Name- Amaan khan

Reg number - 21BCI0351

Subject - Embedded systems
Subject code - BCSE305L

Theory da -1

Part - 1

Title: Reverse Engineering Analysis of a Wearable Health Monitor

Introduction :
The wearable health monitor is a technologically advanced device
designed to track various vital signs and activity levels of the user in
real-time. It represents a significant advancement in personal health
management, offering convenience and accessibility to users seeking
to monitor their health on the go.

The wearable health monitor is a multifunctional device designed to

monitor various vital signs and activity levels of the user. This aims to
reverse engineer the device to understand its functionality,
components, and potential improvements.

Physical Examination
Upon physical examination, the wearable health monitor appears as a
compact wristband, emphasizing portability and comfort for continuous
wear. It features a sleek design with an integrated OLED or LCD
display for immediate feedback to the user. The device incorporates
an array of sensors, including a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor
for heart rate monitoring, an accelerometer and gyroscope for activity
tracking, and a temperature sensor for body temperature
measurement. Some models may also include a blood pressure
sensor, expanding the range of health parameters monitored.

Form Factor: The wearable device appears to be a wristband,

indicating portability and ease of use.

Display: The device features an OLED or LCD display for visual

feedback to the user.

Sensors: Various sensors are embedded in the device, including:

Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for heart rate
monitoring.
Accelerometer and gyroscope for activity tracking.
Temperature sensor for measuring body temperature.
Blood pressure sensor (if available) for blood pressure
monitoring.

Connectivity: The device likely features Bluetooth or Wi-Fi

connectivity for data transmission to a companion smartphone
app

Functional Analysis:
The heart rate monitoring functionality utilizes the PPG sensor to
measure changes in blood volume, providing accurate heart rate
readings. The accelerometer and gyroscope work synergistically to
capture movement patterns, translating them into valuable activity
data such as step counts and sleep quality metrics. The temperature
sensor offers insights into the user's thermal state, aiding in the
detection of fever or other anomalies. If equipped, the blood pressure
sensor employs advanced techniques to measure systolic and
diastolic blood pressure, enhancing the device's utility for
cardiovascular health monitoring. Data processing algorithms within
the device analyze sensor readings and present them to the user via
the integrated display, while also facilitating data transmission to a
companion smartphone app for in-depth analysis and long-term
tracking.

Heart Rate Monitoring: The PPG sensor emits light into the skin
and measures the changes in blood volume, allowing for heart
rate calculation.
Activity Tracking: The accelerometer and gyroscope detect
motion and orientation changes, providing data on activity levels,
steps taken, and sleep patterns.
Body Temperature Monitoring: The temperature sensor
measures the user's body temperature, providing insights into
their health status.
Blood Pressure Monitoring: If present, the blood pressure sensor
utilizes oscillometric or tonometric methods to measure systolic
and diastolic blood pressure.
Data Processing and Analysis: The device processes sensor
data and calculates vital signs, which are displayed on the
screen and transmitted to the companion app for further analysis
and storage.

Software Analysis:
The device operates on embedded firmware, which orchestrates
sensor data acquisition, signal processing, and user interface
management. The firmware ensures seamless integration of sensor
inputs, accurate calculation of vital signs, and efficient utilization of
device resources to maximize battery life. The companion smartphone
app serves as an interface for users to interact with their health data,
providing visualizations, trends, and insights derived from the
wearable health monitor's measurements. It employs sophisticated
algorithms for data interpretation and visualization, empowering users
to make informed decisions regarding their health and wellness.

Firmware: The device runs on embedded firmware responsible

for sensor data acquisition, signal processing, and user interface
management.

Companion App: The smartphone app receives data from the

wearable device, visualizes it for the user, and may offer
additional features like trend analysis, goal setting, and health
insights.

Reverse Engineering Challenges:

Despite its apparent sophistication, reverse engineering the wearable
health monitor presents several challenges. The encapsulation of
internal components may hinder physical access, requiring specialized
tools and techniques for disassembly. Proprietary algorithms
governing sensor data processing and analysis may pose obstacles to
understanding the device's inner workings, necessitating extensive
reverse engineering efforts. Additionally, security measures
implemented within the device and companion app may safeguard
sensitive user data, complicating reverse engineering endeavors
aimed at uncovering data handling procedures and encryption
mechanisms.

Encapsulation: The internal components of the device may be

encapsulated, making it challenging to access and analyze.
Proprietary Algorithms: The algorithms used for data processing and
analysis may be proprietary, requiring reverse engineering efforts to
understand their functioning.

Security Measures: The device and companion app may employ

security measures to protect user data, necessitating careful analysis
to ensure privacy and data integrity.
Improvement Suggestions:

Accuracy Enhancement: Calibrating sensors and improving

signal processing algorithms can enhance the accuracy of
vital sign measurements.

Battery Life Optimization: Optimizing power management

algorithms can extend the battery life of the device,
enhancing user experience.

User Interface Enhancements: Improving the user interface

of the companion app can make it more intuitive and
user-friendly.

Data Security Measures: Implementing robust data

encryption and authentication mechanisms can enhance
the security of user data.

Conclusion (1 mark):
In conclusion, the reverse engineering analysis of the wearable health
monitor provides valuable insights into its design, functionality, and
underlying technologies. By understanding its intricacies, developers
can explore opportunities for enhancement, innovation, and
optimization, ultimately advancing the capabilities of wearable health
monitoring devices and empowering users to take control of their
health and well-being.

Part - 2
Project report

Title: Wearable Health Monitor Project Documentation

Group Members:
1.Name: Amaan khan
Project Leader: Amaan khan

Problem Statement:
The aim of this project is to develop a wearable health monitor that can
track vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and
activity levels. The device should provide real-time feedback to users and
facilitate long-term health monitoring.

Introduction:
The increasing focus on personal health and wellness has spurred the
demand for wearable devices capable of monitoring various health
parameters. A wearable health monitor offers convenience and
accessibility, allowing users to track their health status continuously. Our
project seeks to address this need by developing an advanced wearable
health monitor with robust functionality and user-friendly features.
Detailed Problem Analysis:
To better understand the requirements and functionality of our wearable
health monitor, we can employ a Finite State Machine (FSM) model. The
FSM can depict the different states and transitions within the device,
including sensor data acquisition, signal processing, user interaction, and
data transmission to the companion app.

FSM diagram -
Start -> Data Acquisition -> Signal Processing -> User Interaction -> Data
Transmission -> End

| | | |
V V V V
[Sensors] -> [Microcontroller] -> [Display] -> [Bluetooth]

Survey:
In our survey, we present a comparative table that highlights the features
and capabilities of existing wearable health monitors compared to our
proposed idea. The table outlines the advantages and innovations offered
by our wearable health monitor in terms of functionality, accuracy, user
experience, and future potential.

Block table:

Feature Existing Wearable Monitors Proposed Wearable Health Monitor

Heart Rate Monitoring Yes Yes

Blood Pressure Monitoring Some models Optional

Body Temperature Monitoring Some models Yes

Activity Tracking Yes Yes

Sleep Quality Monitoring Some models Yes

Display Limited Yes (OLED/LCD)

Wireless Communication Bluetooth Bluetooth

Power Management Standard batteries Rechargeable battery

User Interface Limited Enhanced

Data Analysis Basic Advanced algorithms

Proposed Model - Block Diagram:

Our proposed model for the wearable health monitor consists of several
key components, including sensors for vital sign monitoring, a
microcontroller for data processing, a display for user feedback, wireless
communication modules, and a rechargeable battery for power supply.
+--------------------------------+
| |
|Sensors |
|(PPG, Temperature |
|Accelerometer,Gyroscope|
| Blood Pressure-optional) |
| |
+--------------------------------+
|
V
+--------------------------------+
| |
| Microcontroller |
| (Arduino Nano or similar) |
| |
+--------------------------------+
|
V
+--------------------------------+
| |
| Display (OLED/LCD) |
| |
+--------------------------------+
|
V
+--------------------------------+
| |
| Bluetooth Module |
| (HC-05 or similar) |
| |
+--------------------------------+
|
V

+--------------------------------+
| |
| Power Management |
| (Battery & Charging Circuit) |
| |
+--------------------------------+
Detailed Internal Architecture:
The internal architecture of our wearable health monitor comprises the
following components:
● Sensors: Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor, temperature sensor,
accelerometer, gyroscope, and optional blood pressure sensor.
● Microcontroller: Arduino Nano or similar, responsible for sensor data
acquisition, signal processing, and control logic.
● Display: OLED or LCD display for visual feedback to the user.
● Wireless Communication: Bluetooth module for data transmission to
the companion smartphone app.
● Power Management: Li-ion battery and charging circuitry for
uninterrupted operation.

The wearable health monitor follows a modular architecture, allowing for

scalability and flexibility in design. The microcontroller interfaces with the
sensors to collect raw data, processes it using predefined algorithms, and
displays the results on the screen. Wireless communication facilitates data
transfer to the companion app for further analysis and storage.

Implementation:

For the implementation phase, we selected hardware components such as

Arduino Nano, MAX30102 PPG sensor, LM35 temperature sensor,
MPU6050 accelerometer and gyroscope module, HC-05 Bluetooth module,
and a compatible display. The software stack includes Arduino IDE for
programming the microcontroller and developing the user interface.
Code -
Test cases:
1.Sensor Detection Test:
● Verify that the code correctly detects the presence of the
MAX30105 sensor module.
● Test scenarios:
● Sensor is properly connected: Ensure that the code
initializes without errors.
● Sensor is not connected: Verify that the code prints an
error message and enters an infinite loop.
2.Heart Rate Reading Test:
● Verify that the code accurately reads and calculates heart rate
data from the sensor.
● Test scenarios:
● Normal operation: Ensure that the code reads heart rate
data correctly under normal conditions.
● Abnormal conditions: Test the code's behavior when
sensor readings are noisy or erratic.
● Sensor placement variation: Test the code with different
sensor placements (e.g., on different fingers) to assess its
robustness.
3.Serial Output Test:
 ● Verify that the heart rate values are correctly printed to the
serial monitor.
● Test scenarios:
● Ensure that the heart rate values displayed on the serial
monitor are consistent with expectations based on the
user's physiological state.
● Verify that the output format (e.g., units, precision) meets
requirements.
4.Performance Test:
● Verify the performance of the code under different conditions.
● Test scenarios:
● Check the response time of the code in detecting heart
rate changes.
● Assess the code's ability to handle a high volume of
sensor data without crashing or freezing.
● Evaluate the code's performance in terms of memory
usage and processing efficiency.
5.Sensor Stability Test:
● Verify the stability and reliability of sensor readings over time.
● Test scenarios:
● Run the code continuously for an extended period and
monitor the consistency of heart rate readings.
● Assess the code's ability to handle variations in ambient
conditions (e.g., lighting, temperature) without affecting
sensor accuracy.
6.Error Handling Test:
● Verify the code's behavior in error scenarios.
● Test scenarios:
● Simulate communication errors or sensor malfunctions
and ensure that the code responds gracefully (e.g., by
displaying error messages or taking corrective actions).
Future Enhancements:
● Integration of machine learning algorithms for personalized health
insights.
● Addition of GPS functionality for location-based health tracking.
● Development of a web-based dashboard for remote monitoring and
data visualization.
● Enhancement of battery life through power optimization techniques.
● Incorporation of advanced biometric authentication for data security.
References:
1. R. de Lima, L. E. R. de Lima, and L. E. Borges da Silva,
"Wearable health monitoring: a review of sensors and systems,"
in Sensors, vol. 20, no. 14, p. 4162, 2020.
2 .A. Ahad, M. S. Sadi, and M. M. Rahman, "Design and
Implementation of an IoT-Based Health Monitoring System for Smart
Home," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, p. 216367-216377, 2020.
3. M. R. Borhan, H. M. Chowdhury, and M. A. Mannan,
"Development of a Wearable Health Monitoring System," in 2018 4th
International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information
Communication Technology (ICEEICT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018,
pp. 1-6.
4.D. G. A. Nair, S. K. Jayanthi, "Wearable Health Monitoring System
using IoT," in 2018
international Conference on Information and Communication
Technology for Intelligent Systems (ICTIS), Tamil Nadu, India, 2018, pp.
252-256.