HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE

SYSTEMS (HESS)

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Introduction
1. Energy storage systems play an important
role in modern energy systems and power
trains.
2. At present, any storage technology cannot
exhibit a wide band of characteristics.
3. To improve existing characteristics,
energy storage units with multiple energy
storage technologies can be combined.
4. This is known as hybridization of energy
storage systems.
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Key Important Characteristics of an Energy
Storage System
1. Energy density
Energy density is the amount of energy in a region of a space
in a given volume.

2. Power density
Power density is the amount of power per unit volume.

3. Lifetime
Number of cycles or period that energy storage system can
perform with its specifications under a specified tolerance
introduced by the manufacturer.

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There can be different types of power and energy
demands in a system.
1. Steady state demands
Average demand throughout a considerably large
period is known as steady state demand.
2. Peak demands
Demands in scale of 100% to 1000% of average
demand during short time intervals depending on
applications.
3. Transient demands
Demands during fault conditions and excessive
overload conditions for very short time durations.

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Existing energy storage technologies
1. Chemical batteries
( Lead acid, Li-ion, NiMH, Na-ion, NaS etc.)
2. Super-capacitors/Ultracapacitors

3. Flywheels based motor generators

4. Flow batteries

5. Fuel cells

6. Super conductive magnetic energy storage (SMES)

(All above energy storage technologies can be easily integrated to
electrical systems where some systems cannot be integrated directly
such hydraulic accumulators and compressed air systems.)

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 Energy density vs Power density

Picture courtesy : Mohammed Farag

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Energy Storage technologies

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 Why Hybrid Energy Storage systems ?
• Increasing power capacity of a storage system could end
up increasing storage capacity and cost unnecessarily,
where total energy capacity may not be fully utilized.

• Increasing energy capacity of a storage system could

end up increasing power capacity and cost
unnecessarily, where total power capacity may not be
fully utilized.

• Therefore, a single storage technology to increase power

capacity/energy capacity ratio may not be economical to
a certain level.
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Basic structure of HEES

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 HESS Architectures
Two or more energy storage technologies can be
combined to create a HESS. HESS with two
technologies is most popular method due to several
advantages.

1. Economically feasible compared to 3 or more energy

storage technologies.
2. Controls are much simpler.
3. Low computational power for energy management system.
4. High compactness compared to three or more storage
technologies.
5. High redundancy due to minimal components.

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Possible architectures of ultracapacitor/battery
HESS

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 Advantages of using DC/DC converters to
integrate energy storage devices
1. Enhance controllability of storage system.
2. Energy management systems can be employed to
control power flows.
3. Controlled voltage mode or controlled current mode
operation.
4. Enhance the utilization of each storage system.
5. Higher system reliability and redundancy.
6. More complicated power handling capability. (during
transient events)
7. Inherit protection for storage system. (minimized cost for
additional protection switchgear)
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The architectures shown in (g) and (h) the most
popular configurations. These separate DC/DC
converters provide individual control of power flow
and energy of the two distinct storage
technologies.

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Categorization of Energy Storage
Technologies for HESS
Slow response/ Medium Fast response/ High
High energy response/Moderate power density/ Low
capacity energy energy density
density/moderate
power capacity
(A) (B) (C)
Flow batteries Chemical batteries Ultracapacitors

Fuel cells Flywheels

SMES

Mostly (A) and (B) technologies are hybridized with (C) to improve
power density and response time.

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Flow Battery

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Applications of HESS

 Microgrids

 Mining equipment/container handling equipment

(load and unloading operations/hauling operations)

 Fuel cell applications

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 Microgrids

Microgrids can undergo instabilities during power

transients due to lack of systems inertia. Power
generation and quality issues also are highly visible due
to intermittent nature of integrated renewable sources.

Such problems can be address by HESS with

acceptable costs.

HESS for microgrids can be categorized as “Near-term

Hybrids and Long-term Hybrids”

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HESS classification for microgrids (picture courtesy to Salman Hajiaghasi)

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Structure of a DC microgrid with HESS (picture courtesy to Wenlong Jing)
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BMS

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 Mining and container handling equipment

Mining and container handling equipment have

considerably large peak/average power demand ratio. Due
to the nature of equipment and their operation, following
characteristics can be found in demand profile.
1. Idling period between operation cycles.

2. Power peaks due accelerations and decelerations.

3. Regenerative power during lowering and deceleration

cycles.

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Hauling equipment used in container terminals and open pit mines
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Power demand of a rubber tire gantry crane (..)
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HESS proposed for rubber tire gantry crane(..)

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 Fuel cell (FC) applications

 Fuel cell systems have sluggish voltage response during

power ramping. Therefore, in almost all applications FC
needs support from another storage technology to
stabilize system voltage.

 Chemical batteries and supercapacitor systems are

widely used to hybridize FCs.

 Energy management systems in such applications are

mostly designed to supply average power demand from
FCs while other storage device take care of transient
and peak demands.
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FC based traction application (picture courtesy to Phatiphat Thounthong)

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HESS Energy Management Strategies

1. State machine control strategy

2. Classical PI control strategy
3. Frequency decoupling and state machine
control strategy
4. Equivalent consumption minimization
strategy (used in genset based systems)

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1. State Machine Control Strategy

State machine controllers are widely used

for sequential control logic requirements. A
state is a set of values measured at different
parts of a system. States are affected by
changing requirements and to fulfil the
requirement, state controller moves the
system from one state to another.

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2. Classical PI Control Strategy

In classical PI control strategy an algorithm

provides limits for output currents for
different sources. Fast control loops are
used to improve entire system dynamic
performance during load transients. To
control each source current directly, current
loops with PI type regulators are used.

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3. Frequency Decoupling and State Machine
Control Strategy

A wavelet decomposition algorithm

decompose high frequency and steady state
(low frequency) power demand variations
and state machine control system assign
commands to each power source
considering the behavior (high frequency or
low frequency) of the demand.

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4. Equivalent Consumption Minimization
Strategy (ECMS)

ECMS control focus on calculating the

optimal generator power that minimize the
diesel consumption of the hybrid powertrain
which is calculated as the sum of diesel
consumption, battery and supercapacitor
equivalent consumption.

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Conclusion
 Hybridized storage systems have wide range of
applications due to their improved
characteristics.
 Energy management systems play a key role to
provide power in optimistic way in HESS.
 Bi-directional DC/DC converters are essential for
integration of energy management system.
 HESS can save significant amount of capital
cost compared single energy storage device in
selected applications.

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Thank You

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