WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

DETERMINANTS OF APPLE PRODUCTIVITY IN CASE OF BONKE

WOREDA, SOUTERN ETHIOPIA

A SENIOR ESSAY RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEPARTEMENT OF

ECONOMICS, COLLEG OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, IN PARTIAL
FULIFFLIMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR BACHELOR OF ARTS (BA) DEGREE IN
ECONOMICS

BY: AMANUEL GOA

ID-No: ECO/WE/343/11
ADVISOR: ALEMAYEHU G.(MSc)

MARCH, 2022
WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Worldwide production of fruit and vegetable has grown faster than cereal crops (Lumpmkin et
al., 2005). They put several reasons for the global increase in production and trade of fruit and
vegetable crops among those reasons farmers involved in horticultural production usually earn
much higher farm income as compared to cereal production and their per capita income is also
five times higher than cereal producers (Ymer, 2015).

In Ethiopia, cereals are also the major stable food crops taking a significant share of area
cultivated and volume of production obtained. Out of the total grain crop area, 79.9% (8.7
million hectares) was covered by cereals. Barley and wheat covered up 23.42% (about 2.6
million hectares) and 13.01% (1.4 million hectares) of grain crops are respectively (CSA, 2007)

The introduction of Apple tree in the tropical country Ethiopia is traced back to 1950. The
British protestant missionaries have first introduced Apple seedlings to plant in their home
compound in bonke woreda in the Gamo highlands of south west Ethiopia. However, the Apple
cultivation has been confined in and around bonke district until recently (Grimay et al, 2014).

The current Apple fruit productivity in bonke district is about 15 metric tons per year while the
overall county production is estimated to be 50 metric tons collected from 35000 small Apple
fruit producers in Ethiopia. (SNV.2008). Since the total production does not meet the demand the
country imports about 350metric tons of Apple fruits mainly from South Africa, Iran, China and
Israel. There is an unmet market demand from the bonke Apple (SNV, 2008; as sited in (Grimay
et al, 2014).

According to the Southern Nations Nationalities and People (SNNP) agricultural bureau, the
agro ecology of bonke is suitable for Apple productivity (82% highland) and the mean annual
rainfall ranges from 750mm to 1200mm. Indeed, the district has tremendous potential for Apple
production. However, poor chilling that prolongs dormancy period of Apples leads to poor
flowering and low yield in the study area .The poor agronomic practices and unavailability of
pruning and grafting materials also exacerbates to the low production and productivity of Apple
(Girmay et al., 2014).

1.
Among those fruits apple is widely cultivated temperate climate fruit tree across the world. The
exact origin of the plant is not clearly known. However, it is the most ubiquitous of temperate
fruits and has been cultivated in Europe and Asia. There are suggestions that it originates from
central Asia, where its wild ancestor is still found today (Janick et al., 1996)

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Among the temperate fruit grown at bonke, Apple is widely cultivated while pear and plum
received very low attention (Seifu, F and C. Berhanu, 2014). Appropriate standards for tree
management and agronomic practices have been determined successful apple fruit productivity
in bonke area. Appropriate varieties needs to be selected in terms of adoptability, productivity,
fruit size, test, maturity time, pollination characteristics, Shelf life and resistant to prevailing
diseases and insect pests. Variety selection remains the most important hindering factor for
successful Apple productivity in bonke area (WVE, 2012).

Furthermore, Apple productivity in the study area is characterized by poor agronomic

practices resulting in poor yields and quality, shortage of pruning and grafting materials
(pruning shears, grafting knife and scissors) at local market as well as their high cost in
international market and poor research- extension and development linkage(Amurach et al.,2017)

Even though Apple is economically and environmentally important there is no well structured
studies made on determinant of apple productivity in the study area. Deferent studies on Apple
productivity, for instance seifu et al (2014) and Girmay et al (2014) have been made mainly
concerned with productivity, marketing, contribution and variety identification. But till the
present (including Seifu et al, (2014) and Girmay et al (2014)) emphasis is not given to factors
affecting Apple productivity in the study area. And all the analysis made before this study used
descriptive method of analysis which are ambiguous for policy formulation, so this study have
methodological advantage that it clearly shows the determinants of apple productivity.

1.3. Research Question

1. Wha are trends of apple production in bonke wored?

2. What are the determinants of apple productivity in the study area?

 1.4. Objective of the Study

1.4.1. General objective of the study

The general objective of this study is to assess the determinants of Apple productivity in
bonke district of southern Ethiopia at household level.

1.4.2. Specific objective of the study

To attain the above general objective, the researcher will try to examine the following specific
objectives
 To show the trends to apple production in bonke woreda.
 To determines apple productivity in study area.

1.5. Significance of the Study

Fruit resource degradation is a threat to both present and future generation. In the study area a
system of area closure is exercising which facilitate the development of agro forestry that may
increase production. More importantly, Apple are mainly planting in the study are by
households, for various reasons importantly which increase forest coverage of the study area and
prevent degradation. Will be have significant contribution to southern nation nationality and
people (SNNP) of Ethiopia in general and for the study area in particular in enhancing the
productivity of Apple by identifying major factors that accounts for Apple. Production and
suggested relevant policy issues that would improve productivity of Apple specifically of the
world and Gamo zone and generally to the country those; it can be stepping stone to others. This
help to unveil those factors that may be worthy of consideration in preparation of polices and
other documents that focus on food contribution, soil and water conservation as well as
environmental protection.

The study result will be useful to access of apple yield, to identify challenges in the area and
come up with a possible solution for the identified problem. The study will also help farmers to
know the reason why are not able to maximize apple production.

1.6. Scope of the study area

The study will mainly focus on identifying the determinants of Apple productivity among small
holder farmers in bonke woreda. The attention of this study depends on the fact that bonke
woreda is mostly known by apple production. This woreda 12 kebeles, from this kebeles the
study used to focused on three kebeles , thos are; kalbo laka, Gezeso, and chosha

1.7 Limitation of the study

Every study will its own limitation no study can be perfect and carried out as originally
intended . Specially, constraints of transport cost, limitation of time and financial constrait in
order to conduct the research lack of organiz and accurate material inadequat ducumentation of
the data in the study, lake of internal service will major limitations to this study

1.8 Organization of the study

This research proposal contains three chapters. The first chapter includes the introduction part,
background of the study, statement of the problem, research question, objective of the study,
significance of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study and organization of the
study. The second chapter includes difinition of terms and concepts, theoretical literature review
and emprical aspect in relation to apple productivity. The third chapter deals with methodology
of the study which includes description of the study area, data type and source of data, method of
data collection , sampling technique and sample size determination, method of data analysis,
model specification, hypothesis and difinition of variables.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Difinition of terms and concept

Apple trees are large if grown from seed. Generally apple cultivars are propagated by
grafting on to root stocks, which control the size of the resulting tree. There are more than
7500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics . Different
cultivars are bred for various tested and uses, including cooking , eating raw and cider
production

2.2 Theoretical literature review

Apple fruit was originated in the Middle East just about 4000 years ago! It is one of the most
favorite and popular fruits ever known. As with the well-known adage "An apple a day keeps a
doctor away" the fruit has been doing much good to people who are health conscious. In
addition, even the fitness freaks prefer having this wonderful nutrient packed fruit. By all
aspects, the fruit is indispensable. Apart from care and nutrition, it is also known for medicinal
values. While the study of apples health benefits dates back to early stages, research to date
suggests that its nutrients may play a role in promoting human health in a number of ways
(Wendy L. Applequist, 2014)

The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated and its fruits have been improved
through selection over thousands of years. Alexander the Great is credited with finding dwarfed
apples in Kazakhstan in 328 BCE; those he brought back to Macedonia might have been the
progenitors of dwarfing root stocks. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above
freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia (vegparadise.com,
2008).

2.2.1. Apple cultivars

Scientific nomenclature for apples has changed since Linnaeus denominated Pyrusmalus.Other
naming in the past have been M. communis, M. Sylvestris, M. pumila and M.domestica (Harris
et al., 2002). The number of species in the genus Malus is uncertain and still under controversy.
Robinson et al. (2001) described that the number of species in genus Malus depends upon the
rank given to several taxa, species being sub- species and putative hybrids and the nomenclature
of the taxa is complex. Janick et al. (1996) said that Malus is adverse genus with around 25 to 30
species with further sub-species in the crab apple group.
Different scientists have made their own contribution for the identification of different species
within the genus Malus. For line et al. (2003) classified 27 primary apple species together with
their origin and use. Of these, 22 of them are from Asia (11 mainly located in China), 4 in North
America, 2 in Europe and 1 in Japan. Six species are used for fruit production, M. sieversii, M.
Sylvester’s, M. angustifolia, M. ioensis, M. coronaria, and M.hupehensis. Five out of 27 are
recognized as ornamentals and 12 as possible rootstocks.

2.2.2 Varieties of Apple

With over 7500 varieties of apples known, there are a set of few that are prominent and range
from super-sweet to a bit more pucker-inducing. Following are some of the popular top 7 and it
includes

Bonze Apple

Having an odd shape, they give out a semi sweet taste. list soft flesh can be described as
“creamy", which makes this variety a good candidate for eating raw or for apple sauce or apple
butter.

Fuji apple

With amild, sweet flavor, these apples are often large in size and are great for cooking featuring
a lovely pink speckled flush over a yellow Green background.

Bramley

The sour taste of Brimley’s apple is best enjoyed when cooked. A distinctive quality of this fruit
is that when cooked it becomes golden and fluffy.

Arkansas Black

Within flattened shape, Arkansas Black apple are medium sized featuring a very dark
Braeburn

Its crispy and spicy sweet flavor is the distinguishing feature of this apple. With a glossy, striped
red blush over yellow colored skin they are medium to large in size.
Golden delicious apple:
As a commercial variety and as breeding stock, Golden delicious apple is one of the most
important apple varieties.

2.2.3. Importance of Apple

Health benefits of apple

Often called as the "nutritional powerhouse", the potential health benefits they bring awith links
to better and best health, together with prevention of many diseases. The vitamins present in
apple are the key in maintaining red blood cells and the nervous system in good health. Apples
contain antioxidant such as polyphone and flavonoid that reduces the risk of cancer.

.Cosmetic Benefits of Apples

Application of apple pulp on the face cures and improves acne. Keeping the apple pulp on the
eyelids for 15 to 20 minutes reduces strain of the eyes. Paste made up apple leaves and used as
shampoo cures dandruff, prevents hair fall and promotes hair growth.

2.2.4 Apple production status in Ethiopia

Temperate fruits including apples, pears, peaches, almonds and others were introduced to
Ethiopia before 50 to 60 years ago. Presently, propagation of temperate fruits becomes important
component of development programs throughout the highlands of Ethiopia Production and sales
of apple fruits can have great contribution on the economy of farmers (Spohn, 2011). Apple
varieties with low and medium chilling requirement are adapted to Ethiopian highland
topography.

2.2.5. Theory of production and the production function

Theory of production

Theory of production deals with the question of ‘How to produce?’ It discusses the supply side
of the pricing of products. Supply of a product depends on its cost of production. Cost of
production depends on,

I. the physical relationship between inputs and output

II. The price inputs.

Production function

Definition: Production Function is an embodiment of the technology which yields maximum

output from the given set of inputs or specifies the way in which inputs co-operate together to
produce given level output.

Production function defines the minimum quantities of various inputs that are required to
produce a given quantity of output under a given state of technology. A production function may
take the form of a schedule, a graphical line or curve, an algebraic equation or a mathematical
model. The general form of a production function may be algebraically expressed as: q=F(x1,
x2…, xn)…………………………..1

Where, q = flow of output in physical terms

x1, x2, ……xn are flows of inputs in physical terms per unit of time.
Two inputs (L and K) production function:
Q=F(L,K)……………………………………………………2
Where, q = flow of output in physical terms L and K = flows of labor and capital inputs in
physical terms per unit of time.

2.3. Empirical Literature Review

According to Ntakoyoet, al (2013), on socio economic factors affecting Apple production

insignificant at south western Uganda analyzed by cobb-Douglas production function shows
that organic fertilizer applied in Apple productivity was positively and significantly affect Apple
production at 1% significant level. Farmers experience in Apple was also 5% significant level.
According to him number of apple trees, education level of the household head and the
number of extension visit were not significant

According to Mugisha (2013) on socio economic factors affecting Apple production in

Southwestern Uganda analyzed through weighted least square technique shows that organic
fertilizer Apple production positively at 1% level of significance. Farmers experience in Apples
was also significantly affecting Apple production at 5% level of significance. According to him
result further indicate that land, number of Apple trees, education level of the farmer and
number of extension visit were not significant.
According to YimerAyalew (2015), determinant of fruit supply in the market: The case of
Habru wereda, North wollo, Ethiopia on education has showed positive effect on fruit quantity
sold with significance level at 5%. Accordingly education has improved the producing household
ability to acquire a new idea in relation to market information and improved production which
intern enhanced productivity and there by increased marketable supply of fruit by analyzing the
result through Ordinary List squire model. According to him market information has shown
positive effect on fruit supplied with significance level at5%. Extension access affects positively
the market supply at 1% level of significance. Distance to the market affects the volume of total
sale negatively at 1% significance level. Extension access affects positively the market supply at
1% level of significance. Sex of the household, Age of the household, credit access and family
size are found to be insignificantly affecting fruit market supply.

According to Mical B. Masuku (2013) on factor affecting the productivity and profitability of
vegetables production in Swaziland analyzed by multiple regression analysis showed that the
level of education had a positive relation with profitability and was significant at 1% significant
level. Land under vegetable production and marketing agency significantly influence
profitability at 5% level of significance. According to him access to credit, selling price, fertilizer
quantity and gender were significantly and positively related to production Profitably of
vegetable was influenced by farmers level of education and land under vegetable production,
while selling to namby or pamby are negatively affected profitability

According to NegaMateoweset,al (2015) on market chain analysis of Agro forestry products; the
case of fruit at Tembaro District analyzed by ordinary list square estimation(OLS) technique
shows that access to market information positively related to market supply mango at 10%
significant level, access to extension service affects the market supply of apple positively and
significantly at 5% significant level.
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1 Description of the study area
The study conducted at bonke district (also known as bonke) which is located in
the Gamo administrative zone of the Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples
regional state (SNNP) of Ethiopia. Bonke is bordered on the south by gerasse, on
north by darmallo and dita, on the western by kamba zurea woreda and on the
east by gacco baba woreda and 42 km east of Arba Minch. Bonke has north
latitude of 6°1'51.809ꞌꞌ - 6°11ꞌ25.268ꞌꞌ and 37°19ꞌ31.327ꞌꞌ- 37°21ꞌ14.755ꞌꞌof east
longitude.

The elevation of below 250m halila area to 4200m guge bale highlands and
3800m senga, kashaso, kuta and kolle zale above sea level. It has two agro-
ecological zones; dega (2300-3200mas, 90.8%) and wurch (3200-3700mas,
0.92%); with total area coverage of 12680.8ha.

Based on the 2011 E.C census conducted by the ( CSA), this woreda has the total
population of 60297, of men 29544 (49%) and women 30753 (51%) of its
population are rural dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian orthodox
Christianity; with 25.5% of the population reporting that belief and 74.5% were Protestants.
Map 3.1.Location of bonke woreda

3.2. Data Type and source

This study use both qualitative and quantitative type of data. Regarding to the source of
data,both primary and secondary data will be use. As to primary data collection process
information as obtain by means of questioner, interview and fiend by the apple producers
peoples. While the secondary data source in includes written materials, magazines, internet,
documentss and books.

3.3. Method of data collection

Data collection instruments to will be demand to target to be appropriate to collect data for the
study. The studywill be develop through both primary and secondary sourse of data collection
is necessary to get imformation from the participants use questionars and interviews. The
quantitative primary data will be collected from farmers through well-structured
questionnaires. The questionnaire will be designed in such a way that it would provide
statistical information on apple productivity and its covariates.
The secondary data will be collected from different documents and relevant institution like
ministry of agriculture office, websites, published and unpublished documents.

3.4. Sampling Technique and sample size determination

The study employed the two stage sampling technique. In the first stage, three Apple
producing kebeles namely kalbo laka, Gezeso and Chosha, will be selected based on the
subjective judgment of the researcher because of the availability of data on these three kebeles
and their production capacity of Apple product among other 9 Apple producing kebeles.

In the second stage, the researcher will be used simple random sampling and proportional
formula technique to select those respondents that will gone to been included in the sample
from the selected three kebeles. And the total sample size will be allocated among the 3
kebeles proportionally.

The sample size is determined by the formula designed by Yamane Taro (1987). Bonke woreda
comprise of 12 kebeles having a total number of 60297 populations (count of population,
2019).
The formula of Yamane(1967)

N
n= 2
1+ N (e )

Where, n=sample size

N=Total number of households in bonke woreda

e=error term=10%

The research used e=10%, to reduce sample size because of time and budget constraints.

N=16302

n=16302/1+16302(0.1)2

n=16302/1+16302(0.01)

n=16302/164.02

n=99.4

The proportional formula which helps to select unbiased and desirable number of observation
from each of the 3 kebeles is like this:Ni=(n/N) *NS,

Where: Ni=total number of observation in one kebele, n=the total number of households in
one kebele, N=the total number of households in three kebeles, NS=the total number of
sample size
Therefore, using the above technical formula the proportional number of respondents from
each kebeles as follows

From kalbo laka= (3785/16302) (99.4) = 23

From Gezeso= (6683/16302) (99.4) =41

From chosha= (5834/16302) (99.4) =36

Sample Kebele Number of Households Sample size

Kalbo Laka 3785 23

Gezeso 6683 41

Chosha 5834 36

Table 3.1: allocation of sample size across kebeles

3.5 Method of Data Analysis

To analyses the data, the researcher will use both descriptive and econometric method of data
analysis.
The study will use tables and others to describe the data; moreover the study will give a great
emphasis on econometric method of data analysis. OLS (ordinary least square) estimation
technique employed to estimate the relationship between the dependent and independent
variables.

3.6 Model specification

3.6.1 Theoretical model specification

Econometrics models are analysis the relationship between the explained and
explanatory variables empirically. For instance OLS is among one of the most important
estimation technique when the dependent variable is continuous. OLS, gives precise and the
most representative’s parameter’s to the true population parameter. The study employed OLS
estimation technique since it produce unbiased, best with a minimum variance parameter.
3.6.2. Empirical model specification
The econometric model specification of the production functions following Cobb-Douglas
(1927-47) is as follows.

Yi= β 0+ β 1 Age hh+ β 2 Sexhh + β 3 Fsz + β 4 Lsz+ β 5 Lfo+ β 6 Exs+ β 7 Dfmr+ β 8 Nat + β 9 Aat

Where

Agehh = it is the age of the household head measured in years.

Sexhh=it is the sex of household head.

Fsz = it is the family size in the study area

Lsz = it is land size in the study area

Lfo = it is labor force of apple producers

Exs = it is access to extension services

Dfmr = it is distance from main road

Nat = it is number of apple tree

Aat = it is age of apple tree

3.7. Definition of variables and hypothesis

Dependent variable
Apple production (Yi): it is a continuous variable that represent the total Apple produced of
the household within a year, which is measured in quintal per hectare.
Independent variables:
The explanatory variables expected to influence the dependent variable as follows.
Age of the household head (Age_hh)
Age is a continuous variable, will be taken as one of the explanatory variables to influence

the participation on production. According to Wonduwossen.D (2014) found that the sign of
age was positive as it is one of the parameters of human capital. So, in this study age is
assumed to have a positive impact on Apple productivity
Sex of the household head (Sex_hh)
Sex is a dummy variable which assume a value of ‘’1’’ if the household head is male, and
assume a value of ‘’0’’ female. According to Wonduwossen.D (2014) stated that no sign
would not attach with this variable. It would be negative or positive. But the study will
hypothesized that male households have been observed a better tendency than female
households in the productivity of Apple since they have a better access to more information on
how to produce and other techniques of productivity than female household.
Family size (Fsz)

This is a continuous variable that refers to the number of people in the family. It will propose
to influence the supply of apple productivity is positively. According to Yimer (2015) the more
number of family members an individual will the more probable to produce fruit production
and they to produce more supply more to the market. So, in this study family size is assumed
to have positive impact on Apple productivity.
Land size (ls)

Is a continuous variable measured in hectares, bell mare and Barret (2006) indicates that the
more land size owned the more will be the chance to allocate and more to supply. So, in this
study land size is assumed to have a positive impact on Apple productivity.

Labor force (lof)

This variable is a continuous variable measured in the number of labor that the farmers
employ for the productivity of apple. The yield will be high if the farmer allocates more
labor. Hence, this variable affects the productivity of apple positively.
Access to extension services (Exs)
This variable measured as a dummy variable taking the value of ‘’1’’ if household has access
to Apple productivity extension services and assume a value of ‘’0’’ otherwise. According to
Acuna (2009) the aim of extension service is to introduce farmers with new and improved
agricultural inputs for better methods of increasing production and productivity in turn that
increase marketable supply. So, in this study access to extension service is assumed to have a
positive impact on Apple productivity.

Distance from main road (dfmr)

This variable is a continuous variable measured in kilometers that it covers from the farmer’s
farm land to the nearest main road. Farmers discouraged to engage in apple productivity as the
distance from the main road and the apple farm land gets far apart and as a result decrease
apple productivity and vice versa as the case in nearest main road. Hence, this variable
negatively affects apple productivity.

Number of apple tree (nap)

This variable is a continuous variable measured in number of Apple tree that a farmer has
planted in the allocated area. The more the Apple tree that the farmer have planted the higher
will be Apple productivity. So, in this study number of Apple tree is assumed to have a positive
impact on Apple productivity.
Age of Apple tree (Aat)
This variable is a continuous variable measured in years. Young Apples are unable to yield
high quality of Apple product. Hence young Apples are expected to affect Apple productivity
negatively in addition old Apples tree vanishes their production capacity so it is expected to
affect negatively. But Apple trees that are found in the middle age group expected to affect
positively.

Education the household head (Eduhh) it is a dummy variable and refers to the formal
schooling of a responded during the survey period. Those household head who will have
formal education determines the readiness to accept new ideas. Therefore education was
hypotheses to positive influence on the apple productivity.
Access to credit (Crd) household
Is a dummy variable which assumes a value of ‘’1’’ if the households have access to credit and
assume a value of‘’0’’ if no access to credit. According to Yimer (2015), access to credit could
enhance the financial capacity of the farmer to purchase the necessary inputs and increase
outputs. So, in this study access to credit is assumed to have a positive impact on Apple
productivity.

Education of household head (Edu_hh)

This variable is a continuous variable measured in years of attending formal education.
According to Yimer,Ayalew, (2015), education will have a positive effect on fruit quantity sold.
Accordingly these household head who have formal education assumed to be easily accept new
idea and innovations, and easy to get supply and demand inter this enhance farmers willingness
to produce more and more quantity of Apple fruit product. So, in this study education of
household head is assumed to have a positive impact on Apple productivity.
Distance to the nearest market (DfnMKTc)
Is a continuous variable measured in kilometers which farmers west time to sell their product
to the market. Different studies (Adugna, 2009; Abay, 2007; and Rihama.2006 ) indicate
particularly, rural communities in remote area suffers from lack of transportation facilities the
closer the market the lesser would be the transportation cost and time spent. So, in this study
distance to the nearest market is assumed to have a negative impact on Apple productivity.

Fertilizer adoption (Fut)

This variable is a continuous variable measured in kilogram. Fertilizer adoption will increase the
fertility of the soil and intern increases Apple productivity. According to Masuku,(2013), this
variable will affect the productivity and profitability of vegetables positively. In addition;
according to Ntakoyo,et, al(2013), organic fertilizer applied in Apple field will positively affect
Apple productivity. So, in this study fertilizer adoption is assumed to have a positive impact on
apple productivity

Table: 3.1. Summary of explanatory variables and their expected

sign and symbols

NO Variable Short Variable Expected

Description Sign

1 Age Age Age of the Positive

household
head

2 Sex Sex Sex of the Positive

household
head

3 Family size Fsz Family size Positive

of the
household
 have

4 Land size Lsz Land size of Positive

the
household
have

5 Labour Lfo Labour Positive

force used
in the
productivity
of apple

6 Extension Exs Extensional Positive

service contact of
HH

7 Distance Dfmr Distance of Negative

from main the HH
road residence
from main
road

8 Number of Nat The number Positive

Apple tree of Apple
tree
household
have

9 Age of Apple Aat The average Both

tree age of positive and
Apple tree negative
that the HH
have
10 Education Edu Education Positive
level of HH
 CHAPTE FOUR
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET BREAK DOWN
4.1. Work plan
In this part, the collected data will be interpreted by using different way. Table and
graphs are also used to express the data accordingly. The following table will show
task used to accomplish

No List of Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jen. Feb. March April May Jun
activities

1 Title approval × ×

2 Proposal × × ×
writing

3 Design and × × ×
questionnaire

4 Preliminary × × ×

5 Literature × × × ×

6 Sumiton of ×

7 Data × ×
collection

8 Data analysis ×

9 Report × ×
writing

10 Report × ×

11 Research ×
presentation

4.2 Budget break down

R.no Materials used for Amount Price

 research

1 Golden paper 1 packet 350

2 Pen 6 60

3 Ruler 1 20

4 Binder 2 600

5 Duplicating 5 copy 650

6 Total Transportation 4 round 2000

7 Total ....... 3680

REFERENCE
In the count of population(2019) Total number of bonke woreda.

Yamane taro (1987) Designed by the formula of sample size.

Anonymous,(2001). Common marketing standard for apples and pears. Commission

Regulation (EC).

Forsline, P. L., Aldwinckle, H. S., Dickson, E. E., Luby, J. J. and Hokanson, S. (2003).
Chap. 1: Collection, maintenance, characterization and utilization of wild apples of Central
AsiaA. In: Horticultural Reviews. Wild Apple and Fruit Trees of Central Asia (Janick, J.,
Forsline, P., Dickscon, E., Way, R. and Thompson, M., Eds)

Gebrerufael Girmay, Amurach, Mesfin Menza, Melkamu Mada and Tora Abebe Empirical
Study on Apple Production, Marketing and its Contribution to Household Income in
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