It provides high efficiency
over a wide range of input voltages. The LLC resonant converter uses a resonant circuit to achieve zero-
voltage switching (ZVS), minimizing switching losses and improving efficiency.
 Benefits:
 High efficiency and soft switching.
 Reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI).
 Wide operating range.
7.2-kW On-Board Charger (OBC):
A typical OBC for EVs operates at 7.2 kW, combining the above two converters. The system first converts
AC power into DC using the Totem-Pole Bridgeless PFC topology, then steps down or regulates the voltage
using the Full Bridge LLC Resonant converter. This two-stage process ensures efficient power delivery and
minimal losses during conversion.

Procedure:
Procedure for Simulating the LLC Resonant Converter in MATLAB/Simulink
Step 1: Model Setup in Simulink
1.Open Simulink:
 Launch MATLAB and open Simulink from the MATLAB environment. Create a new model or
open an existing one.
2.Load the LLC Resonant Converter Model:
 You can either build the circuit manually based on the image you provided or use a pre-built LLC
Resonant Converter template if available.
3.Components in the Model:
 From the image, the main components are:
 Full Bridge Inverter (MOSFETs FET1, FET2, FET3, FET4): Four MOSFET switches that
convert the input DC into high-frequency AC.
 Resonant Tank (Cr, Lr, Lm): Consisting of a capacitor Cr, leakage inductance Lr, and
magnetization inductance Lm .
 Tansformer: Provides galvanic isolation and steps the voltage up/down.
 (Diodes): Converts the high-frequency AC output of the transformer back into DC.
 Load Resistors (R01, R02): Simulates the EV battery or load.
 LLC Control System: Implements a feedback loop to regulate the output voltage via pulse width
modulation (PWM) generation for MOSFET switching.
Step 2: Set Component Parameters
1.Input Voltage:
 Set the DC input voltage for the LLC converter (usually the output from an AC-DC stage or DC
supply).
2.Resonant Tank Values:
 Set the values for:
 Capacitor Cr: Adjust based on the resonant frequency design.
 Leakage Inductance Lr: Affects resonance and switching.
 Magnetization Inductance Lm: Defines the energy storage of the transformer.

3.Transformer:
 Set the transformer turns ratio according to the desired voltage stepping ratio.
4.Load Resistor:
 Adjust the resistor value to match the simulated battery load or the power rating (in this case,
matching 7.2 kW or appropriate for the system)
Step 3: LLC Control System Setup
1.Voltage Regulator:
 Use a PI (Proportional-Integral) controller for regulating the output voltage. This controller
compares the output voltage with the reference voltage and generates an error signal.
  Tune the PI controller using MATLAB's PID Tuner tool to ensure fast response and minimal
overshoot.
2.Pulse Generator:
 The Pulse Generator block will generate PWM signals for driving the MOSFET switches (FET1, FET2,
FET3, FET4).
 Set the switching frequency close to the resonant frequency of the circuit (typically around 100 kHz).
Step 4: Simulation and Measurement Setup
1.Scopes and Measurements:
Add Voltage and Current Measurement blocks at key points, such as:


 Input voltage/current.
 Output voltage/current across the load.
 Switching signals of MOSFETs.
2.Simulation Parameters:
 Set the simulation parameters by double-clicking the PowerGUI block in the top-left corner of the
model.
 Choose an appropriate solver (like Discrete or ODE45) and set the simulation time step for high-
frequency switching.
 Run the Simulation:
 Once the circuit is ready, run the simulation to observe how the converter performs.
 Use the Scopes to view the input/output waveforms and monitor the performance of the resonant
converter under various load conditions.
Step 5: Analyze Results
1.Waveform Observation:
 Plot and analyze the following waveforms:
 Input Voltage (Vdc): Verify that the input DC voltage is properly converted into a high-
frequency AC by the inverter.
 Resonant Tank Waveforms: Observe the voltage and current in the resonant capacitor
CrCrCr, inductor LrLrLr, and transformer windings.
 Output Voltage (Vout): Check the regulated DC voltage output across the load.

2.Switching Waveforms:
 Analyze the switching behavior of the MOSFETs. Verify that they are operating at the resonant
frequency and achieving zero-voltage switching (ZVS), minimizing switching losses.
Efficiency Calculation:
 Measure the input power (Pin) and output power (Pout). Use the formula:

 Ensure that the efficiency is high, typically greater than 90%, for an LLC resonant converter.
Result:
Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

Grid to Vehicle (G2V)

EXP. NO:11
DATE:
Simulation of V2G, G2V Operation in Electric Vehicle Charger
(Single Phase Model).
AIM:
To simulate and analyze the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) operations in a single-
phase electric vehicle (EV) charger model using MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrating the bidirectional power
flow between the electric vehicle and the grid.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Quantit
S.No Name of the Apparatus
y
1. Simulation software (MATLAB Simulink ) 1

THEORY:
Grid to Vehicle (G2V):
The concept of Grid to Vehicle (G2V) includes the smart charging schedule which controls the
charging rate of battery for EVs (increased or decreased) when needed. It is the unidirectional power flow
between the grid and EV. The realization of Grid to Vehicle is inexpensive as it includes the simple
controller to manage the charge rate. The average personal vehicles on the road are only about 4-5% of the
day, which means most of the day the vehicles are parked. In order to plan a scheme for a proper dispatch of
power, the grid operator needs to rely that sufficient vehicles are parked and can be connected at any time
during the day.
G2V can provide auxiliary services to the grid such as spinning reserve and power grid control. This
improves the flexibility of the power grid operations. The flexibility of the power grid operation is
significantly improved due to these auxiliary services. One of the prime requirements of the implementation
of grid to vehicle is having an energy trading polices set up between the EV lenders and the power utility. In
order to encourage the participation of the customers, this trading process should ensure the income for EV
owners when they charge their EV during off peak hours and reduces the charges during peak hours.
Additionally, overloading of the power utility can be avoided during the peak hours.

Vehicle to Grid (V2G) :

V2G technology facilitate to push back the energy to the power grid from the battery of an electric
vehicle, also, it can be charged and discharged based on various signalssuch as energy production or
consumption. It helps to mitigate climate change by allowing our energy system to balance more and more
renewable energy. It is the one step forward of G2V, the idea is to develop the smart charging-discharging
schedule where the vehicles will store the energy during off-peak hours and discharge it during the peak
hours as required.
This can be achieved through the use of a 'smart grid' concept which is an electrical network that can
process information, controls the flow of electricity to fulfil the end users varying power demand and is
able to provide communication between generation sources and end users. When a vehicle is in idle state,
the on-board battery is connected to an electrical grid through appropriate communication devices to
provide functions such as load-shedding, peak shaving etc.
RESULT: