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    Biology Basics

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    Biology Basics

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    202411008
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    biology basics

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    Biology Basics

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    CELL DIVISION – a process by which parent cell(s) is/are divided into their newly-developed ‘daughter

    cells – containing sets of similar numbers (or even half) of chromosomes that of the parent cells’ during
    the development phases. Nuclei from parent cells typically grew massive inside, storing DNA and other
    protein minerals and chromosomes, by which then gets only separated while in its cycle.

    - Has two (2) processes of parent cells’ separation stages to share and develop copies of
    chromosomes to their identical daughter cells. These processes are:

    A. MITOSIS – a process by which a parent cell’s nucleus gets developed and by then, dividing into
    2 new daughter cells, sharing same identical copies of chromosomes and other genes.
    PROPHASE – METAPHASE – ANAPHASE – TELOPHASE (PMAT)
    B. MEIOSIS – a process by which a parent cell’s nucleus gets developed and divided twice, resulting
    into 4 new daughter cells, with each new cells only containing half copies of chromosomes and
    other genes of the parent cells.

    HAPLOIDS – having only 1 set of chromosomes; generally produced from the Meiosis Cycle.

    DIPLOIDS – having 2 sets of chromosomes; generally produced from the Mitosis Cycle; Humans contain
    Diploids because they are considered as ‘sexually-reproducing’ organisms – with only the egg and sperm
    cells being Haploids.

    SPECIFIC CELL ORGANELLES – ANIMAL vs. PLANT CELLS

    VACUOLES – serves as the storage area for cell wastes; exclusively in Plant Cells.

    CENTRIOLES – facilitate cell division in Animal Cells; determine the cell’s nucleus and support skeletal
    system; exclusively in Animal Cells.

    LYSOSOMES – serve as the digestive system in the Animal Cells, and is exclusively found in it.

    CELL MOTILITY

    FLAGELLUM/FLAGELLA – whip-like structure capable of swimming through the cell pathways after being
    ejected from a cell body; also known for sensory functions.

    CILIUM/CILIA – almost similar to Flagellum/Flagella for its locomotion purposes of swimming through
    water pathways in cells; typically small and having hair-like covers on its appearance.

    PROKARYOTES vs. EUKARYOTES (and similarities)

    I. PROKARYOTES
    - Unicellular organisms
    - Undeveloped Nucleus
    - Commonly smaller than Prokaryotic Cells
    - DNA stored in its Cytoplasm

    II. EUKARYOTES
    - Multi-cellular organisms
    - Fully-developed Nucleus (true Nucleus)
    - Commonly larger and more complex than Prokaryotic Cells
    - DNA stored in its Nucleus

    III. SIMILARITIES
    - Have cell organelles such as Cell Membranes, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Golgi
    bodies/apparatuses
    - Have Cell Walls
    - Have Nucleus – but an undeveloped one specifically found in Prokaryotic Cells

    CELL WALLS vs. CELL MEMBRANES

    Cell Walls – as a rigid structure surrounding the exterior edges of the cell, protecting the
    outsides of the cell for any exterior harms from its environment. These are metabolically
    inactive in nature.

    Cell Membranes – as a flexible covering for the insides of the cell; also manages the overall
    control of material passages in the cell pathways. These are metabolically active nature.

    CELL PARTS
     NUCLEUS – DNA storage; found at the center of the cell.
     MITOCHONDRION/MITOCHONDRIA – producer of chemical energy to empower the cell’s
    biochemical reactions. Those chemical energies are stored in a small molecule called Adenosine
    Triphosphate (ATP).
     SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – producer of fatty compounds in which comprises of
    several functions, including making hormones and moving of proteins and body minerals
    (Lipids); responsible for detoxification processes.
     ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – producer of protein; proteins particularly specified for the
    cell’s exportation.
     GOLGI BODIES/ APPARATUS – organelle in-charge with the shipping or delivery of proteins.
     PEROXISOME – safeguarding the cell for deadly pathogens; remover of toxins. It also contains
    oxidative enzymes.
     LYSOSOME -

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