Tribhuvan University

Institute of Science and Technology

Course of Study for Four Year Mathematics

Course Title: Calculus Full Marks: 75

Course No. : MAT 101 Pass Mark: 26.25
Level : B.Sc. Year: I
Nature of Course: Theory Lecture: 150 Hrs.

Course Description
This course is designed for first year of Four years B.Sc. program. The main aim of this course is to provide
knowledge of Calculus.

Course Objectives: The objective of this course is to acquaint students with the concepts of Calculus and
differential equations and their applications. It aims at enabling students to build knowledgebase in Calculus.

Course Contents

Unit 0. Review of Elementary Calculus: Functions, Graphs, Evaluations of limits, Continuity, Discontinuity,
Test of continuity and properties of continuous functions. [10 Lectures]

Unit 1. Tangents and Normals: Tangents and normals, Subtangents, Subnormal and their lengths, Derivatives
of arc length, Polar equations of subtangents and subnormal, Angle between radius vector and tangent, Length
of perpendicular from pole on tangent, Pedal equations and Angle between two curves.
[10 Lectures]

Unit 2. Higher Order Derivatives and Mean Value Theorems: Higher order derivatives, Following theorems
(without proofs): Rolle's theorem, Langrange's theorem Cauchy Mean Value theorem, Maclaurin's theorem and
Taylor's theorem and their applications in solving problems. [15 Lectures]

Unit 3. Application of Derivatives: Indeterminate forms, L'Hospital's rule (without proof), Asymptotes,
Types of asymptotes, Asymptotes of algebraic curves, Curve tracing techniques, Standard curves and their
tracing, Curvature, Chord of curvature, Curvature at origin, Center and circle of curvature.
[15 Lectures]

Unit 4. Partial Differentiations and Maxima and Minima of Functions of 2 and 3 Variable: Basic ideas of
limits and continuity of functions of 2 and 3 variables, Partial derivatives and their geometrical interpretation,
Higher order partial derivatives, Homogeneous functions, Euler's theorem (proof for 2 variables only), Total
differentials, Extreme values, Stationary points, Criteria for maxima and minima, Subsidiary conditions,
Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers. [15 Lectures]

Unit 5. Integration and Definite Integrals: Integration concepts, Integration techniques and standard
formulae, Integration of rational functions and hyperbolic functions, Integration as the limit of a sum, Definite
integral and fundamental theorem of integral calculus (without proof), properties of definite integral.
[10 Lectures]

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 46

Unit 6. Beta and Gamma Functions and Reduction formulae: Improper integrals, Beta and Gamma
functions and their properties, Reduction formulae. [8 Lectures]

Unit 7. Rectification and Quadrature, Volume and Surface Area of Solid of Revolution: Rectification
notion, Length formulae, Idea of quadrature and area formula, Volume and surface area of solid of revolution.
[10 Lectures]

Unit 8. Double Integrals: Double and iterated integrals in rectangular coordinates, Changes of variables in
double integrals( to polar coordinates and curvilinear coordinates), Computing area and volume using double
integrals, Application of double integrals in mechanics: mass and static moments of a lamina, centre of gravity,
moments of inertia of a lamina. [10 Lectures]

Unit 9. Vector Calculus: Vector Fields, Gradient Fields, Line Integrals, Line Integrals in Space, Line
Integrals of Vector Fields, The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals, Independence of Paths, Conservation
of Energy, Green‟s Theorem, Extended Version of Green‟s Theorem, Curl and Divergence, Vector forms of
Green‟s Theorem. [10 Lectures]

Unit 10. Vector Calculus (Contd.): Parametric Surfaces and their Areas, Surface Integrals, Surface Integrals
of Vector Fields, Stoke‟s Theorem, The Divergence Theorem. [10 Lectures]

Unit 11. Differential Equations of the First Order and the First Degree: Introduction, standard form,
Variables-separable equations, Homogeneous equations, Equations reducible to homogeneous equations, Non-
homogeneous equation of the first order, Exact differential equation, Condition for exactness, Integrating
factors first order, Exact differential equation, Condition for exactness, Integrating factors and techniques,
Linear differential equations and equations reducible to linear forms. [15 Lectures]

Unit 12. Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficient: Linear equations with constant
coefficients, Linear equations solvable using symbolic operators, Symbolic operation techniques, Particular
integrals and complementary function, Homogeneous linear equations, Equations reducible to homogeneous
form. [12 Lectures]

Text books

1. M.B. Singh and B.C. Bajracharya; Differential Calculus, Sukunda Pustak Bhandar,
Kathmandu, 1995.
2. G.D. Pant and G.S. Shrestha; Integral Calculus and Differential Equations, Sunita
Prakashan, Kathmandu 1994.
3. James Stewart, Calculus Early Transcendentals, Cengage Learning, 7th Edition Metric
Version, 2015.

Reference books

4. Anton, Bivens and Davis, Calculus, Wiley, 7th Edition, 2012.

5. D.A. Murray; Introductory Course in differential Equations, Oriental Longman.
6. T.M. Apostal; Calculus Vol I & II, Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 1986.
7. S.M. Maskey; Calculus, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, 2008.

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 47

 Tribhuvan University
Institute of Science and Technology
Course of Study for Four Year Mathematics

Course Title: Analytical Geometry and Vector Analysis Full Marks: 75

Course No. : MAT 102 Pass Mark: 26.25
Level : B.Sc. Year: I
Nature of Course: Theory Lectures: 150 Hrs.

Course Description: This course is designed for first year of Four years B.Sc. program. The main aim of this
course is to provide knowledge of Analytical Geometry and Vector Analysis.

Course Objectives: The objective of this course is to acquaint students with the basic concepts of Analytical
Geometry and Vector Analysis. It aims at enabling students to build good knowledgebase in the subject of
Analytical Geometry and Vector Analysis

Unit 1. Transformation of Coordinates: Introduction to polar, cylindrical and spherical coordinates,

Transformation, Rotation, Process involving combination of translation and rotation of axes, Invariants in
orthogonal transformation. [10 Lectures]

Unit 2. Conic Sections and their properties: Introduction, Conic section as a locus of a point and as a section
of a cone, Central conic sections, Ellipse and hyperbola, Derivation of their equations in standard forms,
Auxiliary circles and eccentric angle, Equations of tangent and normal, Chord of contact, Pole and polar and
their properties, Diameter, conjugate diameter and equi-conjugate diameter, Asymptotes of hyperbola,
Relations between the equation of the hyperbola, its asymptotes and the conjugate hyperbola, Equation of a
hyperbola, Equation of a hyperbola referred to the asymptotes as coordinate axes.
[20 Lectures]

Unit 3. Polar Equation of a Conic: Polar equation of a conic section with focus being a pole, Equation of the
chord of conic, Equation to the tangent, normal and chord of contact, Equation of the polar to a conic and
Equation of the asymptotes. [10 Lectures]

Unit 4. General Equation of the Second Degree: General equation of the second degree and the conic
representation by them, Nature of the conic, Center of conic, Equation of the tangent and condition of
tangency, Equation of pair of tangents, Director circle, Equation of the normal to a conic, Equation of pole and
polar with respect to a conic, Diameter and conjugate diameters, Intersection of conics, Asymptotes to a conic.
[10 Lectures]

Unit 5. Coordinates in three space and Plane: Review of coordinates in space, angle between two lines,
General equation of the first degree representing a plane, angle between two planes, Plane through three points,
Plane through intersection of the two planes, Condition for representing a pair of planes by the homogeneous
equation of the second degree [10 Lectures]

Unit 6. Straight lines: Representation of a line as the intersection of two planes, Line in symmetric form, Line
through two points, Reduction of the general form to the symmetrical form, Perpendicular distance of a point
from a line, Condition for a line to lie in a plane, General equation of a plane containing a line, Coplanar lines
and condition for it, Skew lines, Magnitude and equation of the line of shortest distance between two skew lies,
Intersection of three planes. [12 Lectures]

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 48

 Tribhuvan University
Institute of Science and Technology
Physics
Course Title: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics, Electricity and Magnetism Year : I

Course Code: PHY101 Full Marks: 100

Nature of Course: Theory Pass Marks: 35
Duration: 150 hours

Course Objectives

At the end of this course the student should be able to acquire sufficient basic knowledge in physic
and apply this knowledge for higher studies and research in physics

MECHANICS [50]
Course Contents:

1. Review of Laws of Motion: 1.1 Dynamics of a particle, General equations of motion, Types of
forces, Conservation laws, Work-Energy theorem, Conservative forces, 1.2 Motion of a body near
the surface of the earth, Linear restoring force, Potential energy curve, Non-conservative forces.
[3 hours]
2. Linear and Angular Momentum: 2.1 Conservation of linear momentum, Centre of mass,
Collision of two particles, 2.2 Deflection of a moving particle by a particle at rest, Rocket,
Angular momentum and torque, 2.3 Motion under central force, Areal velocity, 2.4 Examples of
conservation of angular momentum. [5 hours]
3. Gravitational Potentials and Fields: 3.1 Central Forces, Inverse square-law of force, 3.2
Gravitational field and potential, Velocity of escape, 3.3 Potential and field due to a thin spherical
shell and due to a solid sphere, Gravitational self energy, 3.4 Gauss‟s and Poisson‟s equation for
gravitational field, 3.5 Kepler's laws of planetary motion, 3.6 Deduction of Newton‟s law of
gravitation from Kepler‟s Laws. [7 hours]
4. Dynamics of Rigid Bodies: 4.1 Equations of motion for a rotating rigid body, 4.2 Theorems on
moment of inertia (M.I.), M.I. of a rectangular lamina, Solid uniform bar of rectangular cross-
section, Circular disc, Solid cylinder, Solid sphere and spherical shell, 4.3 Kinetic energy of a
rotating and rolling bodies, 4.4 Motion of a body rolling down an inclined plane, 4.5 Reduction of
two body problem to a single body problem. [6 hours]
5. Harmonic Oscillator: 5.1 Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and harmonic oscillator, 5.2
Examples of harmonic oscillator, Simple pendulum, Compound pendulum, 5.3 Mass-spring
system, 5.4 Torsional pendulum, 5.5 Helmholtz resonator, 5.6 Oscillation of two particles
connected by a spring ,N-coupled oscillators, 5.7 Damping force, Damped and forced harmonic
oscillator, 5.8 Power dissipation, Quality factor, 5.9 Power absorption. [8 hours]
6. Wave Motion: 6.1 General equation of wave motion, 6.2 Equation of plane progressive harmonic
wave, 6.3 Particle velocity and wave velocity, 6.4 Energy density for a plane progressive wave,
4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 60
 6.5 Intensity of wave and spherical waves, 6.6 Transverse waves in stretched strings, Modes of
vibration, 6.7 Longitudinal waves in rods and gases, 6.8 Flow of energy in stationary waves.
[7 hours]
7. Elasticity: 7.1 Relations connecting various elastic constants, 7.2 Angle of twist and angle of
shear, 7.3 Twisting couple on a cylindrical rod or wire, 7.4 Work done in twisting a rod or wire,
7.5 Bending of beams, Bending moment, 7.6 Cantilever, 7.7 Beam supported at its ends and
loaded in the middle. [8 hours]
8. Fluid Mechanics - Viscosity: 8.1 Kinematics of moving fluid, 8.2 Equation of continuity, 8.3
Bernoulli's theorem and its applications, 8.4 Viscous fluids, Streamline and turbulent flow,
Critical velocity, 8.5 Reynold's number, 8.6 Poiseuille's equation, Capillaries in series and
parallel. [6 hours]

THERMODYNAMICS [35]
Course Contents:

9. Thermodynamic Fundamental Concepts: 9.1 Thermodynamic systems, Thermal and

thermodynamic equilibrium, Equation of state, Thermodynamic processes, 9.2 External and
internal work, Internal energy, Quasi-static, Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isobaric and isochoric
processes. [3 hours]
10. Laws of Thermodynamics and Their Application: 10.1 Zeroth law, First law of
thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics, 10.2 Carnot‟s theorem, 10.3 Absolute scale of
temperature, 10.4 Entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes, Principle of increase
of entropy, 10.5 Entropy and second law, 10.6 Third law of thermodynamics and its applications.
[6 hours]
11. Thermodynamic Relations: 11.1 First and second latent heat equations, 11.2 Triple point,
Thermodynamic potentials, 11.3 Helmholtz‟s function, Enthalpy, 11.4 Gibb‟s function, 11.5
Maxwell‟s thermodynamic relations, Phase transition, 11.6 Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
[6 hours]
12. Concept of Ideal and Real Gases: 12.1 Concept of ideal and real gases, 12.2 Joule expansion,
Joule‟s law for perfect gas, 12.3 van der Waals equation, Critical constants of van der Waals gas,
12.4 Joule-Thomson expansion, Porous plug experiment, 12.5 Constancy of enthalpy, Adiabatic
expansion. [5 hours]
13. Production of Low Temperature: 13.1 Thermodynamics of refrigeration, Refrigeration cycle,
Co-efficient of performance, 13.2 Cooling in Joule-Thomson expansion, Regenerative cooling,
Cascade cooling, 13.3 Boyle‟s temperature of inversion, 13.4 Critical temperature and their
relations, 13.5 Liquefaction of Helium and its properties. [4 hours]
14. Transport Phenomenon: 14.1 Molecular collisions, Collision cross-section, Molecular diameter,
Mean free path, 14.2 Transport phenomenon, Transport of momentum - viscosity, 14.3 Transport
of energy - thermal conductivity, 14.4 Transport of mass - diffusion, 14.5 Brownian motion,
Einstein‟s theory of Brownian motion. [5 hours]
15. Black Body Radiation: 15.1 Total energy density, Spectral energy density, 15.2 Emissive power,
Absorptive power, Kirchoff‟s law, 15.3 Pressure of radiation, Pressure of diffusive radiation,
Stefan-Boltzmann‟s law , 15.4 Spectrum of black body radiation, Wien‟s displacement law, 15.5
Planck‟s radiation law, Rayleigh-Jean‟s law. [6 hours]

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 61

STATISTICAL PHYSICS [15]
Course Contents:

16. Classical statistical physics: 16.1 Phase space, Microstate, Macrostate, 16.2 Ensemble,
Constraints and accessible states, 16.3 Thermodynamic probability, 16.4 Fundamental postulates
of statistical mechanics, 16.5 Division of phase space into cells, 16.5 Boltzmann‟s canonical
distribution law, 16.6 Maxwell‟s distribution law of velocities, 16.7 Maxwell-Boltzmann
statistics, 16.7 Law of equipartition of energy. [10 hours]
17. Introduction to Quantum Statistical Physics: 17.1 Bose-Einstein statistics, 17.2 Fermi-Dirac
statistics, 17.3 Black body radiation, 17.4 Electron gas in metals, 17.5 Fermi energy. [5 hours]

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

[50]
Course Contents:

18. Elementary Vector Analysis: 18.1 Gradient of a scalar, Divergence and curl of a vector in
cartesian coordinates, 18.2 Divergence in polar coordinates, 18.3 Gauss's, Stoke's and Green's
theorems, 18.4 Laplacian in polar co-ordinate system, 18,5 Laplace's and Poisson's equation.
[5 hours]
19. Electrostatic Potential and Field: 19.1 Coulomb's law, Electric Potential energy of a system of
charges, Electric field strength, Electric flux, 19.2 Gauss's law and it's applications, 19.3 Electric
potential and the line integral of the electric field, 19.4 Equipotential surface, Potential and field
due to an electric dipole, Potential due to an infinitely long charged wire, Potential and field due
to an uniformly charged disc, 19.5 Force on a surface charge, 19.6 Method of electrical images.
[7 hours]
20. Electric Fields in Dielectrics: 20.1 A dipole in an electric field, Polar and non-polar molecules,
20.2 Dielectric polarization, Electric field due to a polarized dielectric (three electric vectors),
20.3 Gauss's law in dielectric, Energy stored in an electric field in the presence of dielectric,
Boundary conditions on field vectors, Molecular field in a dielectric, 20.4 The Clausius-Mossotti
relation, Polar molecules, 20.5 The Langevin Debye formula. [6 hours]
21. Magnetic Fields of Moving Charges: 21.1 Magnetic field and the magnetic flux, 21.2 Biot-
Savart's law and its applications, 20.3 Lorentz force, Ampere's circuital law and its applications,
Curl B and div B, 20.4 Magnetic vector and scalar potentials, 20.5 Magnetic dipole, 20.6 Force
between current carrying parallel wires. [6 hours]
22. Magnetic Properties and Fields: 22.1 The absence of isolated magnetic poles, 22.2 Magnetic
dipole moment of current loop and angular momentum, Magnetization, 22.3 Langevin's theory of
diamagnetism and paramagnetism, 22.4 Theory of ferromagnetism, 22.5 Energy loss due to
hysteresis, 22.6 Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Ferrites. [6 hours]
23. Electromagnetic Inductions: 23.1 Faraday's law, Skin effect, 23.2 Moving coil ballistic
galvanometer, Search coil, Flux meter, Earth inductor, Self and mutual induction, 23.3
Reciprocity theorem of mutual inductances, Self inductance of a solenoid, Toroid and two long
parallel wires, 23.4 Energy stored in magnetic field, Transformer. [4 hours]

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 62

24. Varying Currents: 24.1 Charging and discharging of a condenser through a resistance, 24.2 Rise
and decay of current in LR & LC circuit, 24.3 Charging and discharging of a capacitor through
inductance and resistance. [3 hours]
25. Alternating Current Circuit: 25.1 The complex number method for AC analysis, Impedance,
Reactance and admittance, 25.2 LCR circuits, Phase diagrams, Sharpness of resonance, 25.3
Quality factor, Power factor. [4 hours]
26. Maxwell's Electromagnetic Equations: 26.1 The displacement current, Maxwell's equations and
their use in propagation of electromagnetic wave, 26.2 Poynting vector, Derivation of Gauss's
theorem, 26.3 Faraday's law, Lenz law, 26.3 Biot-Savrat's law and Ampere's circuital law, 26.4
Energy of a charged particle in an electromagnetic field, 26.5 Reflection and refraction of
electromagnetic waves at the interface between two media, 26.6 Plane wave solution of
Maxwell‟s equations, The wave equation, 26.7 Plane electromagnetic waves in isotropic dielectric
and in conducting media. [9 hours]

Text Books:

1. Mathur D. S. (Revised by P. S. Hemne) – Mechanics, S. Chand and Company, Revised Ed.

(2012)

2. Singhal S. S., Agarwal J. P., Prakash S. - Heat, Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics,
Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 21st Ed. (2009)

3. Reitz J. R., Milford F. J., Christy R. W. - Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory, Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi, 3rd Ed. (1998)

Reference Books:

1. Upadhyaya J. C. – Mechanics, Ram Prasad and Sons, Agra, 4th Ed (1994)

2. Verma M. K. - Introduction to Mechanics, University Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., 1st Ed. (2008)

3. Sears F. W., Salinger G. L. - Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical

Thermodynamics, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 3rd Ed. (1998)
4. Lal Brij and Subrahmanyam N. - Heat and Thermodynamics, S. Chand and Company, New
Delhi, 16th Ed. (1994)

5. Reif F. - Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw Hill, Delhi (1985)

6. Kittel C., Kroemer H. - Thermal Physics, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2nd Ed. (1987)

7. Arora V. P., Saxena M. C., Prakash S. - Electricity and Magnetism:, Pragati Prakashan,
Meerut, 18th Ed. (2007)

8. Laud B. B.– Electromagnetics, Wiley Eastern Limited, 2nd Ed. (1992)

9. Griffiths D. J. - Introduction to Electrodynamics, PHI India, New Delhi, 3rd Ed. (2002)

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 63

 Tribhuvan University

Institute of Science and Technology

Physics

Course Title: Physics Laboratory Year: I

Course Code: PHY102 Full Marks: 50
Nature of Course: Practical Pass Marks: 20
Duration: 180 hrs

Course Description:

Physics Laboratory (General) Practical course consists of three sections: (a) Mechanical
Experiments, (b) Heat & Thermodynamics Experiments, and (c) Electricity & Magnetism
Experiments. Students have to perform at least 15 experiments in 180 working hours.
Students are required to perform 3 hours laboratory work twice in a week. Students should
complete at least 20 experiments in the first year. Students need to write a laboratory report
on each experiment they perform and get them duly checked and signed by the concerned
teacher. They should write their reports in a separate sheet, and to keep them neat and
properly filed.

Course Objectives:

1. To provide students with skill and knowledge in the experimental methods.

2. To make them able to apply knowledge to practical applications.
3. To make them capable of presenting their results/conclusions in a logical order.

B.Sc. First Year Lab Works [180]

1. To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity by using Bar Pendulum.
2. To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity by using Kater’s pendulum.
3. Perform the experiment 1 and 2 and compile a dataset of acceleration due to gravity of
your laboratory in a single set. Show the histogram and calculate the standard deviation
and standard error. Interpret the result.
4. To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel.
5. To determine the angular acceleration of a flywheel.
6. To determine the radius of gyration by of Bar Pendulum.
7. To determine the Young’s modulus of the material by bending beam method.
8. To determine of modulus of rigidity of wire by Maxwell’s vibration needle.

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 64

9. To study the conservation of momentum using Newton’s Cradle.
10. To determine the surface tension of liquid by Jaeger’s method.
11. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseulle’s method.
12. To find the co-efficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee’s method.
13. To find the co-efficient of thermal conductivity of insulating material (such as porcelain,
wood, or Styrofoam) using Thermocouples and a Fluke 52 digital thermometer.
14. To determine the mechanical equivalent of heat by Callender and Barne’s constant flow
method.
15. To determine the sensitivity and constant of Ballistic galvanometer.
16. To determine the capacitance by Ballistic galvanometer.
17. To determine the high resistance by the method of leakage.
18. To determine the low resistance by Carey Foster bridge.
19. To determine the magnetic field using search coil.
20. To determine the impedance of LCR series circuit.
21. To determine the time constant for RL, RC and LCR circuit.
22. To determine the efficiency of an electric kettle (or heating element) under varying input
voltages.
23. To determine the capacitance of a capacitor by ac bridge (de-Sauty’s method).
24. To determine the inductance of an inductor by Maxwell inductance-capacitance bridge.
25. To determine the coefficient of mutual inductance of two coils.

Text Books:

1. Arora C. L. - B.Sc. Practical Physics, S. Chand and Company Ltd. (2010)

2. Squires G. L. - Practical Physics, Cambridge University Press (1999)

Evaluation Scheme:

1. Student must perform three hours laboratory work twice a week to complete PHY102
lab works.
2. PHY102 will be examined for the duration of six hours in two different three hours
sessions.
3. The practical exam will be graded on the basis of the following marking scheme:
Record file: 20% Experiment: 50%
Error Analysis: 10% Viva: 20%

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 65

 Statistics
4 year B.Sc.

Year Subjects Theory/Practical Full Marks Total

Fundamentals of Statistics (STA 101) Theory 100

I
Fundamentals of Statistics (STA 102) Practical 50 150

Tribhuvan University
Institute of Science & Technology

Course Title: Fundamentals of Statistics Full Marks: 100

Course Code: STA 101 Pass Marks: 35
Level: B.Sc. Total Number of Periods: 150
Year: I
Nature of the Course: Theory

Course objectives:
To impart the knowledge of descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, theoretical as well as the
applied knowledge of probability and some probability distributions

Group A
1. Introduction to Statistics [5]

Meaning of Statistics as a Science; Importance of Statistics; Scope of Statistics in the field of physical
Sciences, Biological Sciences, Medical Sciences, Industry, Economics Sciences, Social Sciences,
Management Sciences, Information Technology, Agriculture, Insurance, Education and Psychology.
2. Population and Sample [8]

Types of Characteristics; Scales of measurement; qualitative, quantitative, discrete and continuous

variables, entities; Types of Data: (i) primary data, secondary data and their sources (ii) cross-
sectional data, time series data, failure time data, panel data; Notion of a statistical population: finite
population, infinite population, homogeneous population and heterogeneous population; Notion of
sample, random sample and non-random sample; methods of sampling (description only): simple
random sampling with replacement (SRSWR) and without replacement (SRSWOR).

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 66

3. Presentation of Data [6]

Organization of Data: Data mining, editing, coding and data management; assessing the quality of the
data; Classification and Tabulation : Raw data and its classification, Discrete frequency distribution,
construction of class interval (Sturge‟s rule), continuous frequency distribution, inclusive and
exclusive methods of classification, open end classes, cumulative frequency distribution and relative
frequency distribution; tabulation, construction of bivariate frequency distribution. Diagrammatic
Presentation of Data: Simple bar diagram, multiple bar diagram, sub-divided bar diagram, pie-chart
(review). Graphical Presentation of Data: Histogram, frequency curve, frequency polygon, ogive
curves stem and leaf chart, range chart; Check sheet, Pareto diagram
Problems and illustrative examples

4. Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion [17]

Concept of measures of central tendency; mathematical properties of arithmetic mean, weighted
arithmetic mean, trimmed mean, formula for computation of mode and median (with derivation)
graphical method, harmonic mean, weighted harmonic mean geometric mean, weighted geometric
mean, order relation between arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean (proof for n = 2),
problems focusing on theoretical aspects, empirical relationship between mean , median and mode,
choice of appropriate average
Concept of measures of dispersion, different methods of measuring dispersion, absolute and relative
measures of dispersion, minimality property of mean deviation, minimality property of mean square
deviation(with proof), variance and standard deviation, mathematical properties of standard deviation,
effect of change of origin and scale in standard deviation, combined variance(derivation for 2
independent groups), generalizations for n groups, coefficient of variation(C.V.), theoretical problems
of measures of dispersion; empirical relationships, five number summary; box plot, normal
probability plot; Lorenz curve, Ginni coefficient
Problems and illustrative examples
5. Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis [12]

Raw moments ( mr ' ) for grouped and ungrouped data; moments about an arbitrary constant for
grouped and ungrouped data mr (a ) ; Central moments ( mr ) for grouped and ungrouped data; Effect
of change of origin and scale; Relations between central moments and raw moments (up to 4th order).
Concept of skewness of frequency distribution; positive skewness, negative skewness, symmetric
frequency distribution, Bowley‟s coefficient of skewness : Computation of coefficient of skewness
using Bowley‟s formula and its interpretation, interpretation using Box plot; Karl Pearson‟s
coefficient of skewness; Measures of skewness based on moments ( 1 ,  1 ) , Concepts of kurtosis;
leptokurtic, mesokurtic and platykurtic frequency distributions; measures of kurtosis using partition
values; Measures of kurtosis based on moments (  2 ,  2 )

Problems and illustrative examples

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 67

6. Introduction to Correlation [12]
Bivariate data, bivariate frequency distribution, correlation between two variables, positive
correlation, negative correlation, scatter diagram to explore the type of correlation, covariance
between two variables: Definition, computation, effect of change of origin and scale; Karl Pearson‟s
coefficient of correlation (r): Definition, computation for grouped and ungrouped data and
interpretation, assumptions for Karl Pearson‟s correlation coefficient, theoretical problems

Properties (with proof): (i) 1  r  1, (ii) Effect of change of origin and scale
Spearman‟s rank correlation including tied cases
Problems and illustrative examples

7. Regression Analysis [15]

Concept of regression, lines of regression, fitting of lines of regression by the least squares method,
interpretation of slope and intercept, concept of linearity
Regression coefficient (byx, bxy): Definition, computation, properties (with proof).

y 
(i) byxbxy = r2 , (ii) byxbxy  1, (iii) byx  r , bxy  r x ,
x y

(iv) Effect of change of origin and scale, (v) Angle between the two lines of regression
Mean residual sum of squares, Residual plot and its interpretation for assessing the goodness of fit of
the regression line, explained and unexplained variation, coefficient of determination; concept of
multiple regression
Problems and illustrative Examples

Group B
8. Introduction to Probability [20]
Review of set operations; Concepts in probability: deterministic and random experiments; Definitions
of terms: trial and event, outcome, sample space, equally likely, mutually exclusive, exhaustive and
favorable cases, sure and impossible events, independent and dependent events; Definitions of
probability: mathematical (classical), statistical (relative frequency) and subjective with their merits
and demerits; Combinatorial analysis and combinatorial probability examples, algebra of events and
probability; Properties of probability and basic theorems: Additive and multiplicative theorems,
Boole‟s inequality; Axiomatic definition of probability, geometrical probability and Bertrand‟s
paradox; Conditional probability, pair-wise and mutual independence, Bayes theorem, prior and
posterior probabilities, sensitivity, specificity, predictive value positive and predictive value negative
of a diagnostic test
Problems and illustrative examples
4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 68
9. Random Variables [10]

Concept of a random variable, types of random variables: Discrete and continuous

random variables; Probability distribution of a random variable: probability mass
function and probability density function, distribution function and its properties;
Functions of random variables, examples of linear and nonlinear transformations.
Problems and illustrative examples

10. Theory of Mathematical Expectation [15]

Mathematical expectation of a random variable (discrete and continuous) and its function, properties
of mathematical expectation of random variables, addition and multiplicative theorems of
expectation, covariance and correlation, conditional expectation, conditional variance, variance of a
linear combination of random variables; Moments of random variables: Raw and central moments,
uses of moments, obtaining measures of location (averages), dispersion, skewness and kurtosis of a
given probability distribution; Generating functions: Moment generating function, probability
generating function, cumulant generating function and characteristic function with their properties.
Problems and illustrative examples

11. Probability Distributions [30]

Discrete distributions: Bernoulli trial, binomial and Poisson distributions, their mass functions,
distribution functions, moment generating functions, characteristic functions, moments, properties,
distribution fittings; Continuous distributions: Rectangular and normal distributions: their probability
density functions, distribution functions, moment generating and characteristic functions, properties
and uses, normal distribution as an approximation of binomial and Poisson distributions, standard
normal distribution, distribution fittings.
Problems and illustrative examples

References:
1. Miller and Fruend (2007). Modern Elementary Statistics, Pearson Publishers.
2. Snedecor and Cochran (1980). Statistical Methods, Oxford and IBH Publishers
3. Gupta S.C. and Kapoor V.K.(2012). Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand
and Sons, New Delhi
4. Shrestha H.B., Statistics and Probability: Concepts and Techniques, EKTA Books. Latest
Edition.
5. Sthapit Azaya, Yadav Rashinder, Khanal Shankar. (2012). Fundamentals of Statistics, Asmita
Publication, Kathmandu, Nepal
6. Sukubhattu, N. P. (2063 BS). Probability Theory and Statistical Methods, 2nd edition, Asmita
Publications, Kathmandu
7. Daniel, W.W (2000). Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences, 7th
edition, John Wiley and sons, INC

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 69

 Tribhuvan University
Institute of Science & Technology
Level: B.Sc.
Year: I
Course Title: Fundamentals of Statistics
Course Code: STA 102 Full Marks: 50
Nature of the Course: Practical Pass Marks: 20
Total Number of Periods:180

Pre-requisites: Knowledge of the topics in theory, and the laboratory with well-equipped
computers facility should be arranged..

Course objectives:

 To develop computational skills in descriptive statistics and probability

 To apply theoretical knowledge in practical numerical problems
 To make students familiar for handling statistical software for data analysis

Practical problems

S.No. Title of the practical problems No. of

practical
problems
Arrangement of raw data pertaining to discrete and continuous variables into
1 the proper format for further statistical analysis using appropriate codes (if 1
necessary) (Also use MS EXCEL Spread sheet)
Preparation of frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution,
histogram, frequency curves, stem and leaf plot, box and whisker plot(Also
2 1
use MS EXCEL Spread sheet and any statistical software such as SPSS,
STATA etc. whichever convenient)
Diagrammatical presentation of data(Also use MS EXCEL Spread sheet)
3 with problems based on simple diagram, subdivided bar diagram, Pie 1
diagram etc.
4 Problems using Pareto Diagram 1
Computation of measures of central tendency (ungrouped and grouped data)
Use of an appropriate measure and interpretation of results and computation
5 1
of partition values (Also using MS EXCEL spread sheet and any statistical
software such as SPSS, STATA etc. whichever convenient).
Computation measures of dispersion (ungrouped and grouped data) and
computation of coefficient of variation. (Also using MS EXCEL spread
6 1
sheet and any statistical software such as SPSS, STATA etc. whichever
convenient)

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 70

S. No. Title of the practical problems No. of
practical
problems
7 Computation of raw and central moments 1
8 Measures of skewnwss and kurtosis using method of moments 1
Measures of Skewnwss using Box and whisker plot. (Also using MS EXCEL
9 spread sheet and any statistical software such as SPSS, STATA etc. 1
whichever convenient).
Scatter diagram, correlation coefficient (ungrouped data) and interpretation.
10 1
Compute manually and check with computer output.
11 Fitting of lines of regression (Results to be verified with computer output) 1
Fitting of lines of regression and computation of correlation coefficient,
Mean residual sum of squares, residual plot. (Also using MS EXCEL spread
12 1
sheet and any statistical software such as SPSS, STATA etc. whichever
convenient)
13 Combinatorial analysis and combinatorial probability 2
14 Geometrical probability 1
Conditional probability and Bayes theorem including sensitivity, specificity,
15 3
predictive value positive and predictive value negative
16 Functions of random variables with linear and non linear transformations 2
17 Obtaining descriptive statistics of probability distribution 2
18 Fitting probability distributions in real data (Binomial, Poisson and Normal) 3
Total number of practical problems 25

4th year B.Sc. syallabus-2073 revised Page 71