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Unit 1: Introduc on to Psychology
1. What is Psychology?
 Defini on: Psychology is the scien fic study of the mind and behavior. It seeks to understand
how people think, feel, and act in different situa ons.
 Goals of Psychology: The primary goals are to describe, explain, predict, and change
behavior to improve individual and societal well-being.
2. Relevance of Psychology
 Applica on in Daily Life: Psychology helps in understanding interpersonal rela onships,

managing emo ons, and improving communica on.
 Benefits in Professions: Knowledge of psychology is useful in fields like medicine, educa on,
business, and counseling, as it helps professionals understand human behavior and
mo va ons.
3. Mind-Body Rela onship
 Defini on: This concept explores how the mind and body interact and affect each other. For
example, mental stress can lead to physical symptoms like headaches, and physical illness
can affect mental health.
 Psychosoma c Disorders: These are physical ailments that are believed to be caused or
worsened by mental factors, such as stress.
4. Psychological Factors and Physical Illness
 Psychological factors, including stress, anxiety, and depression, can nega vely impact
physical health by weakening the immune system or causing unhealthy behaviors like
smoking or overea ng.
5. Body Image
 Defini on: Body image is an individual's percep on of their physical appearance, which can
significantly affect self-esteem and mental health.
 Influences: Factors like media portrayal, cultural standards, and personal experiences shape
body image. A nega ve body image can lead to issues like ea ng disorders and low self-
esteem.
Unit 2: Self and Rela onships
1. Importance of Family and Peer Groups
 Family: Family plays a founda onal role in a person’s emo onal development, teaching
values, norms, and coping mechanisms.
 Peer Groups: Friends and social circles influence self-esteem, social skills, and a sense of
belonging. Peer rela onships o en become crucial during adolescence, helping individuals
establish independence from family.
2. Importance of Emo onal Intelligence

 Defini on: Emo onal intelligence (EI) is the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and
use emo ons effec vely.
 Components of EI:
o Self-Awareness: Understanding one's own emo ons.
o Self-Regula on: Managing emo ons in a healthy way.
o Empathy: Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.
o Social Skills: Building and maintaining posi ve rela onships.
 Benefits: High EI is linked to be er interpersonal rela onships, job performance, and

personal well-being.
3. Role of Culture
 Defini on: Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, values, and behaviors of a group. It
shapes how people view rela onships, express emo ons, and resolve conflicts.
 Influence on Self and Rela onships: Cultural norms dictate acceptable ways of interac ng
with others, influencing communica on styles, family roles, and a tudes toward marriage,
friendship, and community involvement.
Unit 3: Self in Disintegra ve Experiences
1. Anxiety
 Defini on: A feeling of fear, worry, or unease about an upcoming event or situa on.
 Symptoms: Physical symptoms include swea ng, dizziness, and increased heart rate, while
emo onal symptoms include worry, tension, and irritability.
2. Stress
 Defini on: The body’s response to demands or threats, triggering a “fight-or-flight” reac on.
 Types of Stress:
o Acute Stress: Short-term stress from immediate challenges.
o Chronic Stress: Long-term stress from ongoing issues, like financial problems.
 Impact: Stress affects physical health (immune system, heart health) and mental well-being.
3. Depression
 Defini on: A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, lack of energy, and loss of
interest in ac vi es.
 Symptoms: Includes fa gue, difficulty sleeping, and feelings of worthlessness or

hopelessness.
 Treatment Op ons: Includes therapy, medica on, lifestyle changes, and support networks.
4. Coping
 Types of Coping Strategies:
o Problem-focused: Addressing the cause of stress directly.
o Emo on-focused: Managing emo ons through relaxa on techniques, mindfulness,

or talking with friends.
 Importance of Coping: Effec ve coping reduces the nega ve impact of stress on mental and
physical health.
Unit 4: Growth and Actualizing Self
1. Mental Health and Well-being
 Defini on: Mental health is a state of emo onal and psychological well-being, where an
individual can cope with normal stress, work produc vely, and contribute to society.
 Aspects of Well-being:
o Physical: Good physical health supports mental well-being.
o Emo onal: Posi ve emo ons and self-acceptance contribute to overall happiness.
o Social: Strong rela onships and social support improve resilience and coping.
2. Hope
 Defini on: Hope is a posi ve outlook toward future outcomes, involving goal-se ng,
pathways to reach goals, and mo va on.
 Impact of Hope: Hopeful individuals are o en more resilient, proac ve in reaching goals, and
be er at overcoming challenges.
3. Op mism
 Defini on: Op mism is the tendency to expect good outcomes. Op mis c individuals focus
on possibili es and opportuni es rather than on challenges.
 Benefits: Op mism is associated with be er mental and physical health, including lower
stress levels, higher resilience, and be er coping mechanisms.
4. Resilience
 Defini on: Resilience is the ability to recover from difficul es, adapt to change, and con nue
pursuing goals despite adversity.
 Building Resilience:
o Posi ve Thinking: Helps maintain mo va on and hope.
o Adaptability: Learning to adjust goals or methods as necessary.
o Support Systems: Friends, family, and community support enhance resilience.

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Unit 1: Introduc on to Psychology

 Applica on in Daily Life: Psychology helps in understanding interpersonal rela onships,

3. Mind-Body Rela onship

4. Psychological Factors and Physical Illness

Unit 2: Self and Rela onships

1. Importance of Family and Peer Groups

2. Importance of Emo onal Intelligence

o Self-Awareness: Understanding one's own emo ons.

o Self-Regula on: Managing emo ons in a healthy way.

o Empathy: Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.

o Social Skills: Building and maintaining posi ve rela onships.

 Beneﬁts: High EI is linked to be er interpersonal rela onships, job performance, and

Unit 3: Self in Disintegra ve Experiences

o Acute Stress: Short-term stress from immediate challenges.

 Symptoms: Includes fa gue, diﬃculty sleeping, and feelings of worthlessness or

o Problem-focused: Addressing the cause of stress directly.

o Emo on-focused: Managing emo ons through relaxa on techniques, mindfulness,

Unit 4: Growth and Actualizing Self

1. Mental Health and Well-being

o Physical: Good physical health supports mental well-being.

o Posi ve Thinking: Helps maintain mo va on and hope.

o Adaptability: Learning to adjust goals or methods as necessary.

o Support Systems: Friends, family, and community support enhance resilience.

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