BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5

SCHEDULE:WF 3:30-6:00PM

INSTRUCTOR: AR. JAMES TIPAY

RESEARCH WORK NO:002

"COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION (CONCRETE & STEEL)"

"GROUP ASSIGNMENT"

DATE ISSUED: 07 NOVEMBER 2024

DATE DUE: 13 NOVEMBER 2024

DATE SUBMITTED: 13 NOVEMBER 2024

REFERENCES:

ESC Group. (2021, November 6). Steel-Concrete Composite

Construction. escpile. https://www.escpile.com/single-post/steel-concrete-composite-construction
Steel-Concrete Composite Structure. (n.d.). ScienceDirect.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/steel-concrete-composite-structure
Composite construction. (n.d.).
steelconstruction.info. https://www.steelconstruction.info/Composite_construction
Patel, V., & Mistri, H. (2022). History and applications of concrete-steel composite
structure.ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365635838_History_and_
applications_of_concrete_steel_composite_structure
https://www.permasteelisagroup.com/project-detail?project=930
https://www.britannica.com/place/One-World-Trade-Center
https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/building-the-museum-of-the-future
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352012423013802
https://gramercyresidencesmakati.phproperty.com/
https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/mactan-cebu-international-
airport/?cf-view
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/03/mactan-cebu-international-airport-
philippines-integrated-design-associates/
https://philippines.uli.org/uli-case-study-bonifacio-global-city/ GROUP 5
ANGALA, ANNA MARIE R. / 2021300109
gramercyresidencesmakati.phproperty.com DAVID, WALTER SPHENCER C. / 2021300881
MANDAP, ALYSSA ASHLEY M. / 2021300224
UMIPIG, EZEKIEL JUDE / 2021301050

BS ARCHITECTURE/ 4TH YEAR/ 4D

INTRODUCTION

Steel-concrete composite construction uses the strengths of steel and concrete to create a
structural system that is efficient, cost-effective, and durable. The method takes advantage of
concrete's strong compressive strength and steel's tensile strength, resulting in a construction
style that is becoming more prevalent in high-rise buildings, bridges, and huge infrastructure
projects. Composite constructions benefit from lower material usage, increased load-bearing
capacity, and better seismic resistance by combining steel beams or columns with concrete
slabs or encasements. Furthermore, steel-concrete composites can provide faster construction
timelines and more versatile design options than standard reinforced concrete or steel-only
systems. As the demand for sustainable and resilient infrastructure develops, steel-concrete
composite construction emerges as an innovative approach to improving the durability and
sustainability of modern buildings.

In Summary, Construction materials of different properties are combined to interact and

respond against loads in synchronization rather than individually. These composite materials
are physically connected to utilize their distinct strengths and features to form a single unit
stronger than any separate parts.
Composite construction is meant to achieve efficient and lightweight structural solutions for
construction and other related industries.
HISTORY
The concept of steel-concrete composite building arose in the early twentieth century, owing
to the demand for stronger, more efficient structural systems in quickly expanding cities. The
first steps were taken in the United States and Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, when engineers
began experimenting with encasing steel beams in concrete to improve fire resistance.
Composite building became more standardized in the mid-twentieth century, particularly in
bridge construction, due to the strength and stability it gave under enormous loads. In the 1950s
and 1960s, advancements in welding processes and high-strength steel increased its popularity,
allowing for more seamless material integration.
Pioneers in structural engineering, such as Hardy Cross and
other early modern engineers, helped to advance
understanding of composite action between materials, laying
the framework for present applications. Standards and design
procedures have grown since then, owing in large part to
organizations such as the American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC) and Eurocodes, which established
formal recommendations for composite structural systems in
buildings and infrastructure projects.
Composite columns with reinforced concrete core and steel
pipe or steel tubular shell were introduced to provide an
integral and permanent formwork. Profiled galvanized metal
sheets were also introduced to eliminate traditional formworks and at the same time, increasing
the strength of reinforced concrete slabs.
APPLICATIONS
Composite construction is extensively used in bridges, multistorey buildings, warehouses,
marine structures, and more. Many applications in the mentioned structures are categorized as
beams & girders, floor systems, and column systems.

Composite Beams and Girders. Composite

beam includes a steel section in I or W shape
attached to a concrete slab by shear connectors
atop of it. They have been recognized as one of
the most economical structural systems for both
multistorey buildings and bridges.
Obviously, building and bridge floors should be
stiff and massive enough to reduce deflection and
vibrations. In this case, reinforced concrete is
undoubtedly the material of choice. The
supporting beam or girder, however should have a
superior strength-weight ratio, a quality that only
steel can offer.

Composite Floor Systems. Composite floor

system consists of steel beams, profiled metal
decking, and reinforced concrete slab. These
materials are combined in a compact and very
efficient way to form a profile that is basically
designed to hold gravity or dead loads as well as
traffic loads.
Composite floor systems are mostly used as
bridge decks and floor slab for wide range of
building classifications largely for elevated car parks and multistorey commercial buildings.
Composite Column Systems. Composite columns can either be
concrete-filled steel tube or concrete-encased steel element. Either
way, composite columns are advantageous as follows.
• Flexural resistance of steel pipe or tube is maximized when
provided with concrete infill
• Steel casing prevents spalling and confines the concrete.
• Concrete infill delays local buckling of the steel casing and
enhances compression resistance
• Steel casement replaces formwork and reinforcing steel
SHEAR CONNECTION SYSTEM
Shear connection systems are critical components in
structural engineering, particularly in composite
constructions where steel beams and concrete slabs
interact. These systems ensure that the two materials
work together effectively under various loads,
enhancing the overall stability and load-bearing
capacity of structures.

Shear connection systems are utilized in various structural applications, including:

• Composite beams: Where concrete slabs and steel beams work together.
• Bridge retrofitting: Enhancing load capacity and overall stability.
• Multi-storey buildings: Providing necessary shear resistance while maintaining
flexibility in design.

Advantages
The success and versatility of composite construction can be stated in a simple and straight
forward explanation - concrete responds excellently in compression and steel behaves the same
in tension.
Joining the two materials together as a structure, these strengths can be used to achieve a highly
efficient and lightweight design that can effectively resist both axial and flexural forces. Other
benefits and advantages are as follows:

• Composite systems are over 25% lighter than concrete construction. As a result, site
erection and installation are easier, and labor costs can be minimized.
• Steel-concrete composite can have high strength from a relatively small cross-sectional
area.
• The reduced weight of composite itself reduces the forces in those elements supporting
them. In this way, supporting members including foundation costs can also be reduced.
• Superior strength-to-weight ratio of composite materials allows compact designs which
are expected to be aesthetical, economical, safe, and green.
• Composite systems eliminate the costly activities of traditional concrete forming like
propping, stripping, and other temporary works.
• Steel and concrete can be arranged to produce an ideal combination of strength
according to calculated requirements.
• Concrete-encased steel elements have good resistance to buckling, fire, and corrosion.
• Composite beams can cover longer spans without the need of intermediate columns,
thanks to steel.
• Composite columns reduce the requirement of lateral reinforcement and time-
consuming fixing of lateral ties, as well as providing easier connection to steel beams
of a steel-framed structure.
• Composite columns involving steel tube or pipe casing simplifies foundation works and
construction in bodies of water.
• In marine construction, pouring of concrete under water is made possible by applying
composites. Driven steel pipes and sheet piles serves as integral and permanent
formworks for concrete infill.
• Concreting of succeeding floors may proceed without having to wait for the previously
cast floors to gain strength. The steel decking system provides positive moment
reinforcement for the composite floor, requiring only small amounts of temperature bars
to control cracking.
Disadvantages
While steel-concrete composite construction offers numerous benefits, it also has some
disadvantages:
• Complex Design and Detailing Requirements: Composite construction requires
precise calculations and detailing to ensure compatibility between steel and concrete,
which can be more complex than traditional methods.

• Higher Initial Costs: Although the overall lifecycle cost can be lower due to faster
construction and reduced material use, the initial costs for materials, specialized labor,
and quality assurance can be higher than for traditional reinforced concrete structures.

• Need for Skilled Labor and Specialized Equipment: Composite construction

requires skilled workers to handle tasks such as welding, proper formwork setup, and
ensuring accurate steel placement.
• Fireproofing Requirements: Steel is vulnerable to high temperatures, so fireproofing
measures are essential to ensure safety in composite structures.

• Differential Shrinkage and Creep: Over time, concrete may experience shrinkage and
creep (deformation under sustained load), while steel remains stable.

• Corrosion of Steel Components: In humid or corrosive environments, steel elements

embedded in concrete are at risk of corrosion, especially if the concrete quality or
protective coatings are inadequate. Corrosion can weaken the steel, impacting the
composite action and reducing the structure's lifespan.

• Temperature Sensitivity: Steel and concrete have different thermal expansion rates,
which may lead to stress concentrations and potential structural issues if not accounted
for, particularly in areas with significant temperature fluctuations.

COMMON APPLICATION
Concrete-steel composite construction is utilized in a variety of applications due to its enhanced
structural performance, efficiency, and versatility. Some of the most common applications
include:

1. High-Rise Buildings: Composite construction is frequently used in skyscrapers and multi-

story buildings, where the combination of concrete cores and steel frames provides stability
and strength while minimizing the weight of the structure.
2. Bridges: Many modern bridges employ composite methods, using concrete deck slabs
supported by steel girders or trusses. This approach maximizes load capacity and minimizes
material costs while providing durability.
3. Industrial Structures: Factories and warehouses often utilize composite construction for
their large spans and heavy load requirements. The combination allows for efficient space
utilization and the ability to accommodate heavy machinery.
4. Parking Structures: Composite construction is also popular in parking garages, where steel
beams support concrete slabs. This design provides the necessary strength for vehicle loads
while allowing for large open spaces.
5. Sports Facilities: Stadiums and arenas benefit from composite construction due to the large
spans required for unobstructed views and seating arrangements, providing both functionality
and aesthetic appeal.
6. Educational and Institutional Buildings: Schools and universities often use composite
systems to create flexible and durable spaces that can serve various purposes, from classrooms
to auditoriums.
7. Office Buildings: Many office buildings utilize concrete-steel composites for their structural
frames, providing open floor plans and large window areas while maintaining stability and
safety.
8. Residential Towers: In urban areas, high-rise residential buildings often adopt composite
construction to achieve the necessary height and load-bearing capacity while using materials
efficiently.
9. Construction of Flat Slabs: Composite construction techniques are also applied in flat slab
systems, where concrete floors are poured over steel beams, helping to reduce formwork and
labor costs.

EXAMPLES
LOCAL
The Gramercy Residence, Makati, Philippines
The Gramercy Residences is a luxurious high-rise
condominium located in the heart of Makati, Philippines, and is
renowned for being one of the tallest buildings in the country.
Designed by the acclaimed architectural firms Roger Villarosa
& Associates and Jerde Partnership, this 71-story tower features
a New York-inspired design and offers a variety of fully
furnished residential units ranging from studios to three-
bedroom apartments, all equipped with modern amenities.
Residents enjoy access to an array of facilities including a
rooftop bar, fitness center, and a stunning Skypark with infinity
pools and waterfalls, making it a premier choice for urban living
in the bustling Central Business District.
Architect/Designer: Roger Villarosa Architects & Associates
and Jerde Partnership
Construction involved advanced techniques
and materials to create a modern luxury
residence. The project included a three-story
podium that supports the main tower, along
with extensive amenities such as
the Skypark on the 36th floor, featuring
infinity pools and landscaped areas. The
building's unique design emphasizes energy
efficiency and aesthetic appeal, incorporating
features like large glass panels for natural
light. The Gramercy Residences was
marketed as the Philippines’ first fully furnished and serviced "hyper-amenitized"
condominium, offering a variety of unit types and luxurious facilities to enhance urban living.

Mactan-Cebu International Airport

Mactan-Cebu International Airport
Terminal 2, inaugurated on July 1, 2018, is a
state-of-the-art facility designed exclusively
for international flights. The terminal
showcases an innovative design inspired by
Cebuano culture, characterized by its
undulating roof made of timber arches and
extensive use of glass to create a bright and
airy atmosphere, while offering modern
amenities such as 48 check-in counters and
multiple boarding bridges to enhance the travel experience. This development marks a
significant upgrade for the airport, transforming it into a world-class international hub and
supporting the growing passenger traffic in the region.
Architect/Designer: Integrated Design Associates (IDA), Budji Layug, Royal Pineda and
Kenneth Cobonpue
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
(MCIA) features two main passenger
terminals with distinct structural designs.
Terminal 1, built in 1990, has a floor area
of 38,525 square meters and can
handle 11.7 million passengers annually.
Terminal 2, which opened in July 2018,
spans 65,500 square meters and is
designed to accommodate 8 million
passengers per year. The terminal's
design includes an undulating roof made
of glued laminated timber arches that
span approximately 30 meters, supported by thousands of smaller wooden ribs, creating a
spacious interior with ample natural light.
Bonifacio Global City (BGC)
Bonifacio Global City (BGC) is a rapidly
developing central business district in
Taguig, Metro Manila, covering
approximately 240 hectares and designed
as a mixed-use urban environment that
integrates residential, commercial, and
recreational spaces. Initially a military
base, BGC has transformed into a thriving
hub featuring over 7.8 million square
meters of developed space, including
high-end retail centers, international
schools, and luxury residential
complexes, making it a key player in the Philippines' economic growth and urban development
landscape. The area is characterized by its modern infrastructure, pedestrian-friendly streets,
and vibrant community atmosphere, supported by significant public-private partnerships that
have facilitated its ongoing expansion and modernization.
Architect/Designer: Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum (HOK).

INTERNATIONAL
Lakhta Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
The Lakhta Centre is the tallest building in
Europe, reaching a height of 462 meters (1,516
feet) and comprising 87 floors. Completed in
2019, it serves as the headquarters for Gazprom
and is located on the Gulf of Finland's coast. The
building features a unique twisting design that
resembles a flame or needle, symbolizing water's
transformative nature from liquid to ice. Its facade
consists of 16,500 curved glass panels, making it
one of the largest glass-clad structures globally.
The design incorporates advanced energy-efficient
technologies, earning it LEED Platinum
certification for sustainability. The foundation
required a Guinness World Record for the longest
continuous concrete pour, highlighting the
engineering challenges overcome during
construction.
Architect/Designer: RMJM (Tony Kettle) and ZAO Gorproject
 Its foundation consists of 264
bored concrete piles, each reaching
depths of 72 to 82 meters to ensure
stability in the challenging sandy and
marshy soil. The tower features a
central stiffness core that supports the
structure and houses essential
services, while its unique five-pointed
star shape allows for a twisting design
that distributes loads effectively. The
building comprises 90 floors,
including 87 above ground, and is
equipped with 40 high-speed
elevators.The façade of the Lakhta
Center features approximately 16,500 curved glass panels that change color with sunlight,
enhancing its dynamic appearance. It employs a double-skin design for thermal insulation and
natural ventilation, contributing to energy efficiency. The building incorporates various
sustainability measures, including water-saving fixtures and advanced firefighting systems
designed for high-rises. Overall, the Lakhta Center not only addresses the challenges of its
location but also sets new benchmarks in modern skyscraper construction and sustainable
design.
One World Trade Center, New York City, USA
Completed in 2014, One World Trade Center
stands at 541 meters (1,776 feet) and is the main building
of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex. Its design
employs a concrete-steel composite structure that
enhances its resilience against high winds and seismic
activity. A notable aspect is its use of sustainable materials
and energy-efficient systems, contributing to its status as
a symbol of renewal for New York City after the
September 11 attacks. The building's height is symbolic,
reflecting the year of American independence.
Architect/Designer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
(SOM)

The structural system of One WTC consists of a reinforced concrete core surrounded
by a ductile perimeter steel moment frame, providing significant resistance to gravity and
lateral forces. The building includes 54 high-speed elevators and features advanced safety
measures, such as enhanced fireproofing and wider egress routes. One WTC encompasses 104
stories, with approximately 3 million rentable square feet of office space, a grand public
lobby, and the One World Observatory located on the 100th to 102nd floors.
Museum of the Future, Dubai, UAE
The Museum of the Future's facade is
made out of stainless steel and consists of
1,024 pieces manufactured by a
specialized robot assisted process;
covering a total surface area of 17,600
square meters. Opened in 2022, the
Museum of the Future is an architectural
landmark known for its distinctive
toroidal shape and innovative design.
Standing at 78 meters tall with seven
floors, it utilizes a concrete-steel
composite construction that allows for
large open interior spaces without
columns obstructing views. The
building's facade is adorned with Arabic calligraphy and features advanced technologies for
energy efficiency and sustainability. It serves as a hub for innovation and showcases futuristic
concepts across various fields. The design emphasizes a blend of traditional craftsmanship with
modern engineering techniques.
Architect/Designer: Killa Design

The structural integrity of the Museum of the Future is achieved through a diagrid
system composed of approximately 2,400 intersecting steel members, which provides both
support and aesthetic appeal. This innovative framework allows for large open spaces without
the need for internal columns. The building utilizes advanced technologies such as Building
Information Modeling (BIM) and parametric design to optimize construction processes and
material usage. The façade integrates 14 kilometers of LED lighting, enhancing its visual
impact at night. Additionally, the museum has received LEED Platinum certification for its
sustainability features, including energy-efficient systems and greywater recycling, further
emphasizing its role as a forward-thinking institution dedicated to innovation and creativity.