EE5I 3- EC IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM ECA (22525)

Q.1) Describe the scenario of transmission and distribution losses at state

level and
National level.
Ans) Scenario of transmission and distribution losses at state level and national
level:
1) In our nation electrical generation for over all country electrical generation is
253200
MW up to June 2012.
2) Out up this total electrical generation 68% is by thermal power station, 16 % is
hydro power
station, 8 % is gas power station, 4% is due to oil consumption, 2 % by nuclei
power station
and 2% is non- conventional energy source ( Solar, wind etc).
3) In our country per capta energy conservation is 733 KWH per year but in USA it is
13647
KWH per year.
4) In our country due to globalization and industrialization electrical power demand is
continuously
increases.
5) In our country total T & D losses are 23 % out of total energy generation.
6) In the Delhi and Jammu & Kashmir state there maximum T & D losses it is near
about 40%
to 50 % .
7) These T & D Losses are due to improper design of power system network, all types
of electrical machines, poor quality of T & D lines etc.

8) By using the proper energy conservation techniques, these losses can be improved.

Q.1) Classify commercial losses in Transmission & Distribution system.

Ans: Following are the commercial losses in transmission & distribution system:
1) Make unauthorized extension of loads. ( Direct Hooking)
2) Errors in meter reading & recording (faulty meter).
3) By passing the meter. ( unmetered supply & unmetered bills)
4) Improper testing & calibration of meters.
5) Stopping the meters by remote control.
6) Changing the sequence of thermal wiring.
7) Changing the C.T. ratio.
8) Intentional burning of meters.
9) Some consumers stops the working of meter by using mechanical jerk, using power
full magnets

Q.2) What are the steps or remedies should be taken to reduce commercial
losses?
Ans: 1) A vigilance squad should be setup to check and prevent theft of energy.
2) Those who temper the meter and broke the seal of meters should be punished and
penalized.
3) Energy audit should be introduced for each area and for the city so that theft areas can
be detected and proper steps taken to prevent theft.
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4) Area officers, particularly the executive engineer should take the responsibility for energy
receive and energy sale for a particular area.
5) Energy meters should be installed in a temper proof numbered seal.
6) Meters should be timely checked and quality meter testing should be provided to officers
who carry out checking.
7) Faulty meters should be replaced with proper meters, with seal immediately.

Q.3) State and explain various reasons of technical losses in transmission and distribution
systems.
Ans: Different technical losses in transmission & distribution system-
1) A loss due to insufficient investment on trans mission & distribution system.
2) Losses due to random growth of sub transmission & distribution system:
planned growth/expansion maintains the losses to optimum values as the system conductors and
other components are judiciously selected.
3) Losses due to large scale rural electrification through long 11KV & LT line unbalanced loading.
4) Losses due to many stages of transformation. (Large no. of transformers).
5) Losses due to improper load management such as unbalanced loading, excessive overloads
for large time periods.
6) Losses due to unsatisfactory reactive power compensation.
7) Losses due to poor quality of equipment use .

Q.4) Describe methods of reducing technical losses in transmission & distribution

system.
Ans. Methods of reducing technical losses in transmission & distribution system are
as
follows:
1) Find out the weakest area of more technical loss in the distribution system.
2) The distribution transformer should be always located near to the load centre.
3) The capacity of the distribution transformer should be less.
4) Reduce the overload on the distribution transformer & if require install one more
additional transformer.
5) Use energy efficient transformer in which amorphous core material is used.
6) Shunt capacitor can be used to reduce the reactive power.
7) Using the HVDC system for long distance transmission.
8) Using the ACSR/AAAC/Bundle conductor instead of solid conductor.
9) By regulating the system voltage.
10) By reactive power compensation.
11) By power factor controlling.
12) By minimizing I2R losses.
13) By Balancing load current

Q.5) Explain following energy conservation techniques in transmission and

distribution
system.
A) By minimizing I2R losses. B) By Balancing phase current

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C) By reactive power compensation. D) By using energy efficient

transformer

Ans. A) By minimizing I2R losses.

1. Opting for low resistance All Aluminum Alloy conductors (AAAC) in place of
conventional Aluminum cored steel Reinforced (ACSR) lines.
2. Increasing the system voltage leads to reduction in the line current transmitted that
2
leads to lower I R losses.
3. Using relevantly suitable means to reduce the line currents to lowest possible values by
maintaining the power factor near unity (reactive power control, power factor
improvement)
3. Use of voltage controllers to maintain the voltage level at rated levels (not allowing the
voltage
to fall that leads to higher line currents)
4. Maintaining proper distance (as low as economically possible) between consumer and
distribution transformer.
5. If the conductor size increases, for same current value, the resistance of conductor
reduces as
resistance is inversely proportional to area, hence I2R losses are reduced.

B) By Balancing phase current

1. Proper (healthy balanced) three phase loads always draw equal currents in all
lines but single phase loads in the 3 phase 4 wire system or loads connected between two
phase lines lead to unequal currents in the lines. This leads to circulating currents in
transformers/ neutral conductors due to which losses increase. Hence balancing of such
feeder currents is needed to reduce the feeder copper losses.

2. As a result of unequal loads on individual lines, sequence components in them

cause overheating of transformers, cables, conductors, motors. These increase losses and
resulting in motor malfunctioning under unbalanced voltage conditions.
3. Due to unequal loading on the single phase lines of a 3 phase, 4 wire supply
system the voltage drops in lines are different that create unequal (non-rated) phase and
line voltages at the load leading to unhealthy effects on the loads. Large ovens/furnaces of
the single phase and two phase types are such loads. Hence it becomes necessary to
equate/balance the three phase/line currents at the supply terminals.
4. For furnaces the Scott connection transformers are employed to derive the two
phase supply from the three phases which transforms the two phase load equally over the
three phases.
5. Unequal loading is also created due to unequal lengths of feeders of the three
phases.
Hence it is necessary to obtain current balance to the maximum.

Balancing of phases tries to:

- Make uniform phase loading.
- Reduces reactive power losses.
- Improves voltage quality on feeders.

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- The balancing of the loads has to be judiciously done such that the feeders are
properly loaded all along the lengths, though it is impossible to achieve an ideal balance
condition at every point along the feeder.

C) By reactive power compensation

Reactive power compensation leads to reduction of line/system current due to which the
2
inherent current related power losses (I R) in the system are reduced, leading to increase
in the system efficiency and improvement in the power quality.
Also as reactive power is compensated (leading to its reduction) the power factor is
improved. Thus energy is conserved as the losses in the lines are minimized and the
excess magnetizing current for increasing the voltage is avoided leading to savings.

Q.6) How power factor and load factor contributes technical losses in T & D system ?
Ans: Power factor contributes technical losses in T & D system following reason:

1. The power factor of the system depends upon the load.

2. The quality of load may differ. Due to this if the power factor is poor for the same
connected load current flowing through the line will be increase.
3. To improve the power factor the shunt capacitors, phase advancer, synchronous
condenser
can be used.
4. Due to this reactive power flow is controlled hence technical loss is minimized.
5. Sometimes to control the reactive power flow the static VAR compensators & flexible
AC
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transmission system (FACTS) are to be installed.

6. Due to this power factor improvements the energy losses in the line will be less.

Load factor contributes technical losses in T & D system following reason:

1. When load factor will be improved average demand and maximum demand will
be nearly
equal and hence load fluctuation will be less
2. Due to less fluctuation the load system will work at higher efficiently.
3. Due to improved load factor there will be incentive in energy bill.
4. Due to improved load factor, reduces maximum demand.
5. The load factor will be economical to big industrial consumers because there load factor
is more.

Q.) Explain energy conservation by improving load factor and power factor.
Ans:
Energy Conservation by Improving Load Factor:
1) System capacity is properly utilized.
2) This increases production efficiency as even consumption over large time span.
3) This distributes load on proper rating supply system components.
4) This lowers power losses which give higher system efficiency.
So better is the load factor, lower is the cost of electric service & ultimately
conservation of energy.
Energy Conservation by Improving Power Factor:
1) The KVA rating of equipment is reduced making equipment smaller and less
costly.
2) Conductors carry less current, so no need of conductors having less cross section.
(Saving created)
3) Less I2R losses, higher efficiency of system.
4) Less voltage drop in alternator, transformer and transmission lines hence better
voltage regulation.
5) It improves power handling capacity & efficiency of the system. So better is the
power factor, higher is the handling capacity of system ultimately conservation of
energy.

Q.) Explain how losses are increased in Trans. and distr. System due to each of following.
A) Low power factor, B) low transmission voltage, C) transmission line voltage
unbalance
1) Low power factor: for a certain real power load low pf leads to increase in the current
in the
different conducting sections. As
‘I’ = P/(V x pf).
This increased current leads to higher copper losses in the concerned system conductors.
Hence losses increase with fall in power factor.

2) Low transmission voltage:

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Motoring devices supplied with lower voltage draw excess current to handle the load as
‘I’ = (o/p)/[η* V *pf]
This excess current leads to increased copper losses in the supply lines & machine
windings that lead to decrease in efficiency.

3) Transmission line voltage imbalance:

Due to this the currents in the different phases will be unequal that will lead to higher
currents in the neutral and hence increased losses especially in the motor loads. A 5%
imbalance causes 40 % increase in motor losses. Also the negative phase sequence
currents will be active and create extra losses.

Q.) Discuss how optimization of system voltage and balancing of phase current results
into conservation of energy in transmission & distribution system.
1. Energy conservation by optimization of system voltages (transmission
system):
In transmission system, rise in voltage level improves the power transmission capacity.
If voltage is increased by „n‟ times,
then the size of conductor reduces by 1/n2 times. Higher voltage involves higher cost of
the system (cost of insulation, cost of switch gear, terminal apparatus etc.)
The relation between capital cost in Rs and standard line voltage in kV can be plotted
and we get parabolic curve. The lowest point on
the curve represents optimum voltage to be chosen. If capital cost does not differ
appreciably, two voltages are selected (because higher V is easy to control than higher
I). Optimum voltage for a system can be calculated by,

VL = 5.5√ ((L/1.6) + (P×1000/cos × NC × 150))

where, VL = Transmission line voltage in kV
L = Length of line in km
P = Power to be transmitted
NC = Number of circuits
cos =Power factor of load

2. Energy conservation by balancing of phase load / currents:

An unbalanced current produces „Negative sequence‟ currents in the power system. This
causes over heating of transformers, cables, conductors and motors. Negative phase
sequence components create a rotating magnetic field in the stator which moves in the
opposite direction. This causes a decrease in the resultant torque developed by the
motor. The motor will thus have to draw a higher current for the same mechanical load.
As a result losses are increased and unbalanced voltage condition is developed which
leads to malfunctioning of motor. So it is necessary to keep the system negative phase
sequence voltages within the limits.
As measure of energy conservation technique, the loads are distributed evenly among the
phases. They can be separated as single phase loads and three phase loads by providing

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separate transformers. Similarly we can separate light loads and power loads with
separate transformers. There is considerable amount of saving in capital (saving the de-
rating of equipment) as well as energy losses.

Q.) State the losses in secondary distribution system.

The losses in secondary distribution system: (2
Marks)
a) Technical losses: ( Any 2 expected)
1. Due to poor voltage
2. Due to unbalance load
3. Due poor quality of transformer & its components
4. Due to poor quality of conductor.
5. Copper lossess
6. Long distance between transformer &load
b) Non Technical losses: ( Any 2 expected)
1. Due to improper metering
2. Due to use of induction type of energy meter.
3. Lack of administration.
4. Energy theft
5. Unmetered supply

State the working principle and operation of automatic power factor

controller used in transmission & distribution system

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Automatic Power factor control:

 The pf controller is used to maintain the pf at unity across the lines it is connected.
 Maintaining the pf at unity leads to reduction in the current through the lines as real
power = apparent power x pf. The apparent power decides the MD for which the
consumer is billed.
 For a certain motor the current in the lines will depend on its pf which is lagging. For
higher pf near unity maintained at the motor terminals the line currents are minimized
leading to lower MD and hence saving in MD charges.
 If PF is above reference value then microprocessor will not take any action, but when
PF falls below reference value then it will send signal to relay and relay will connect
respective capacitive bank across the load.

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EE5I 3- EC IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM ECA (22525)

Define the terms:

(i) Lamp efficiency (ii) Luminous flux (iii) Luminaire (iv)Colour
Rendering Index.
i) Lamp efficiency or luminous efficiency: It is the ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp
to the power consumed by the lamp. It is a reflection of efficiency of energy conservation from
electricity to light form. Unit is
„lumen / watt‟.
ii) Luminous flux : It is the rate of flow of luminous energy and measured in terms of
„lumen‟
ii) Luminaire: It is a device that distributes or transmits light emitted by one or more lamps. It
includes all parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps, circuit‟s auxiliaries for
connecting to supply. It works based on principle of reflection, absorption, transmission and
refraction.
iii) Colour Rendering Index (CRI): It is a measure of the degree to which the colours of
surfaces illuminated by a given source compare to those of the same surface under reference
illuminant.

Define the following term :

(i) Luminous flux
(ii) Illumination
(iii) Luminious Efficacy
(iv) Lux
Ans:
(i) Luminous flux:
It is the rate of flow of luminous energy and measured in terms of
„lumen‟.
(ii) Illumination :
It is defined as the luminous flux (lumens) falling on unit area of the given surface on the working
plane. The unit of illumination is lumen/m2 or lux.
(iii) Luminious Efficacy:
This is the ratio of luminous flux (lumen) emitted by a lamp to the power (watts) consumed by the
lamp. Unit is Lumens per watt.
(iv) Lux:
It is defined as luminous flux falling on unit surface area perpendicular to the flux. 1lux = 1
lumen/m2.

Q.) Discuss the role of replacement of old lamps by new more energy efficient lamps in the
conservation of energy.
Role of replacement of old lamps by new more energy efficient lamps in the conservation
of energy:

i) Replacing incandescent lamps by Compact Fluorescent lamps: High wattage

incandescent lamps are replaced by the low wattage CFL of same luminous output.
ii) Replacing conventional Fluorescent lamps by energy efficient lamps: High
wattage conventional fluorescent lamps are replaced by the energy efficient lamps of same
luminous output.
iii) Replacing Mercury/ Sodium Vapour lamps by Halide Lamps: High wattage
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Mercury/ Sodium Vapour lamps are replaced by the low wattage halide lamps of same
luminous output.
iv) Replacing incandescent lamps by Fluorescent Lamps: High wattage incandescent
lamps are replaced by the low wattage fluorescent lamps of same luminous output.
v) Replacing Filament/CFL lamps by LED: High wattage incandescent lamps/ CFL are
replaced by the low wattage LED lamps of same luminous output.
By these replacements, much more energy can be conserved.

Explain the energy conservation technique adopted in Lighting system by (a)Using most
efficient luminaries. (b)Using Light controlled gears.
Ans:
Energy conservation technique adopted in Lighting system:

a) Using most efficient luminaries :

 Optimum energy conservation can be obtained by using effective installation of
luminaries along with lamps at proper height for achieving effective illumination.
 System layout and fixing of the luminaries play a major role in achieving energy
efficiency. This also varies according to applications. For example, luminaries fitted with
lamp should ensure that discomfort glare and viewing reflections are minimized.
 All incandescent lamps should be replaced by fluorescent/ CFL/LED lamps as per the
application.
 All fluorescent lamps should be replaced by CFL/LED lamps as per the application.
 Better optical design of mirrors and quality of materials should be used for
manufacturing of luminaries
a) Using Light controlled gears :
Energy conservation technique adopted in lighting system by using light controlled gears is
as below:

 By proper grouping of lighting system, use of timer control, grouping of switch control
etc minimizes manual errors leading to energy conservation. Such types of controllers are used
in corridor lighting, go-downs, street lighting.
 Advanced lighting control system uses movement detectors, photo sensors ,
audio sensors, occupancy-linked control, built-in time delay etc which feed signals to main ON
OFF controller which makes lighting ON and OFF as per requirements. e.g.: Building lighting,
garden lighting, workshops, street lighting etc.
 Nowadays in commercial buildings, malls, offices, more no. of lights are to be controlled
and operational hours are also definite. In such type of applications, microprocessor based
controllers are used which switch ON/OFF as per the working schedule. System can also be
programmed month wise, year wise and even season wise.
 By using dimmers, the intensity of light can be controlled as per
requirement.
e.g Museums, Art galleries, Banks etc.
 If daylight alone is able to meet the illumination requirements, then the electric lighting
can be turned off by using daylight linked control.

Q.) State the criteria for lamp replacement with energy efficient lamps and of light control gear
as a energy conservation technique.
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Energy conservation methods of lighting system:

i) By replacement with energy efficient lamps:

 Installation of energy efficient compact fluorescent lamps in place of “Conventional”
fluorescent lamps
 Installation of metal halide lamps in place of mercury / sodium vapour lamps.
 Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) lamps for
applications where colour rendering is not critical.
 Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filament lamps etc.

ii) Using light control gears:

 The simplest and the most widely used form of controlling a lighting installation is
"On-Off" switch.
 Grouping of lighting system, to provide greater flexibility in lighting control (manual or
automatic).
 Installation of microprocessor/ infrared controlled dimming or switching circuits.
 Advanced lighting control system uses movement detectors or lighting sensors, to
feed signals to the controllers.
 Optimum usage of day lighting in combination with electric lighting.
 Installation of exclusive transformer for lighting. It will reduce the voltage related
problems, which in turn increases the efficiency of the lighting system.
 Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballasts
which saves energy up to 35%.

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EE5I 3- EC IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM ECA (22525)

Describe the following energy conservation techniques in lighting system : (i)

replacing
lamp source (ii) using light control gear
Energy conservation techniques in lighting system :
(i) Replacing lamp source ( 2 Mark)
While replacing the lamps by higher energy efficient ones we must ensure that
the required color rendering (CRI) is maintained else it has an adverse effect on the
quality & rate of the work output .Also the cost involved must also be considered.

Replacing Lamps as follows:

i) Replacing incandescent lamps (14 lumens/W) by Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFL's) (70 to 90 lumens/W)
ii) Replacing conventional fluorescent lamp (50 lumens/W) by energy efficient
fluorescent lamp (70 to 90 lumens/W)
iii) Replacement of Mercury/Sodium Vapour Lamp (around 50 to 75 lumens/W) by
Halides Lamps.
iv) Replacing HPMV Lamps (50 lumens/W) by High pressure sodium Vapour Lamp
(HPSV) (150 lumens/W).
v) Replacing filament lamps (10 to 15 W) on panels by LEDs (< 1 W).
vi) Using LED lights in place of all other lamps above as feasible (in terms of cost)

Energy conservation techniques in lighting system :

(ii) Using light control gear (2
Mark)

1. Flexibility can be obtained in lighting system by using following light control systems.
It also saves power by switching off and by reducing luminance.
2. Grouping of light points: Grouping of lighting system, which can be controlled
manually or by timer control. In this two or more no, of light points can be controlled
by one switch. Such types of controllers are used in corridor lighting, go-downs, street
lighting.
3. Ballast: It is the electrical or electronic chock which is commonly used in fluorescent
tube or mercury vapour lamp. The main function of ballast is by applying the high
voltage or high
frequency across to the gas tube the light is emitted through the gas tube.

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At the time of supply voltage variation the current flowing through the discharge tube is
maintained constant, so that light intensity on working plane will be maintained.
4. Ignitor :
The ignitors are often called as starter or starting electrode. Generally ignitors are used
in metal halide lamps or sodium vapour lamp. To increase the temperature surrounding
the inner tube by current flowing initially after the temperature increases then full light
will be emitted through these discharge tube.
5. Illumination level:
As per the IES the lux level for every working plane is decided so these factors
also used for control the lumens level on working plane.
OR
1. Specific amount of current flow is required for lamp operation. Light controlled gears are
devices which control the flow of current through light source and keep it in limit.
2. Light controlled gears can be also known as Ballast
3. Use electronic ballast instead of electrical choke.
Electronic ballast operates at high frequency. It has low losses so lamp efficiency
increases

State the recommended illumination level for each of the following situation.
i) Living room (ii)Workshop ii) Godown (iv) Kitchen
Ans:
{NOTE: illumination levels vary with area so marks should be awarded with proper
discrimination}

Recommended illumination:
Living General : 150 - 200 lux
room Task: 500 - 1000 lux
Workshop General: 250 - 500 lux
Task: 1000 - 2000 lux
Go- down 150-200 lux

Kitchen General : 150 - 200 lux

Task: 250 - 500 lux

Q.)Explain the role of adequate maintenance of lighting system in energy conservation

Ans:
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Role of adequate maintenance of lighting system in energy conservation: Illumination level

reduces due to accumulation of dirt on lamps and luminaries. Further as the lamps get older
their light output gets affected.

 To prevent lamps and luminaries losing performance, and to maintain optimum light
quality, protective glass panels and optical controls should be checked and cleaned regularly
at least once in a month or at intervals depending on their location.
 Use pH-neutral (non acidic / non alcoholic) cleaning agents and lint-free cloths for
cleaning.
Use services of properly trained personnel to look after and work on large lighting systems
 Replace not only defective luminaries, but also any luminaries whose luminous flux has
diminished due to age.
 All the light control equipment must be inspected at least once a month for proper
functioning by checking their input-output characteristics. These include lighting
transformers, chokes, electronic control circuits etc.
 Any deviation from the expected standards must be addressed by proper corrective
actions.
 As part of maintenance programme, periodic surveys of installation, lighting system
with respect to lamp positioning and illumination levels, proper operation of control gears
should be conducted to take advantage of energy conservation opportunities as user
requirements change.

Q.) Describe the procedure for assessing existing lighting system in a facility
Ans:
Procedure for Lighting System Assessment:
1. Room index: Calculate the room index in order to determine no. of
points

and their positions where measurements are to be carried out. Let Li – applic
Length of interior, RI ob
Wi – Width of interior. iand R
Hm – Height of the lighting fitting above the horizontal working in ste
plane. Targe

𝐿i × Wi
The room index is calculated as Lux/w
-------
RI=Hm(Li+Wi) Step 8
2. Finding out the installed load efficacies Instal
Step1: Measurement of the floor area of interior, Area =-------------m2 d Loa
Step 2: Determine Room index Effica
Step 3: Measure the total circuit watts of the lighting y Rat
installation using power meter ( ILE
Step 4: (Value obtained in step 3) / (Value obtained in step 1) )
Total circuit watts / floor area =--------------w / m 2 = (Va
Step 5: Find out the average maintained illuminance using Lux meter. obtain
Step 6: (Value obtained in step 5) / (Value obtained in step 4) 6) / (V
Step 7: Get target Lux/w/m2 according to the type of interior or obtain

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 EE5I 3- EC IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM ECA (22525)

7) ILER = ------
3. Target Lux/w/m2 for various premises :- The amount of light
required is an important factor to perform a particular task or to
illuminate the workspace. The most effective lighting with respect to
performance and cost needs to have detail knowledge of the premises
or application for which it is to be installed. The primary requirement of
lighting as well as quality and amount of illumination depend upon,
1. Nature of industry
2. Its ocular needs & personnel

4. Assessment of ILER using indicators of performances :- Annual

energy wastage is possible to calculate after deriving the actual ILER as:
Annual energy wastage (kwh)
= (1- ILER ) × Total load ( kw) × annual operating hours (h) Efficiency
of the new lighting installations or replacement can also be assessed
by comparison of ILE with target value for RI and type. In this case if
the calculated ILE is found less than the target value, it is suggested to
diagnose the reasons.

Q.) What is energy conservation equipment and list out energy conservation
equipment related to lighting system and induction motor.
Ans:
Energy Conservation Equipment:
The equipment which saves energy by optimally controlling the usage of
the power, in the system is called as Energy Conservation Equipment.

Energy conservation equipment related to Lighting System:

1. Luxmeter
2. Power Analyzer
3. Voltage Stabilizer
4. Electronic Ballast
5. LED Lamp
6. Control gear or Regulators
7. Lighting transformer
Energy conservation equipment related to Induction Motor:

1. Power factor Meter

2. Power Analyzer
3. Digital Voltmeter
4. Digital Ammeter
5. Wattmeter
6. Different types of starter

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EE5I 3- EC IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM ECA (22525)

Q) List different lighting system. Explain two with examples, suggest energy efficient lighting
system.
Ans:
List of Lighting System:
1) Direct lighting system
2) Semi-direct lighting system
3) Indirect lighting
4) Semi-indirect lighting system
5) General lighting

1) Direct lighting system: It is the most commonly used type of lighting system. Here more
than 90% of total light flux is made to fall directly on the working plane with the help of deep
reflectors.
Examples-Drawing rooms, Workshops, Kitchens, Flood lighting.
2) Semi-direct system: In this lighting system about 50% of total light flux is made to fall
downloads directly with the help of semi-direct reflectors and about 30% is used to
illuminate the ceiling and walls.
Examples-Rooms with high ceilings, Interior decoration purposes, Stair ways,
Corridors.
3) Indirect lighting:Here more than 90% of total flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for
diffuse reflection by using inverted or bowl reflectors.
Examples-Hotels, Restaurants, Parking places, Theaters, Offices,
4) Semi-indirect lighting system:In this lighting system 60 to 90% of total light flux is thrown
upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the working plane directly.
Examples-Indoor lighting decoration, Interior decorating purposes, Classrooms.
5) General lighting system:This is generally used in houses and industries where lights are
hanged from ceiling. This gives equal light on the floor, ceiling walls etc.
Examples-House, Industries
Energy Efficient Lighting System:
The most energy efficient lighting system is the direct lighting system because in direct
lighting system more than 90% of total light flux is made to fall directly on the working
plane.
OR Equivalent Answer
(Such as lighting systems based on the types of lamps used such as induction lamp lighting
systems, LED lamp systems, CFL lamp systems, fluorescent lamp systems, sodium vapor
lamp lighting systems, mercury vapor lamp lighting systems, incandescent lamp systems,
indoor lighting systems, outdoor lighting systems, flood lighting systems, garden lighting
systems etc.)

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EE 5I 3- ENERGY CONSERVATION IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM ECA(22525)

Q.) State the need of energy conservation equipment. Draw block diagram of
microprocessor based centralized control equipment of energy conservation and explain it.
Ans:
Need for energy conservation equipment:
The energy conservation equipment is needed to properly implement (without affecting the promised
quality/quantity) measures leading to saving in energy requirements by the systems. Properly
implemented energy conservation measures using the correct equipment result in savings in energy,
energy expenses and equipment expenses.

Microprocessor based centralized control equipment of energy conservation:

The sensors are employed to get the values/levels of quantities to be controlled. These sensors may be for
position, temperature, light etc. The signals from the sensors are converted to digital form and fed to the
microprocessor which determines the requisite actions needed for implementing energy conservation
settings by fetching data for comparison from the ROM and carrying out internal actions for decision
making by calculations/comparison using the RAM. The requisite signals are given to the control gear for
controlling loads.
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EE 5I 3- ENERGY CONSERVATION IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM ECA(22525)

Q.) What are the various ways of light control techniques available in a facility

Following are the various ways of light control techniques available in a facility:
( Any Four step expected : 1 Mark each)
Step I: prepare Inventories lighting system elements roughly as given below
Device rating, population and use profile
Sr no Plant Lighting Rating in Population Operation
location device and watts: lamp numbers hours per
ballast type and ballast day

Lighting transformer/rating and population profile:

Sr no Plant location Lighting Installed Meters installed:
transformer rating numbers V, I, kW, kWh.

Step II:

Use lux meter to measure and note the light levels at different places of work at day time
and night time with the lamps put on during measurements.

Step III:

Using portable load analyser, measure and note the V, I, pf, and power consumed at
different input points as lighting transformers, DBs etc.

Step IV:

Compare measured lux values with standard required and classify locations as under
lit and over lit.

Step V:
Collect and analyze failure rates of lamps, ballasts, and actual life expectancies from
past data.

Step VI: (optional step for this question not expected)

Suggest improvement options based on above study as:

 Maximize sunlight use by transparent roofs and other means.
 Replacement of existing low efficacy fixtures with those with high ones without
compromising the CRI, required lux etc.
 Interior re-coloring.]
 Modify layout for optimization.
 Form/Modify control groups for lights.
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EE 5I 3- ENERGY CONSERVATION IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM ECA(22525)

 Use sensor operated fixtures.

 Install control gears or regulators.
 Replacement of Lamp
 Using separate Transformer
 Using light control gears

Prof. Rafat Jabeen 19