Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar

GE 6: ARTS APPRECIATION

Prepared and Compiled by:

RUTH L. SAYDE
PAULA MAE M. CAPARIC
DANISE ALLYSON PETATE
CAC, Part Time Lecturers

NAME OF STUDENT: ________________________________________________________

COURSE & YEAR: ___________________________________________________________
PROFESSOR: ________________________________________________________________
 MODULE 6: ELEMENTS OF ARTS: Performance Art

TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 2: ELEMENTS OF ARTS.............................................................................................. 3

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………... 3
Learning Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………… 3

Module 6: ELEMENTS OF ARTS: Performance Arts …..………….……………………. 4

1. DANCE …………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Types of Dance …………………………….……………………………………………... 4
Elements of Dance ………………...……………………………………………………… 5

2. DRAMA …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Elements of Drama ……………...……………………………………………..………… 7

3. THEATER ARTS …..………………………………………………………………………. 9

Forms of Theater Arts ……...……………………………………………..……………… 9
Elements of Theater Arts ……...………………………………………...……..………… 9

3. LITERATURE …..………………………………………………………..….…………….. 12
Classification of Literature .………………………………………………..…………….. 12
Uses of Literature……...……………………………………………..……………….…… 12
General Elements of Literature ………………………………………………………….. 12
Specific Elements Of Literature …………………….…………………………………… 13
Elements of the Short Story …………………………………………………………. 13
Elements of Poetry …………………………………………………………………… 13
Elements of the Essay ………………………………………………………………... 14
Elements of the Novel ………………………………………………………………. 15
Importance of Reading Literary Works ……………………………………………….. 15

Learning Exercise 6.1 …………………………………………………………………………. 16

Learning Exercise 6.2 …………………………………………………………………………. 17
Learning Exercise 6.3 …………………………………………………………………………. 17

Rubrics ……………………………………………………………………………………......... 18
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………..... 19
References …………………………………………………………………………………...... 20

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6 : ELEMENTS OF ARTS:
PERFORMANCE ART

INTRODUCTION

Hi, Welcome to Module 6!

Are you ready for another lesson? Okay, let us get started!

In this module, we will discuss and identify the artistic qualities present in
performance arts (sometimes identified as combined arts). The elements of arts that we will
discuss in this module is all about the performance art. These elements will help us identify
each performance art we encounter in the future and learn more about them. Since
performance arts has a wide variety, we shall discuss only those that are most used and
popularized by artists around the world.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Identify and analyze the various elements present in performance arts;

 Determine dominant elements used in art expressions;
 Determine the factors influencing artists in their art expression;

Now, let us properly begin our discussion on the continuation of The Elements of Performance Arts!

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Module 6: ELEMENTS OF ARTS: Performance Arts

1. DANCE
Dancing is an art and a recreation. Dance is considered as the most spontaneous and
personal of all the arts. The word "dance" comes from the French word danser, which means
"to dance." The body as its instrument is the immediate signifier. As an art, it tells a story, a
set of moods, or express an emotion. Dance is also the most universal and primitive form of
art. Because it is the most natural form of expression in its spontaneity of gesture and mimicry.
Dances vary in form. Some form of dances are religious dance, magical dance,
commemorative dance, ceremonial dance, recreative dance, and testimonial dance.

Types of Dances
1. Ethnic Dance - this is a type of dance
which is native to a specific race or
ethnic group. Tribal or ethnic dance is
considered intimately related to the
everyday life of the community. The
term ethnic is used for religious dances,
dances that are designed as hymns of
praise to a god or to bring on good
fortune in peace or war.

2. Folk Dance - this is associated with

ethnic traditions and cultures of
different societies in which certain
melodies, rhythms, costumes, and folk
symbolisms are preserved. Folk
dances have cultural significance and
inherent beaut. By means of folk
dances, we can learn a great deal about
the culture of a people their beliefs, interests, desires, and habits. Through our own
folk dances, we can discover a lot more about our own heritage. Folk dancing is also a
form of social dancing that has become part of the customs and traditions of people.

3. Social Dance - Social; or recreational

dance, is intended for pleasure. Social
dance is usually performed by pairs or
groups of people who follow definite
patterns. They include such forms as
waltz, fox trot, swing, and the old
favorites as the cha-cha, rumba, tango,
as well as the latest rock dances. Most
of them have specific steps and
rhythm, but many newer ones allow
the dancers to compose their own

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movements as they dance. They may dance to the music of live bands in ballrooms or
to recorded music in night clubs called discotheques, or discos. As such, it is the kind of
dancing people do for fun. Hence, it is sometimes called popular dancing.

4. Spectacular Dance - This type of dance

is performed for the entertainment of
spectators. Spectacular dance, or art
dance, may be either a solo
performance or a group arrangement
like in ballet intended to be viewed by
an audience. An art dance may or may
not be related to a folk tradition. Some
of the examples of this type of dance
are ballet, musical comedy dances,
acrobatic dance, and tap dance.
Spectacular dancers may take personal
satisfaction in creating something
beautiful. Their own enjoyment,
however, is less important than their
ability to interpret the dance effective for the audience.

5. Modern Dance this is a dance form

characterized as natural, spontaneous, and
free. It does not stick to conventions, and has
varied styles of movements, usually based
on the current trend. It has also been called
expressional dance, contemporary, or
interpretative dance.

Elements of Dance

There is always movement in a dance. But not all movements signify a dance. To be a dance,
the movement must contain the following basic elements:

1. Theme is the most basic element of a dance. It conveys the message of a dance.
Theme this is the content or the main ingredient of the dance. It tells us what a
dance is trying to tell or convey. It has something to do with the message of the
dance. Thus, a dance that does not convey a message, even if there is
movement, is not a dance.

2. Design is the pattern of movement in time and space. Pattern in time refers to
the unaccented beats of movements into measures. Pattern in space refers to
the path traced by the dancer's feet on the floor (ground) and the levels on
which they move.

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3. Movement refers to the bodily actions of the dancer that include his steps,
gestures of the arms, hands, and body, and facial expression. Body movement
can be divided into steps, gestures of arms and hands, and facial expression.
Steps cover leaps, turns, and runs. Dance may use gestures which express
specific motions or ideas in sign language. Some gestures are relatively natural,
like brandishing a spear to indicate anger or clasping the hands in supplication.
These are natural gestures which are characteristic more of primitive or modern
dance. They are used when the dancer is emotionally motivated.

4. Technique is the skill of movement executed by the dancer. A technically

proficient dancer has complete control over the muscles of his body. In some
forms of dancing, high degree of technique is an end in itself, as in men's solos
in certain Slavic folk dances and in classical ballet.

5. Music is the auditory background to which a dancer moves. A dance is always

accompanied by any form of music. Music plays an important role in the dance
to which it is closely related. It is something melodic and harmonious usually
used as an accompaniment. Music motivates the movements of the dancers.
Most of the time music serves as background music that further captivates the
spectators.

6. Costume and body paraphernalia are properties worn by the dancer that help
reflect the message, customs, beliefs, and setting of the dance. The visual
elements of costumes and properties also contribute to dance. The type of dance
performed and the costumes worn at any stage of history relate closely to the
customs, beliefs, and environment of the people. Hand properties, like
costumes, enhance the effect of dance. Weapons, for example, may be used in
any dance form that involves a battle. Most modern dances use a minimum of
properties, thus leaving the dancers free to move.

7. Choreography refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable the dancers
to perform in an organized manner.

8. Scenery refers to the background or setting where the dance is performed to

make it more realistic and enriching.

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2. DRAMA

Drama or play is a presentation made

up of words, sounds, and actions of characters.
Dramas must be performed or acted out by the
characters on stage, film, radio, television, or
outdoors. The two aspects of drama are drama
as a script and drama as a play. The drama as
a script is a dialogue read by the persons
representing the characters. The drama as a
play is a script coming to life, involving the director's interpretation of the script and the
performances/portrayals by the characters. Here, we are going to define drama as a script.
Drama may either be a tragedy (a story of struggle against circumstances and sufferings) or
comedy (a story of achievement, self-deception, or optimism).
Elements of the Drama
1. Plot is the soul of the drama. It is the overall structure of the play concerned with what
happens in the story. The plot is divided into: exposition/introduction (author
introduces the character, provides information about earlier events, and present
situations); inciting action (situation moves toward a point); rising action (part of the
complication); crisis or turning point (choices and decisions lead to the inevitable);
falling action (incidents following the turning point happen without decrease in
intensity); and the denouement or resolution (which clarifies and relaxes the tension).

2. Character/Dramatic Personae are make-believe persons, either protagonists or

antagonists and whose personalities are carefully brought out by their appearance,
speech, actions, and what other characters say of them. The characters must be shaped
to fit the needs of the plot, and all parts of the characterization must fit together.

3. Conflict. In drama we find a struggle, clash of wills, and conflicts.

4. Irony arises from a recognition of discrepancy between the expected and actual, the
apparent and real.

5. Theme or Idea refers to the dramatic situation that may be taken from the Bible, myth,
legend, history, or anything familiar to the audience. The theme is central in building
the story. It is a conviction about the real world we live in, and it may be complex and
may have contradictory evaluations. Theme may be directly or indirectly stated. The
stated theme, rather than the enacted theme, is the heart of a play. Theme is enacted
throughout the plot.

6. Climax. The climax is the scene or incident that is the fruition of the accumulated
suspense, and that stirs the most intense feelings or emotions. It can also be described
as the turning point of the story. It is very likely to be the most elaborately presented
scheme in the play. A full-length play will have several big scenes. The climax can be
differentiated from the other big scenes like the development of action and the
denoument by its greater intensity and its structural relationship.

7. Music and Spectacle is a theater convention which is a part of the total appeal of the
drama. Both show the relationship of script, actor, audience, author producer, society,

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genre, stage, and other elements of the drama. Aside from "background" music, there
is music of speech and of movement. Spectacle intensifies emotions, whatever these
emotions are. In theater arts, the element of a spectacle heightens the atmosphere,
whether of vitality, terror or sorrow.

8. Costumes and Make-Up. Every costume should be comfortable and secure together
so the performer doesn't have to worry about it once it is on. Before put the dress
rehearsal, all the parts of each costume should be hung together and tagged in one
specific dressing area. A dressing crew from the costume committee should be on hand
to help.

9. Dialogue is the conversation between and among the characters of the drama.

10. Setting, Scenery, and Lighting. Scenery and lighting, furniture, painted backdrops, or
large props should appear real. The scenery may be simple, for it is supposed only to
suggest the scene. The imagination of the audience will complete the picture. Proper
lighting can add a great deal to the realism of the play. Consider brightness, color, and
direction in lighting the play. Consider the holding of the play: would it be daytime or
night time?

3. THEATER ARTS

Theater art is also known as drama as a play. Theater is an art concerned almost
exclusively with live performances in which the action is precisely planned to create a
coherent and significant sense of drama. Theater art is also known as drama as a play. The
word "theater" comes from the Greek theatron - the part of the Greek theater where the
audience sat. Its literal meaning is "a place for seeing." However for the Greeks, this implied
more than the sense experience of vision which, indeed, forms an important part of the
theatrical production. To the ancient Greeks, "to see" also may include comprehension and
understanding. Further, the ancient Greek, theatron, while a physical part of the theater
building implied a non-physical place - a special state of being of those who together watched
the lives of the persons of the drama.
Like any other performing arts, theater is an interpretive discipline. Between the play
the playwright and the audience stand the director, the designers, and the actors. Although
each functions as an individual artist, each also serves to communicate the playwright's vision
to the audience. Sometimes the play becomes subordinate to the expressive work of its
interpreters, and sometimes the concept of director as master artist places the playwright in a
subordinate position. Nonetheless, a theatrical production always requires the interpretation
of a concept through spectacle and sound by theater artist.
Theater art is performed live. So, its performance is said to be immediate and
unrecoverable. And since it is live, it is exciting and presents interaction between actor and
spectator. Its magic begins when the house lights fade away and a shush spreads over the hall,
then after a few seconds of darkness, the stage lights go on.
It is broadly categorized into three different forms, viz. opera, pantomime, and
creative drama.

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1. Opera has been accepted warmly during the

Renaissance period due to its versatility. Theater and
music display exceptional acting and are in perfect
harmony and actors singing skills. The best example
of this is the world renowned Phantom of the Opera.

2. Pantomimes keep the theme of folk tales as the

primary element and symbolism occupies a
prominent position. It is organized in the form of
masques, where characters wear elaborate costumes
and makeup.

3. Creative Drama is the modern version of drama,

popularized mostly by youngsters, possessing
innate acting skills. Stage shows and theaters are
organized in schools and colleges, which give a
platform to students for exhibiting their-talents.

Elements of Theater
1. The Playwright and his Play. The playwright works out his plot in terms of actual
actions and dialogue to be performed and spoken by actors within the limited facilities
of the stage. The product of his creativity is called a play. It presents an order of
situations in which the characters express themselves through what happens to them,
what they are supposed to do, or even the things they play to do. As playwright, one
is free to combine modes, to criticize the situation, to reform the characters, to
exaggerate the lines, to fly into undiscovered realms of the unreal and the imaginary,
or even to throw up in his hands resignation of his subject. The playwright gains
fulfilment when his drama is staged.

2. The Performer. In acting, impersonation of character within a play and his responses
and/or reactions to the situation in which he gets involved are essential to projects. To
become a senior actor, one must go beyond role-playing and impersonating. He must
be able to recreate the original character created by the playwright and be able to give
him a live body and soul that will somehow make him believable to the audience
within the context of the entire performance. The art and skills of acting are developed
through the hard work and strict dedication to one's craft; that is, the making of an
actor does not end with having a pretty face and a good physique. An actor must also
have the following natural assets:
a. A resounding voice that can project well and register emotional manner;
b. A flexible and strong body that can move easily on stage and sensitive enough
to convey unspoken language;
c. A good memory not only for remembering lines, but also for recalling of
impressions and retention of events;
d. Mimetic skills that can initiate characters from reality; and

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e. Sufficient amount of intelligence and imagination that will make him give
justice to his role. The actor should know the character he plays so that
whatever he does, his clothes, his speech, and movements must be in
consonance to the person he portrays. Likewise, he must observe his
surroundings in real life and absorb all possible impressions that will somehow
help him give justice to his role.

3. The Director the function of the director is to present a play which he has interpreted
and translated into dramatic action, with complete devices as setting, sound, among
others, in terms of the emotional and intellectual concept of the playwright. The
interpretation must be clear, interesting, and enjoyable because the success or failure
of the production is laid on the director's hand. Moreover as director, it is not only
aesthetic and technical knowledge are demanded for, but also managerial. He stands
as the leader of the theater ensemble which should work harmoniously to put the
production. In this respect, the director can be assisted by the stage manager who
serves as the alter-ego and assumes responsibility whenever the director is not
suitable. As stage manager, one is supposed to be knowledgeable about the play, and
must have grouped fully the concept of the director.

4. Production Design. It is also called as mise-en-scene. It includes all the scenery and
props, make-up and costume, lights, music, sound, and other possible effects used in
theater production. Production design is actually a collaborative effort of the technical
artists in their creative mind to translate auditory images with the dramatic vision of
the director. Production design is used as a means to an end, and is not the end itself.

5. Theater Space. It is commonly known as the stage. It is said to be the acting area with
the purpose of putting life into action where the audience can see it. Traditionally, the
stage is found within a theater, or sometimes been called auditorium or hall.

Among the forms of theater space are as follows:

a) Proscenium or Picture-Frame Stage - it was introduced during the Italian Renaissance. It

is usually formal in auditoriums and halls. It is the most commonly used. The audience
sits facing the stage and usually the seats are arranged on levels increasingly towards the
near for better visibility.

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b) Thrust or Trestle Stage - it was developed by the ancient Greeks and used for their play
festivals. The stage protrudes from the center of a structure which is built behind it, and
the audience sits in a semi-circle fronting it. The stage serves as the acting area and the
building behind it as part of the set.

c) Booth Stage - it is described as an improvised acting area with open air and is commonly
used by travelling troupes who have no access to a theater or other venues. A platform is
made to rest on trestles; a curtain is stringed across it. to divide the acting area and the
backstage. Make-shift steps are provided at the sides to serve as the actor's entrances and
exits. The audience stands or may bring their own seats. This type of stage is commonly
seen in town fiesta.

d) Arena Stage or Theater-In-The-Round- This kind of space is often found outside the
theater. The acting area of this stage is located in the square or circle and the audience
surrounds it. In here, the audience is closer to the actor and therefore intimately involved
themselves within action.

e) The Created or Found Stage - this is a non-conventional theater staging for the acting
venue may be ordinary classrooms, lecture halls, the streets, restaurants, among others.
The objective in using these spaces are diverse such as to bring drama to people who can't
afford going to theater to see them; to call attention to socio-political issues; to experiment;
or to create new sensation.

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4. LITERATURE
Most performance arts are inspired and was
taken from literature pieces. Literature is one of the
arts that expresses human feelings. It shows ideas or
emotions through symbolic presentation in the form
of short story, poetry, drama or play, and essay
among others.
Classification of Literature
Literature can be categorized into escape and interpretative literature. Escape literature is for
entertainment purposes, that is, to help us while away time in an agreeable manner. Escape
literature enables us to temporarily forget our troubles. Interpretative literature, on the other
hand, enables us to understand our troubles. The object of escape literature is pleasure while
the object of interpretative literature is pleasure plus understanding
Uses of Literature
1. To impart moral values. Here, the purpose of literature is to present moral values for
the reader to understand and appreciate; the moral values may be directly or indirectly
stated. The literary work given below may either be for entertainment or may be
intended as a moral lesson. It seeks to make the reader understand and celebrate
individuality and collectively.
2. As propaganda. This kind of literature is found not only in history books and
advertising and marketing books but also in some books describing one's personal
success and achievements in life.
3. To provide therapeutic help. Literature can be regarded as a sophisticated and
modern elaboration of the idea of catharsis-an emotional relief experienced by the
reader that helps him recover from a previous pent-up emotion.
General Elements of Literature
According to Sanchez, not all written works can be considered literature. To
understand a good literary work, we should know first the important elements of literature.
It is undeniable that the medium of literature is language, and language is composed of words
that are combined into sentences to express ideas, emotions or desires. Writers, therefore,
should be careful in their choice or words and expressions of their emotions and ideas. By
carefully organizing the works in a literary work, the writer aims to create a high sense of
value for his writings.
An aspiring writer should bear these objectives in mind:

 To strive in raising the level of the reader's humanity and

 To make his readers think and achieve an educated perspective.
The important elements of literature are:
1. Emotional Appeal. Emotional appeal is attained when the reader is emotionally
moved or touched by any literary work.
2. Intellectual Appeal. Dr. Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo are good
illustrations of literature of intellectual appeal. Both were instrumental in exposing the
ills of the society of its period. It reminds the reader oft what he can do to better his
condition.

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3. Humanistic Value. Humanistic value can be realized when the literary work affirms
the dignity and worth of all people.

SPECIFIC ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

Elements of the Short Story
Literature can be classified as escape or interpretative. A story becomes interpretative if it
illuminates some aspects of human life or behavior. An interpretative story presents us with
an insight--large or small-into the nature and condition of our existence. A short story is a
work of fiction that can be read in one sitting. A short story develops one major conflict. A
short story can be appreciated through an increased understanding of what a story is as well
as the tools or elements of the story.
1. Plot is regarded as the skeleton or blueprint of the story, is the sequential arrangement
of related events and actions of which the story is composed. The series of such events
start from exposition (beginning of the story), moves on to complication (action grows
stronger) to the turning point of the story (climax), and finally to the resolution which
leads to denouement and ending.
2. Characters refer to people or animals that take part in the events in a story.
Characterization is used by a writer to present characters. Direct characterization is used
when the short story writer tells you how a character looks, behaves, and thinks.
Indirect characterization is used when the short story writer lets you draw your own
conclusions about a character from the way the character speaks or acts or how other
persons react to the character.
3. Point of View refers to the manner in which the story is told. It indicates from whose
perspective the events in the story is relayed to its reader. Through point of view, the
author or narrator allows us to see what he wants us to see and obstruct from our view
what he wants hidden. The story can be told in the 1st person point of view (either as
observer or participant); 2nd person (with the author speaking to the reader); or the
3rd person, in omniscient or panoramic point of view or in a limited omniscient point
of view.
4. Setting could be a locale or place where the event or action took place; or a feeling that
invites meaning. Its function is to lend an idea, as a symbol, as an atmosphere and as
a motive force of the story.
5. Theme refers to the message communicated by the story. It is the unifying
generalization about life stated or implied by the story. Subordinate themes are called
motifs. In many stories, the theme may be the equivalent to the revelation of human
character.
6. Irony is a contrast among what seems and what is and could be. Irony can be:
 dramatic-a contrast between what the fictional character says, and what the
 audience or reader knows in the same words
 situational-a contrast between expectation and result; intention and outcome;
 illusion (appearance) and reality
 verbal- a contrast between what is said and what is meant; what is said is the
 opposite of what is intended; often a vehicle of sarcasm, sadness, or affection\
7. Symbolism refers to something that is more than what it is in reality. Symbols are
objects, persons, situations, actions, and all recognizable things or items that suggest
other meanings. A symbol must carry a double meaning, that is, it denotes something
real (tangible) and connotes something intangible.

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8. Style implies control of material through the precise use of literary and figurative
languages. It may also refer to the total carrying out of the short story, taking all other
elements (character, plot, theme, and setting) into consideration.

Elements of Poetry
Poetry is a genre in literature that imaginatively and figuratively expresses man's thoughts
and feelings, usually in verse form. Its theme is generally personal-love, death, frustration,
hatred, faith in God and man, human sufferings, culture and traditions, etc. Its elements are:
1. Language. Language may be denotative (actual meaning); connotative (implied
meaning); poetic (language that considers diction, vocabulary, and level-simple or
conventional); and figurative (most often using simile and metaphor). Among the
types of literature, poetry writing is the most challenging for the following reasons:
first, the choice of proper words or grammar; second, the denotative and symbolical
meaning of the chosen grammar; and third, the limitation imposed by the structure
and rhythm of sounds.
2. Tone refers to the atmosphere, feeling, attitude, stance, or the way the poet looks at
his subject or the world. Such feeling or atmosphere is reflected on his poetry may be
serious, ironic, bitter, joyful, resigned, etc.
3. Imagery is the representation of sense experience or the total sensory suggestion of
poetry. An image is the mental duplication of a sense impression. Images may be
visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or bodily. The poet is an image-maker who
reinforces his thoughts with concrete words. The most common imagery is visual, as
we are made to see what the author is talking about.
4. Sounds are characterized either as pleasant (full, open vowel sounds) or unpleasant
(short, abrupt, vowel sounds which are irritating).
5. Rhythm and meters related to the "beats of our hearts" and the "flow of air from our
lungs." Rhythm is the regular and irregular patterns of stressed and unstressed
syllables, metrical, or rhetorical stress. Meter is the arrangement of accents so that they
occur at approximately equal intervals of time. A metered language is a verse. Having
the same final sound of words at the end of lines indicates an end rhyme. At present,
there are poets who do not adhere to rhyme and meter in their writings. Such poetry
is referred to as "free verse.
6. Thought or meaning refers to the experience the poem expresses (What it feels like to.
Two meanings are distinguished: the total meaning and the prose meaning. The total
meaning of a poem is the idea in a poem, a portion of the total experience it
communicates. The prose meaning is the value and worth of the poem, the total
experience it communicates.
7. Shape of the poem refers to the pattern of arrangement of the words on the page. Most
poems consist of lines grouped into stanzas. Each stanza has its distinct features of
thought similar to a paragraph.
8. Speaker. All poems have a speaker, the voice that talks to the readers. In some poems,
the speaker identifies himself as "I" and "me" while in others the speaker remains in
the background. The speaker may or may not be the poet.

Elements of the Essay

Essay is a literary composition on a particular subject. It is usually short and expresses the
author's personal thoughts, feelings, experiences, or observation on a phase of life that has

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interested him. Biography, history, travel, art, nature, personal life, and criticism are among
the innumerable subjects of essays. The essay may be grouped as formal or informal. An essay
is considered informal if it is light, humorous, and entertaining. It is formal if it is heavy,
informative, and intellectually stimulating. The following are the elements of an essay:
1. The issue introduced. This refers to the subject matter around which the essay will
revolve.
2. The writer's viewpoint and thought. The final stand of the author on the issue he has
discussed.
3. The relevance of the issue to the life of the reader. This refers to the value of the
material to the reader and his perception and response to it.

Elements of the Novel

The novel is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and scenes
that represent real life. Like the short story, most novels are written along a plot. Fiction,
whether long (novel) or short (short story), may aim to give us moral lessons, bring pleasure,
raise questions, or cultivate critical thinking. Novels have the following elements:
1. Setting covers the time, the place, and the background of the novel. It involves not
only geography but also the entire climate of beliefs, habits, and values of a particular
region and historical period. Sometimes, it emphasizes a certain locality. It is essential
that the setting be in keeping with the story that is told.
2. Plot is the skeleton or framework which gives shape and proportion to the novel. It
can also be described as the order of events or happenings in the novel. Conflict is an
important element of the plot. It may be caused by the physical environment like
hostile nature, social environment like the conventions, customs or traditions that exist
in a cultural community, other characters, or it may be a physical, emotional, or mental
handicap within the main character himself. To understand the plot better, we should
determine the ideals, motives, ambitions, or aspirations of the main characters.
3. Theme of the novel is equivalent to the subject of a painting. It is the universal truth
found in the novel, the main idea or topic.
4. Characters are the moving spirit of the novel. They do not only act but also manifest
the moral, emotional, and intellectual qualities endowed to them by the author.
Characters are categorized in terms of morality and personality. When characters are
judged in terms of morality, the good guys are distinguished from the bad guys.

Importance of Reading Literary Works

Literary works of art like poetry, short stories, novels, essays, and plays are worth reading
because they do not only entertain or give pleasure but also we learn moral values that can
improve our life. Reading literary works helps us acquire knowledge and information on
man's progress and achievement.

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 MODULE 6: ELEMENTS OF ARTS: Performance Art

LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 6.1

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just provide the answers on each
activity below. Discuss clearly your answers. LET’S DO THIS!

ESSAY:

1. What is the importance of Dance in the field of arts? What about in society?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

2. What is the significance of Drama and Theater Arts in the field of arts and to its
audience?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

3. What is the relevance of Literature in creating art? What is its significance to the society?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

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 MODULE 6: ELEMENTS OF ARTS: Performance Art

LEARNING EXERCISE 6.2

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just provide the answers on each
activity below. Discuss clearly your answers. LET’S DO THIS!

MATCHING TYPE: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it down on the space
provided in each item.

a. theater arts g. playwright

b. mise-en-scene h. performer
c. theme i. created stage
d. plot j. director
e. arena stage k. creative drama
f. theater space l. the play

_____1. The central idea of the play.

_____2. Another term for production design.
_____3. An art concerned almost exclusively with live performances.
_____4. It is most commonly known as stage.
_____5. The basic storyline that is narrated through a play.
_____6. This kind of space is often found outside the theater.
_____7. The impersonator of the character within the play.
_____8. The modern version of drama.
_____9. The leader of the theater ensemble.
_____10. The one that works out the plot to be performed.

LEARNING EXERCISE 6.3

DISTINCTIONS: Point out the difference of each pair of terms from the other. Give direct
but substantial answers. Cite some examples.
1. Ethnic Dance vs. Folk Dance
2. Drama as a Script vs. Drama as a Play
3. The Playwright vs. The Director
4. Essay vs. Short Story
5. Prose vs. Poetry

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 MODULE 6: ELEMENTS OF ARTS: Performance Art

Rubrics for Essay Learning Exercises:

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Information is Information is Information is The information
very organized in slightly organized but appears to be
a well- organized in a paragraph(s) are disorganized.
Organization
constructed well-constructed not well-
paragraph or paragraph or constructed.
paragraphs. paragraphs.
Information Information Information Information has
relates to the relates to the partially relates to little or nothing to
topic. It provides topic. It provides the topic. No do with the topic.
Content a lot of few supporting details and/or
supporting details and/or examples are
details and/or examples. given.
examples.
Main points well Main points well Main points are Main points lack
developed with developed with present with detailed
high quality and quality limited detail and development.
quantity support. supporting development. Ideas are vague
Development Reveals high details and Some critical with little
degree of critical quantity. Critical thinking is evidence of
thinking. thinking is present. critical thinking.
weaved into
points.
Essay is free of Essay has few Most spelling, Spelling,
distracting punctuation and punctuation, and punctuation, and
spelling, grammatical grammar correct grammatical
punctuation, and errors allowing allowing reader errors create
grammatical reader to follow to progress distraction,
Grammar errors; absent of ideas clearly. through essay. making reading
& Mechanics fragments, Very few Some errors difficult;
comma splices, fragments or run- remain. fragments,
and run-ons. ons. comma splices,
run-ons evident.
Errors are
frequent.
Meets all formal Meets format and Meets format and Fails to follow
and assignment assignment assignment format and
requirements and requirements; requirements; assignment
evidences margins, spacing, generally correct requirement;
attention to and indentations margins, spacing, cover format,
detail; all are correct; essay and indentations; incorrect
Format margins, spacing is neat and essay is neat but indentations;
and indentations correctly may have some neatness of essay
are correct; essay assembled. assembly errors. needs attention.
is neat and
correctly
assembled with
professional look.

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 MODULE 6: ELEMENTS OF ARTS: Performance Art

SUMMARY
Performance art, a time-based art form that typically features a live presentation to an
audience or to onlookers (as on a street) and draws on such arts as acting, poetry, music,
dance, and painting. It is generally an event rather than an artifact, by nature ephemeral,
though it is often recorded on video and by means of still photography.
The performing arts can encourage anyone to explore their emotions, expanding their
imagination and helping them develop their own, unique voice. Each discipline, music, dance
and drama, engage a child's brain, body and emotions in different ways to encourage their
confidence and find joy in self-expression. Through performing arts, people are able to
communicate effectively and connect with others intellectually and emotionally. Performing
arts help society as a whole in self-knowledge and understanding.
Dance as a form of art is made by purposefully recreating selected sequences of human
motion, which can be imbued with the values of aesthetic and symbolism that are
acknowledged by both performers and observers from within the particular culture. The
dance itself can be freeform or can have a predefined choreography that may or may not align
with traditions of origin or historical period.
Theatre and the performing arts teach society about itself, hoping to point out the
attitudes and mindsets of current society. It can be a tool used to educate people about their
current conditions.
The power of literature is that it is created as an output for the thoughts of a person. It
enables us to share information about anything in a way that can't be expressed through
speech. By writing we find a way to speak about our feelings, ideas, experiences, and
whatever else may come to our minds.

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 MODULE 6: ELEMENTS OF ARTS: Performance Art

REFERENCES

Books:
 Perez, T., Cayas, R. & Narciso, N. Alampat: An Introduction to Arts Appreciation. Blue
Patriach Publishing House. Davao City. 2013
 Leano, R., Agtani, J.M., Papel, R. O. Art Appreciation for College
Students. Mindshapers Co., Inc. Manila. 2017
 MacMillan, T. On State Street, “Maker Movement Arrives. New Haven
Independent. 2016.
 Vaughan, W. Encyclopedia of Artists: Art Movements, Glossary, and
Index. Oxford University Press.2000

Images and Artworks used in this Module:

 https://images.app.goo.gl/QSi1juY6dunXEKr4A
 https://images.app.goo.gl/iDZc9oMmsoWaVZvS9
 https://images.app.goo.gl/pSkrAzLSYgy11tuM7
 https://images.app.goo.gl/75gpRrwLRKGHq4Bt9
 https://images.app.goo.gl/yBamZDA6ugE28Xtv5
 https://images.app.goo.gl/pmzP3dAJmSegmRkX7
 https://images.app.goo.gl/DuRT7qDiyRF3Pjvh6
 https://images.app.goo.gl/KJb6rRJnfTNHw66d8
 https://images.app.goo.gl/Pz8wpPYd18kKd2hWA
 https://images.app.goo.gl/6E15sgxo4Juooy14A
 https://images.app.goo.gl/xk4ts4JyA3CtRnWA6
 https://images.app.goo.gl/4QfkZLvqp2ooGepX6
 https://images.app.goo.gl/PVPqmhyENiGbYWAQ6
 https://images.app.goo.gl/kZdimP2xyAHVKsDL7
 https://images.app.goo.gl/CKtELPqQvD8WKnLN8
 https://images.app.goo.gl/7V68ivE1CxXZx2679
 https://images.app.goo.gl/jmWnFLqXdqCLbDJQA
 http://www.dancefacts.net/#:~:text=Dance%20is%20a%20form%20of,from%20with
in%20the%20particular%20culture.
 https://www.nordangliaeducation.com/teaching-and-learning/enriched-
curricula/performing-arts-with-juilliard/benefits-of-performing-
arts#:~:text=The%20performing%20arts%20can%20encourage,find%20joy%20in%20s
elf%2Dexpression.
 https://www.youthvoices.live/the-importance-of-literary-arts-in-
schools/#:~:text=The%20power%20of%20literature%20is,may%20come%20to%20ou
r%20minds.

GE 6: ARTS APPRECIATION MODULE Page | 20