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    SCIENCE 6 Concept Note 2.4

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    Che Lucas

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    SCIENCE 6 Concept Note 2.4

    Uploaded by

    Che Lucas
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    SCIENCE-6-Concept-Note-2.4

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    10 views5 pages

    SCIENCE 6 Concept Note 2.4

    Uploaded by

    Che Lucas

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ARELLANO UNIVERSITY

    ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT

    D.L. P in SCIENCE 6
    2nd Quarter
    Activity Sheet
    #2.4

    Topic : LESSON 2 . 4 : THE NERVOUS SYSTEM


    Date: __________
    Objectives: After learning the contents in this D.L.P, you will be able to do the following:

    1. Identify each organ in the Nervous System.


    2. Explain how each organ work together for our Nervous System to function well.

    Hello dedicated learner! How are you today? I am hoping that you are safe and healthy at home.

    Enjoy learning our lesson about the Nervous System!

    CONCEPT NOTE 2 .4: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

    Activities such as eating, dancing, studying, crossing the street, and playing basketball all
    involve both voluntary and involuntary actions. When you eat, dance, cross the street, and play
    basketball, you move your body voluntarily. At the same time, you also breathe involuntarily.
    Your brain enables you to move your body. Your brain tells you the taste of the food you are
    eating, makes you remember the next dance step as you listen to music, makes you realize the
    dangers of an approaching vehicle, and makes you think of what to do with the ball in order for
    you to win the game. All these happen because of the control and communication system of the
    body- the Nervous system.
     The Nervous System is made up of the brain, the
    spinal cord, and the nerves.
     It is divided into two the central nervous system and
    the peripheral nervous system.
     The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous
    system.
     The nerves make up the peripheral nervous system.

    DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM


    The nervous system plays a very significant role in controlling all body activities. It is made up of
    billions of nerve cells that are responsible for allowing the body to communicate with the outside
    environment.
    The nervous system is divided into two main parts:
    The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

    1. Central Nervous System


    The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal
    cord are continuous and share many characteristics. Both structures are protected from injury by
    bones and by protective membranes called meninges. The meninges of the brain continue to
    download as coverings of the spinal cord.
    The central nervous system controls all the activities of the body, including internal sensory
    perception, conscious movement, and complex functions such as thought and memory.

    Brain
    Human brain is made up of more than 100 billion of nerve cells or neurons. EachPAGE 22
    neuron is connected to as many as 25, 000 other neurons. Brain is subdivided into
    Nervous System |2nd3Quarter
    main parts – cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem
    a. Cerebrum
     the largest portion of the brain. It is made up of two cerebral hemispheres.
    These are connected by nerves that form a structure called corpus collosum.
     Cerebrum is the origin of thinking and awareness.
     Cerebrum controls thoughts, memory, learning, and some voluntary
    movements.
     It also controls the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell.
     Deep grooves separate each hemisphere into 4 lobes-frontal, parietal,
    temporal and occipital lobes. The highly folded outer layer of the cerebrum is
    called the cerebral cortex.
     The folds or convolutions, maximize the surface area of the brain within the
    limits imposed by the cranium or skull.
    b. Cerebellum
     It is smaller and it lies just below the cerebrum at the back of the head.
     Its major function is to maintain the body’s sense of balance.
     It also coordinates muscular activities such as walking, running, and
    swimming.
    c. Brain Stem
     The smallest part of the brain. It is located at the base of the skull, just below
    the cerebellum.
     The brain stem relays information to and from the cerebrum and plays an
    important role in controlling body actions.
     The brain stem has 3 main sections : midbrain, medulla oblongata and the
    pons
    Midbrain controls reflexes such as adjusting the size of the pupil of the eye.
    Medulla oblongata is a group of neurons that serves as both a nerve relay
    station and a control center. It controls life-sustaining activities such as heart
    rate, breathing rate, and the flow of blood through the blood vessels.
    Pons serves as relay station between the nerves and the cerebrum and
    those of the cerebellum. It also relays the message between the midbrain
    and the medulla oblongata.
    Thalamus directs all incoming sensory impulses, except odors, to the proper
    region of the cerebral cortex.
    Hypothalamus located below the thalamus is connected by nerve fibers
    with the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and parts of the brain stem. The
    interaction of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland of the endocrine
    system helps maintain chemical homeostasis of the body. It is also
    responsible for drives and emotions like pain, anger, pleasure, hunger, and
    thirst.
    Spinal Cord
    Your spine is made up of bones called vertebrae. A channel, called the spinal canal,
    is in the center of these vertebrae. Extending from the medulla down through the spinal
    cord. The spinal cord extends to almost the entire length of the spine. A liquid called spinal
    fluid bathes the spinal cord.
    Thirty-one pairs of nerves branch out from the spinal cord. One nerve in each pair
    carries impulses to the spinal cord. The other nerve in each pair carries impulses away
    from the spinal cord. Suppose your spinal cord were cut into two. All parts of your body
    below the cut would become paralyzed. Why? Because the nerves would no longer be able
    to receive carry nerve impulses from your brain. Remember, the brain controls all the
    activities of the body. The nerves and the spinal cord is cut, the brain loses control of
    these body parts.

    2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 23


    Nervous System |2nd Quarter
    The peripheral nervous system consists of a network of nerves to ensure the steady flow of
    signals and information in and out of the brain. In humans, 12 cranial nerves connect the
    brain to various parts of the head and upper neck. The 31 pairs of spinal nerves connect the
    spinal cord to all the remaining parts of the body. Communication between the central
    nervous system and the rest if the body takes place through the branches of the peripheral
    nervous system.
    Nerve Cells or Neurons
    The human nervous system depends on electrical signals or impulses to send and receive
    messages throughout the body. The function of the nerves is similar to that of the electric
    wires in an electric circuit.
    Nerve is composed of cells called neurons. Neurons carry nerve on impulses or electrical
    signals.
    Nerve impulse is a “message” that moves rapidly from one end of a neuron to another.
    Nerve impulses in human body travel at speeds from 0.5 meter per second(m/s) to 100
    m/s.
    3 PARTS OF NEURON:
    1. Cell body – it has a nucleus that serves as its
    control center.
    2. Dendrites – it branches out the cell body. It
    receives electrical impulses from other neurons
    and then carry them toward the cell body.
    3. Axon- a long threadlike structure. It carries the
    electrical impulses away from the cell body.
    Axon ends in fingerlike projections called axon
    terminals. From the axon terminal, the
    electrical impulses travel by chemical
    messengers across a small space between
    neurons called synapse. Then electrical
    impulses are received by the dendrites of the
    next neuron and the process begins again.
    There are 3 kinds of neurons in the human body. They are classified according to the direction of
    the message or impulse they carry.
    1. Sensory Neurons carry impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system.
    Receptors are structures which produce impulses in responses to a stimulus. A stimulus is
    anything that causes a reaction. Sound, light, and heat are examples of stimuli.
    Receptors respond to conditions inside and
    outside of the body. For example, the eyes,
    ears, nose contain receptors. Eyes are
    stimulated by light, years by sound, and the
    nose by molecules. Receptors inside the
    body are stimulated by certain kinds of body
    changes. Receptors produce impulses which
    are carried to the brain by nerves. This is
    how you feel pain. Pain may be produced by
    impulses from diseased or injured organ.

    2. Motor neuron scary impulses away from the central nervous system to the effectors.
    Effectors are structures that respond when stimulated by nerve impulses. Muscles and
    glands are examples of effectors. Muscles contract and certain glands release chemicals
    when stimulated by nerve impulses.
    3.
    4. Interneurons connect sensory neurons and motor neurons. They are in the spinal cord and
    brain. Interneurons transfer incoming impulses from sensory neurons to outgoing impulses
    in motor neurons.
    REFLEX ACTION
    One important function of the peripheral nervous system is the relaying of impulses in reflex
    actions. These are involuntary and usually self-protective movements.
    For example, if you touch a hot stove, you draw away your hand from the heat automatically
    without first having to think about the situation.

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