Ips e Ar 120
Ips e Ar 120
Ips e Ar 120
ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
ORIGINAL EDITION
MAR. ١٩٩٦
This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of Petroleum. All rights are reserved to the owner.
Neither whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party, reproduced, stored
in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written consent
of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum.
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٠. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ ٢
١. SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................... ٣
٢. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... ٣
٣. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY .......................................................................................... ٤
٤. UNITS ......................................................................................................................................... ٦
٥. BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. ٧
٦. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION ................................................................... ١٠
٧. METHODS OF FLUID AND AIR DISTRIBUTION ...................................................................... ١٣
٨. CENTRAL HVAC SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... ١٨
٩. EQUIPMENT SELECTION GUIDELINES ................................................................................. ٢٣
١٠. REFRIGERANTS .................................................................................................................... ٣٥
١١. AUTOMATION AND CONTROLS ........................................................................................... ٣٨
١٢. BUILDING AUTOMATION AND CONTROL INTEGRATION .................................................. ٣٩
ATTACHMENTS........................................................................................................................... ٤٢
١
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٠. INTRODUCTION
With the advent of the ١٩٩٠s new issues and terminologies are setting trends in the entire HVAC&R
industry. Environmental authorities are diffusing new culture format in the industry with particular
emphasis to substances that posses ozone depletion potential. With a result indoor air quality, air
contaminants, clean air act, Chloroforocarbons (CFC) issues, safety codes etc. are now either being
introduced or redefined. Changes on each of these issues have a direct effect on HVAC&R
engineering, installation, operation, maintenance an dreplacements.
This Standard has been developed to help facilitate the requisites of building air conditioning, its
selection procedures and system layout required to provide a comfort and healthy atmosphere in an
air conditioning space. A simple approach to load calculation per ARI and ASHRAE procedures has
been included as a ready reckoner for the design engineer.
In view of the Montreal Protocol which also addresses the production phaseout of CFC by Dec. ٣١,
١٩٩٥, special importance has been provided towards the status of Refrigerants as described in
Clause ١٠. However due to its continuous development changes, from HCFC to HFC to blending
technique, the subject on Refrigerants are based on purely information gathering-stage complying
to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard ٣٤-١٩٩٢.
٢
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
١. SCOPE
This Standard covers the minimum requirement for practical approach towards, design, application
and various methods of building air conditioning system together with relevant automatic controls.
System components are not individually described, but guidelines for selection procedure of
equipment and supporting components are covered in this Standard. It also includes a section on
"central chillers" to describe the importance on the combination of absorption and centrifugal chiller
system in the HVAC&R industry.
This Standard shall be used, when required, in conjunction with relevant standard drawings.
This Standard does not cover the following subjects which are covered in relevant IPS as shown
below:
a) Building Heating System (IPS-E-AR-١٠٠).
b) Venting, Ventilation and Pressurizing System (IPS-E-AR-١٦٠).
c) Humidification and Dehumidification System (IPS-E-AR-١٣٠).
Note:
This standard specification is reviewed and updated by the relevant technical committee on
Nov. ٢٠٠٠. The approved modifications by T.C. were sent to IPS users as amendment No. ١
by circular No ١٣٦ on Nov. ٢٠٠٠. These modifications are included in the present issue of
IPS.
٢. REFERENCES
Throughout this Standard the following standards and codes are referred to. The editions of these
standards and codes that are in effect at the time of publication of this Standard shall, to the extent
specified herein, form a part of this Standard. The applicability of changes in standards and codes
that occur after the date of this Standard shall be mutually agreed upon by the Company and the
Consultant.
٣
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٣٫٣ Azeotrope
A blend of two or more components whose equilibrium vapor phase and liquid phase compositions
are the same at a given pressure.
٤
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٣٫٦ Chiller
١) Refrigerating machine used to transfer heat between fluids.
٢) Complete, indirect refrigerating system of compressor, condenser, and evaporator with
all operating and safety controls.
٣٫٩ Coolant
Fluid employed for transferring heat form one place to another.
٣٫١٠ Damper
Device used to vary the volume of air passing through outlet, inlet or ducts.
٥
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٣٫١٦ Optimization
It is defined as an act, process or methodology of making something - design, systems or decision -
as fully perfect, functional or effective as possible.
٣.٢٠ Zoning
١) Division of a building or group of buildings into separately controlled spaces (zones),
where different conditions can be maintained simultaneously.
٢) Practice of dividing a building into smaller sections for control of heating and cooling.
Each section is selected so that one thermostat can be used to determine its requirements.
٤. UNITS
This Standard is based on International System of Units (SI) except where otherwise is specified.
٦
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٥٫١ General
٥٫١٫١ A reasonable and accurate requirement of air conditioning system shall be capable to
promote physical wellbeing of human or provide improvement to industrial processes.
٥٫١٫٢ Temperature, relative humidity, motion of the air, and the temperature of the surrounding
surfaces are important determining factors in the sensation of warmth and comfort because they
directly influence the dissiption of body heat.
٥٫١٫٣ In industrial processes, the temperature and relative humidity of the air have a great deal to
do with the rate of production, period of storage, and the weight, strength, appearance and quality
of the product.
٥٫٢٫١ The following shall be specified as a basis for the calculation of design loads:
a) Design outside conditions (including temperature, relative humidity and other factors).
b) Design inside conditions (Including temperature, relative humidity and other factors).
c) Average number of occupants.
d) Other sources of substantial load from with-indoors when design conditions prevail.
e) Quantity of air assumed for ventilation.
f) Time of day at which design load from indoor sources is estimated to occur.
g) Class of activity assumed for occupants.
h) Size and physical characteristics of enclosure.
i) Quantity of air assumed for infiltration, including infiltration due to door usage.
j) Hours of operation.
k) Orientation of building
٥٫٢٫٢ Calculations of design loads (summer) should include the following sources of heat gain:
a) Conduction through physical barriers, such as walls, doors, windows, floors, ceilings, etc.
b) Heat from sunshine:
١) Direct effect through glass areas.
٢) Additional conduction through opaque barriers, such as walls, roofs, etc., when
these heat gains contribute to the design load.
c) Heat and moisture introduced by incoming outdoor air.
d) Heat and moisture liberated by occupants.
e) Heat and moisture liberated by appliances, office equipment, illumination, combustion,
electric motors etc.
٧
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٥٫٤٫١ It is recommended that the design inside temperature and humidity for calculation of the
cooling load should not be higher than ٢٦٫٧°C (٨٠°F) dry-bulb temperature and ٥٠ percent relative
humidity. The ventilation rate, permissible variations and control limits should also be inclusive.
٥٫٤٫٢ For installations which have a load that is predominantly a "people" load, a slightly-lower
design dry-bulb temperature, along with an increase in relative humidity, is permissible to attain a
more economical equipment selection. Under these conditions, the design inside dry-bulb
temperature may decrease to ٢٥°C (٧٧°F) and the design inside humidity may increase to ٥٥
percent.
Seated, very light work Offices, hotels, apartments ٤٥٠ ٤٠٠ ٢٤٥ ١٥٥
Moderately active office work Offices, hotels, apartments ٤٧٥ ٤٥٠ ٢٥٠ ٢٠٠
Standing, light work; walking Departm ent store, retail store ٥٥٠ ٤٥٠ ٢٥٠ ٢٠٠
٨
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
Notes:
a) Tabulated values are based on ٢٤°C (٧٥°F) room dry-bulb temperature. For (٨٠°F) room
dry-bulb, the total heat remains the same, but the sensible heat values should be decreased
by approximately ٢٠٪, and the latent heat values increased accordingly.
b) Reference is also made to chapter ٨ of ASHRAE ١٩٨٩ Fundamental Guidebook.
c) All values are rounded to nearest ٥ W.(٥ Btu/h).
d) Adjusted heat gain is based on normal percentage of men, women, and children for the
application listed, with the postulate that the gain from an adult female is ٨٥٪ of that for an
adult male, and that the gain from a child is ٧٥٪ of that for an adult male.
e) Adjusted total heat gain for sedentary work, restaurant, includes ١٨ W (٦٠ Btu/h) for food
per individual (٩ W (٣٠ Btu/h) sensible and ٩ W latent).
f) For Bowling, figure one person per alley actually bowling, and all others as sitting (١١٧ W
٤٠٠ Btu/h) or standing and walking slowly (١٦٥ W- ٥٥٠ Btu/h).
٥٫٩٫١ Ventilation
٥٫٩٫١٫١ For Ventilation requirements the Table No. ٨ mentioned in IPS-E-AR-١٦٠ shall apply. For
maintaining positive pressure the quantity of air shall not be less than that drawn from the space by
any exhaust fan that may be used.
٥٫٩٫١٫٢ The amount of outdoor air depends on the number of occupants and on the materials and
apparatus that may give off odors within the space. Generally outdoor air for ventilation is
introduced at the air conditioning apparatus rather than directly into the conditioned space, thus it
becomes a cooling coil load instead of a space load component.
٥٫٩٫٢ Infiltration
The infiltration through doors and windows shall be calculated per formula mentioned in ASHRAE
Fundamental ١٩٨٩ Guidebook and the larger of the heat gain for ventilation or the infiltration
quantities shall be considered, but not both.
٥٫١٠٫١ The air quantity and temperature of the treated air and the method of introducing it to the
conditioned space shall be designed to limit to ١٫٦°C (٣°F) or less, the simultaneous variation in dry-
bulb temperature at the same level throughout that portion of a single room which is normally
frequented by persons.
٥٫١٠٫٢ In spaces normally frequented by persons not moving about, it is recommended to avoid air
velocities exceeding ٠٫٢٥ m/s (٥٠ fpm) in the zone between the floor and the ١٫٥ meter level.
٥٫١٠٫٣ Exceptions shall be made to the vicinity of a supply or return grille when the construction
requires it to be located below the ١٫٥ meter level and in a space normally frequented by persons.
٥٫١٠٫٤ Noise level, odor level and indoor air quality shall be given due considerations in the
equipment selection.
٩
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٦٫١ General
٦٫١٫١ Varying air conditioning demands are met in residential, commercial, institutional, medical and
office buildings. These demands are met primarily through the use of one of the systems mentioned
below or through combination of these systems, wherein classification shall be based on type of
refrigeration.
٦٫١٫٢ The coefficient of performance (COP) based on recent development addresses the
performance of an air conditioning equipment, and can be determined by the following formula:
TR 1200
COP =
HP 2544Btu / HP
Note:
For various ARI standard classification reference is made to IPS-M-AR-١٢٥. For window air
conditioners or thru the wall room air conditioners reference is made to IPS-M-AR-٢٤٥.
Subject to the configuration of the computer system, computer room air conditioning also
fall within this category.
١٠
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
١١
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٦٫٢٫٢٫٣٫١ These systems are a form of reheat system, condition the air at a central location (central
fan system) and deliver the air through ducts. The system may be low/medium pressure, single duct
or high pressure dual duct (representing hot and cold deck).
٦٫٢٫٢٫٣٫٢ A variable air volume mixing box may be used for maintaining room conditions through
control dampers/ valves to proportion the amount of hot or cold air required at the mixing box. Fig. ٣
illustrates the high velocity dual duct system.
٦٫٣٫١ General
٦٫٣٫١٫١ A heat pump is a refrigeration cycle-either reciprocating or centrifugal-in which the cooling
effect as well as the heat rejected is used to furnish cooling or heating to the air conditioning units
either simultaneously or separately.
٦٫٣٫١٫٢ Any thermodynamic cycle that is capable of producing a cooling effect may theoretically be
used as heat pump.
٦٫٣٫٢ Advantages
The heat pump system operation has the advantages of:
a) Over all first cost saving,
b) space saving,
c) nuisance elimination,
d) single energy source,
e) increased safety and,
f) fire insurance rate reduction.
٦٫٣٫٣ Heat pump types
Heat pumps for air conditioning service are further classified by:
a) Type of heat source and sink.
١٢
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٧٫١٫١ General
٧٫١٫١٫١ In an air conditioning system, each coil, washer or heat exchanger are an arrangement of
piping that will convey the cooling or heating fluid in an effective manner to the refrigeration
machine.
٧٫١٫١٫٢ When water is used, this arrangement shall be used with black carbon steel or galvanized
pipes in the form of supply and return water piping along with the necessary pump to circulate the
water through the piping and other equipment.
٧٫١٫٢ Pipe sizing
٧٫١٫٢٫١ General
Pressure drop caused by Newtonian fluids often presented in head or specific energy form is
described by the following Darcey-Weisbach equation:
L v2
h f
D 2g
Where:
h = head loss, feet
f = friction factor, dimensionless
L = length, feet
D = Internal diameter, feet
V = average velocity, ft/s
٢
g = acceleration due to gravity, ft/s
Note:
For further information, reference is made to ASHRAE ١٩٨٩ Fundamentals, Chapter ٣٣.
١٣
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٤) Determine the equivalent length of pipe in the main lines, risers, and branches.
٥) Determine the average minimum pressure in the street main and minimum pressure required for
the operation of the top most fixture. This should be between ٥٥ k Pa (٨ psi) to ١٧٢ k Pa (٢٥ psi).
٦) Using the equation in Clause ٧٫١٫٢٫١, calculate the approximate pressure drop value in ١٠٠ ft.
٧) From the expected rate of flow and pressure drop, size of pipes shall be determined as
mentioned in the ASHRAE ١٩٨٩ Fundamentals (Chapter ٣٣).
SIZE ٣٥٠ ML"/FT FL®FAN COILS DT=١٠°F ٢٥٠ ML"/FT FL®RADIATORS DT=٢٠°F
١٤
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
b) The pipe types used for direct expansion system shall be either K or L copper pipes,
suitable for interconnecting the complete refrigeration circuit as follows:
- The hot gas discharge line connecting the compressor to the condenser.
- The liquid line connecting the condenser to the liquid receiver.
- The liquid line connecting the liquid receiver to the cooling coil.
- The suction line connecting the cooling coil to the compressor.
٧٫٢٫١ Ducting
٧٫٢٫١٫١ The recommended practice shall be through rectangular fabrication on low velocity
arrangement not exceeding ١٠ m/s (٢٠٠٠ FPM).
٧٫٢٫١٫٢ High velocity system shall be for ١٥ m/s (٣٠٠٠ FPM) and higher, wherein use of round ducts
are recommended. These round ducts provide the following advantages:
a) Use of thinner gage material.
b) Exclusion of reinforcing braces.
c) Creates less turbulence.
d) Requires less head room.
٧٫٢٫١٫٣ The common method of air duct system design which are recommended for use are as
follows:
a) Equal friction method
In this system the ductwork is sized for a constant pressure loss per unit length of duct.
However higher airflow rates may require velocity limitations to prevent objectionable noise
level. This method is the recommended practice for design engineers.
١٥
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
this design procedure, approximately the same static pressure exists at the entrance of
each branch, simplifying outlet selection.
Note:
For types of various joints and its application of use, reference is made to IPS-E-AR-١٦٠ and
relevant ASHRAE guidebook.
٧٫٢٫١٫٧ The following recommended fabrication schedule for galvanized sheet metal ducting shall
be used, where applicable:
Up to
٧٦ cm ٠٫٦ mm (٢٤ga) ٢٫٥٤ cm (١") ٢٫٥×٢٫٥×٣mmthick ٤ Ft
١٠٧ cm ٠٫٨ mm (٢٢ ga) ١٫٥٤ cm (١") ٣cm×٣cm×٣mm ٤ Ft
١٣٧ cm ٠٫٨ mm (٢٢ ga) ٣٫٨١ cm (١½") ٤cm×٤cm×٣mm ٤ Ft
١٥٧-٢١٤ cm ١٫٠ mm (٢٠ ga) ٣٫٨١ cm (١½") ٤cm×٤cm×٣mm ٢ Ft
٢٤٤ cm ١٫٢٠mm(١٨ ga) ٣٫٨١ cm (١½") ٤cm×٤cm×٥mm ٢ Ft
Above ٢٤٥ cm ١.٢٠mm(١٨ ga) ٣٫٨١ cm (١½") ٥cm×٥cm×٦mm ٢ Ft
٧٫٢٫١٫٨ Recommended minimum zinc coating requirement on each standard ١٠٠٠ × ٢٠٠٠ mm
galvanized sheets shall be per the following schedule:
٢
٠٫٢٦ kg/m (٠٫٨٥ ounce per sqft) for ٠٫٥ mm thick sheets
٢
٠٫٣١٥ kg/m (١٫٠٥ ounce per sqft) for sheets ٠٫٦ mm to ١ mm thick
٢
٠٫٣٧٥ kg/m (١٫٢٥ ounce per sqft) for sheets ١٫٢٠ to ١٫٢٥ mm thick
٧٫٢٫١٫٩ Smooth transitions and long radius fittings with properly sized take-offs shall be provided for
the duct system. The provision of splitter damper near each take-offs (branch line) shall be made
where applications demand. All sharp ٩٠° elbows shall be provided with turning vanes.
١٦
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٧٫٢٫١٫١٠٫١ Thermal insulation shall be able to retard the flow of heat energy and its materials can be
fibrous sheet or monolithic, open or closed cell, or composite of these materials that can be
chemically or mechanically bound or supported. It is provided for ducts to reduce heat leakage into
the air passing to the conditioned area or to prevent condensation of moisture on the exterior of the
duct. The need for insulation shall depend upon the peculiarities of each installation including
provisions for fire protection.
٧٫٢٫١٫١٠٫٢ The insulating material shall not cause moisture absorption and be used on all ducts
running outside of building, on cool air supply ducts running through unconditioned spaces, and on
ducts running through hot spaces such as boiler rooms.
٧٫٢٫١٫١٠٫٣ Insulation is optional on supply ducts running through conditioned spaces, and not
recommended for return or exhaust ducts.
Note:
For type and material specification of insulating materials, reference is made to IPS-M-AR-
٢٣٥.
٧٫٢٫٢٫١ The distributed air from the ducting are circulated to the space through a properly designed
supply air outlets. Due consideration shall be given to throw, drop, rise and spread on air outlets’
capabilities.
٧٫٢٫٢٫٢ Each outlets, grilles, registers and diffusers shall have sponge rubber gasket around it and
shall be installed with a moth-proof supportive wooden frame between the duct neck and air outlets.
Note:
For additional information, on air outlet devices, reference is made to IPS-E-AR-١٦٠.
٧٫٢٫٣٫١ General
٧٫٢٫٣٫١٫١ The VAV system design can air condition both perimeter and interior spaces. The internal
sensible cooling load in interior spaces when occupied remains relatively constant the year round,
while the internal sensible load (people, light, solar and transmission) in perimeter spaces can
require either heating or cooling depending upon the outside weather conditions and the internal
load.
٧٫٢٫٣٫١٫٢ Conditioned air from the VAV terminal units can be supplied to multiple T-Bar slot air
diffusers through flexible ductwork between the terminal unit and the diffusers. The diffusers are set
over the T-Bar ceiling framework. Some manufacturers provide integral diffuser with their terminal
unit (s). Control for conditioning an area is achieved by the terminal unit (s) regulating the amount of
cool air entering the room through the T-Bar slot air diffuser (s). The terminal unit shall be equipped
with motor controlled throttling damper arrangement activated by a room thermostat to admit more
or less air to the conditioned space.
١٧
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
Note:
The recommended duct sizing method can also be through low friction combined with static
regain. This method is capable to maintain the static pressure relatively constant at all
points in the system, thus facilitating balancing, increasing stability and providing for
greater flexibility.
٧٫٢٫٤٫١ Filtered air in air conditioning shall be used to maintain a clean atmosphere in the
conditioned space. The concentration of contaminants in the air and the degree of cleanliness
required in the conditioned space determines the type of filters required.
Note:
For additional information on type of filters, its selection method and air resistance
capability, reference is made to IPS-E-AR-١٦٠.
٨٫١ General
The central HVAC system generally represent an arrangement of equipment which includes air
conditioning through means of refrigeration, one or more heat transfer units, room or space air
terminal units, pumping units, air filtration assembly, a means of air distribution, an arrangement for
piping the refrigerant and heating medium, and suitable controls to regulate the proper capacity and
function of these components.
١٨
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٨٫٢٫١ Common type of refrigeration machines, classified according to their type of operation are
mechanical compression, absorption and vacuum. Mechanical compression machines may be
divided into reciprocating, rotary and scroll types.
٨٫٢٫٢ Methods for the measurement of unit sound levels shall be based on ARI Standard ٥٧٥-٨٧.
٨٫٣٫١٫١ The absorption machine which can be fired by natural gas, oil, steam or even waste heat,
employs environmentally safe lithium bromide with anti-corrosive inhibitor in the cooling process has
its cycle based on two principles:
a) Lithium bromide solution has the ability to absorb water vapor.
b) Water as refrigerant, will boil,or flash cool itself, at low temperatures when it is subjected
to a high vacuum.
٨٫٣٫١٫٢ A direct fired preferably gas absorption-type chilled hot water generator (also called chiller-
heater assembly) single or dual effect factory assembled tested and installed on a rugged steel
base is a recommended updated technology to be used on all large and major installations. While
providing round-the-year air conditioning with one unit it saves machine room space, requires lower
initial investment, prevents ozone depletion problem, reduces peak power consumption and costs
for electricity, operation and maintenance are low.
٨٫٣٫١٫٣ To provide proper operation and eliminate hazards, a suitable microprocessor technology
shall be used. These should preferably be supplied with microprocessor-based burner control,
lithium bromide control to prevent crystallization, a bearing-wear monitoring system on pumps with
variable speed drives.
١٩
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
through electric, steam or diesel powered operation. Generally the evaporators operate
flooded and the flow control chamber acts as the expansion device.
٨٫٣٫٣٫١ In choosing an air conditioning system of large tonnage, it is common practice to settle upon
either a steam absorption system or an electric or steam driven centrifugal chiller. However by using
a combination of absorption machine and steam turbine drive centrifugal chillers, it may be possible
to obtain a more efficient system.
٨٫٣٫٣٫٢ The combination system provides lower steam cost and operating cost. Also it has lower
heat rejection rate than low pressure absorption systems, requiring smaller cooling towers, pumps,
piping and wire sizes for the units electrical power. The centrifugal chiller can be electric powered.
When steam powered full load steam rates of ١٠ to ١٢lbs/hr/ton can be obtained with ٨٩٦ kpag (١٣٠
psig) supply steam.
٨٫٣٫٣٫٣ This combination for cooling load ٧٠٠ ton of refrigeration and above shall be applied on ratio
of ١:٢ respectively (one centrifugal and two absorption), for providing lower operating costs
modulated through control of steam and chilled water circuits.
٨٫٣٫٣٫٤ It is recommended that with one centrifugal and one absorption combination system, the
piping for chilled water circuit should be arranged in a series fashion where all the water flow
through the absorption chiller first and the centrifugal chiller second. On such cases the cooling
water for the condensers shall be piped in parallel.
٨٫٣٫٣٫٥ In the event one centrifugal is to be combined with two absorption chillers, arranging of
chilled water circuits in and out of the combination shall affect the steam circuit and flow. The
principle recommended arrangements are as follows:
a) Water in and out, in parallel with each of the three machines handling separate load. This
arrangement is seldom used.
b) Water in and out in parallel but with a common load and common piping connections.
This arrangement is frequently used.
c) Water in and out of the absorption unit in parallel, then in and out of the centrifugal in
series. This arrangement is commonly used.
d) Water in and out of all units in series. This method is not in common use.
٨٫٣٫٣٫٦ Where stand-by applications are required, it is recommended that capacity of each of the
three machines be evenly split into one-third of the total load. Therefore should the centrifugal
chiller be shut down for some reason, the remaining units could still handle two-third of the total
load.
Note:
For special applications, provision of stand-by facilities shall be given due consideration.
٨٫٤٫١ General
٨٫٤٫١٫١ Depending on economic and operating advantages, the selection of air cooled or water
cooled system shall be carefully evaluated. In places where water is insufficient or expensive,
where a high ambient wet bulb temperature exists, where cooling water pumping or water cooling
costs are uneconomical, water cooled systems are not recommended.
٨٫٤٫١٫٢ The air cooled system is applicable where the ambient dry bulb temperature is below the
desired condensing temperature. On sites with abusive conditions the air cooled condenser
specification must be protected with specific metals and control requirements, other than standard.
٨٫٤٫١٫٣ In general, air-cooled units are suitable choice for wet bulb temperatures above
٢٠
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٢٦٫٧°C(٨٠°F) and water cooled temperatures are suitable choice for high ambient dry bulb with low
relative humidity.
٨٫٤٫١٫٤ Since both system are exposed to sun, wind, storm, rain, dust etc., a suitable site location
and structure away from any hindrances shall be considered for economical operation.
٨٫٤٫٣٫١ Economic comparison for the cooling tower should include the initial cost, make-up water
facilities, wind velocity, blow down facilities, piping length, water treatment, and the overall available
power supply.
٨٫٤٫٣٫٢ The application evaluation on either air cooled or water cooled system shall depend upon,
but not limited to, the following conditions:
a) Ambient dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures.
b) Quantity and quality of available water.
c) Available space for installations.
d) Component replacement facilities.
e) Operating pressure limitations.
f) Wind and storm velocity.
g) Initial and shipping costs.
h) Noise environmental vibration limitations.
i) Maintenance and operating costs.
j) Site corrosive conditions.
Note:
On both systems the fabrication capabilities in Iran shall be given due consideration and a
feasibility chart shall be compiled for optimization, to try and make the designed system fully
perfect, functional and effective, cost and efficiency wise.
٨٫٥٫١ It is used in large air conditioning systems where chilled/hot water flows through black carbon
steel pipes providing the cooling media from the chillers through the pumps to the terminal units and
air handling equipment.
٨٫٥٫٢ The following steps shall be considered in the design of the chilled/hot water piping circuit:
٢١
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
١) Local building codes and ordinances shall be studied and complied with.
٢) Shut-off valves shall be provided at all individual pieces of equipment to enable normal
servicing of unit without draining system.
٣) For remote room unit installations, the reversed return piping system shall be used to
secure an inherently balanced system. A properly designed constant flow control valves can
be used in lieu of reverse return system.
٤) A dirt leg and blow-off valve shall be provided on both supply and return risers.
٥) All high points in the piping circuit shall be properly vented to prevent air lock in the lines.
٦) In systems designed for heating and cooling, pipe expansion caused by the change in
water temperature shall be provided for.
٧) Where noise is a factor, it is recommended that water velocities in pipes up to ٢" size
should not exceed ١٫٢٥ m/s (four feet per second), and maximum ٣٫١٠ m/s in pipes from
٢½" through ٨" including headers.
٨) The total friction loss of the piping circuit shall be carefully calculated to determine the
pumping head.
٩) Where individual unit flow control or shut-off is to be provided, by-pass or three-way
valves shall be used to limit system water pressures and provide adequate flow-rate
through the water cooler.
١٠) A properly designed closed or open type expansion tank shall be provided for the
system.
١١) All supply and return chilled/hot water piping shall be insulated to prevent condensation.
١٢) A strainer of at least ٤٠ mesh per square inch is recommended to be installed in the
piping circuit at the pump inlet.
١٣) Thermometers and pressure gages shall be strategically located to aid in start-up and
test work and normal service checks. Necessary tappings for testing, adjusting and
balancing (TAB) procedures shall be provided.
١٤) The maximum pump pressure or the maximum pressure created by a static head
should not exceed the design working pressure of the water cooler or the maximum
pressure ratings of the accessories.
٨٫٦٫١ General
٨٫٦٫١٫١ For proper and efficient operation of a central HVAC system, adequate water treatment
facilities shall be provided for condenser water and chilled water circuit. (For further information,
reference is made to ASHRAE ١٩٨٧ Guidebook, Systems and Application, Chapter ٥٣).
٨٫٦٫١٫٢ Besides chemical water treatment, modern integrated circuitry and signal processing to
produce a deionizing effect for increasing the solubility of minerals in the liquid can be used.
٨٫٦٫١.٣ A fouling allowance of ٠٫٠٤٤ m٢.K/kW is included in manufacturer’s rating based on ARI
Standard ٥٩٠-٩٢.
٢٢
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
Notes:
١) The water treatment for the cooling towers and air handling units (even domestic water
supplies) shall be capable to control and prevent legionnaires (pneomonic) disease caused
through the bacteria in the water which lurks in the atmosphere (creating devasting illness
and death). Such water has been shown to be a common habitat for this organism, and
research by ASHRAE aimed at improving control and preventive measures are being
conducted.
٢) To provide saving in energy, water ,chemical treatment and maintenance on large
installation, the suction and the pressure side of the pump (on chilled/hot water and
condenser water circuits) shall be incorporated with suitable sized centrifugalaction filtration
system (separators) to remove particles as small as ٧٤ microns for one single passage, and
٤٤ microns if two separators are used.
٩٫١ General
٩٫١٫١ The calculated net capacity shall be based on individual manufacturer’s tables, charts and
performance curve conforming to certified ratings of ARI, AHAM, AMCA, CTI, NEC, etc. Necessary
correction factors shall be applied wherever deemed essential.
٩٫١٫٢ In selecting types of relevant equipment, careful consideration shall be given to its feasibility
of usage, initial cost, available facilities such as necessary spare parts and performance guarantee
in Iran and the owning and operating cost.
٩٫١٫٣ Since each manufacturer have different selection procedures, hence the overall selection
method shall be based on procedures outlined by individual manufacturer. The procedures
mentioned in this Standard shall therefore be considered as recommended guidelines.
Note:
The description on selection procedures covered in this Standard are based on conventional
method suitable for locations devoid of computer facilities. Computation methods shall be
used wherever computer facilities are available.
٩٫٢٫١ General
٩٫٢٫١٫١ These packaged water chillers operate with broad class of positive displacement
compressors such as:
a) Reciprocating (open, hermetic or semi-open type).
٢٣
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٩٫٢٫٢٫٢٫١ Refrigeration capacity and chilled water range fix quantity of water to be circulated in
accordance with the equation:
Kcal / hr (cooling effect )
Chilled Water M٣ / hr = or
1000 chill water range (C )
Btuh(coolig effect )
GPM =
500 chill water rang ( F )
٩٫٢٫٢٫٢٫٢ A system should be designed for constant water flow through the cooler. Either three way
control valves or two way control valves at the cooling coils with an automatically controlled pump
bypass shall be used.
٩٫٢٫٢٫٢٫٣ Careful consideration must be given in selecting design ambient. For instance, air
temperature above a roof is frequently ٣°C above recorded design dry bulb temperatures.
٩٫٢٫٢٫٢٫٤ The minimum outside air temperature at which the system will be operated must also be
determined. Air cooled condensers used with chillers must always be provided with discharge
damper head pressure control.
٩٫٢٫٢٫٣٫١ Rating tables shall include an allowance for a ٠٫٠٠٠٥ fouling factor in the cooler and water
cooled condenser. The chilled water circuit is closed and there should be no need to increase the
fouling factor for the cooler. However, if a ٠٫٠٠١ cooler fouling factor is desired, multiply
manufacturer’s table capacity by ٠٫٩٧ and table kilowatts by ١٫٠٣, or follow manufacturer’s
instructions.
٩٫٢٫٢٫٣.٢ When well or river water is used for the condenser, a ٠٫٠٠١ condenser fouling factor may
be desirable. In this case, multiply manufacturer’s table capacity by ٠٫٩٧ and table KW input by ١٫٠٣
or follow manufacturer’s instructions.
٢٤
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٩٫٢٫٢٫٤ Interpolation
Manufacturer’s generally permit interpolation within their published ratings but extrapolation is not
permitted.
٢٥
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٩٫٣٫١ General
٩٫٣٫١٫١ The absorption water chiller and the mechanical compressor water chiller accept heat to
evaporate a refrigerant at low pressure in the evaporator, thereby creating cooling effect. They
condense the vaporous refrigerant at higher temperature in the condenser.
٩٫٣٫١٫٢ The absorption and compression cycle function similar, taking low pressure refrigerant
vapor from the evaporator
and delivering high pressure refrigerant vapor to the condenser. The only difference being in the
method of transporting the vapor from the low to high pressure side.
٩٫٣٫١٫٣ In an absorption machine lithium bromide (LiBr) salt solution is the agent and water acts as
refrigerant.
٩٫٣٫١٫٤ The two basic limitation in the absorption chiller application is the temperature limitation of
leaving chilled water being above ٤°C (٤٠°F) and the critical balance of solution concentration in the
cycle.
٩٫٣٫١٫٥ The fouling factor requirements in the evaporator and condenser shall be based on ARI
standard ٥٦٠-٩٢.
٩٫٣٫٢٫١ Since each manufacturer have different selection procedure for steam and hot water
absorption machines, hence selections shall be made per steps outlined by individual
manufacturers.
٩٫٣٫٢٫٢ The following data shall be provided to the manufacturer for proper unit selection.
٢٦
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
١. Job name/Location
Notes:
١) Some manufacturers’ absorption machines may be capable to operate without a cooling
tower bypass valve up to minimum ١٥°C entering condenser water temperature.
٢) It is recommended that the chilled water leaving temperature be limited between ٦٫٧°C
(٤٤°F) to ٧٫٨°C (٤٦°F)
٢٧
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٩٫٤٫١ General
٩٫٤٫١٫١ From a thermodynamic stand-point the centrifugal refrigeration cycle is identical to the vapor
compression system operating with reciprocating compressor with only difference in means of
compressing the refrigerant.
٩٫٤٫١٫٢ The centrifugal machine is a variable displacement with one or more impellers, spinning in
specifically formed housings that impart centrifugal force to the gas. The velocity energy resulting
from this centrifugal force is then converted to pressure.
٩٫٤٫١٫٣ They handle large volumes of refrigerant gas and are commonly available in capacities over
١٠٠ tons of refrigeration. Its compressor uses treated halocarbons refrigerants with varying physical
properties.
٩٫٤٫١٫٤ The fouling factor in the evaporator and condenser shall be based on ARI Standard and the
performance in these machines shall be rated in accordance to ARI ٥٥٠-٩٢ and service access shall
be per ANSI/ASHRAE ١٥-١٩٨٩, and NFPA ٧٠ (NEC). The factory insulation on the evaporator shell
shall conform to UL standard ٩٤ classification ٩٤ HBF.
Note:
Experience has shown that a ٥٫٥ to ٦°C condenser water range is generally recommended
for obtaining most economical cooling tower and machine selection.
d) From manufacturer’s table determine fouling factor allowance. Unless special conditions
٢
exist a fouling factor of ٠٫٠٠٠١°C/hr/m /kcal is adequate for both cooler (being a closed
circuit) and condenser when city water is used.
e) It is recommended that for every one point increase in the fouling factor for the cooler,
the desired machine selection shall be based on ١°C below actual (design) chilled water
temperature and for the condenser on ١٫٥°C above actual design condenser water
temperature.
f) From manufacturer’s tables, select number of condenser and cooler passes within the
calculated chilled (item a) and condenser (item c) water range. Maximum number of passes
provide for greater efficiency.
g) From manufacturer’s chart check the pressure drop in the cooler and condenser within
٢٨
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٩٫٥٫١ The proper selection of an air handling unit is conducted through the conditions entered in the
psychrometric chart.
٩٫٥٫٢ For the selection of these units the air volume, ambient conditions, inside design conditions,
total load and sensible cooling load shall be available for coil selection. The sensible load shall be
divided by total load to obtain the sensible heat factor.
٩٫٥٫٣ The following known data shall be furnished to the manufacturer:
I) Operating conditions:
- Air inlet conditions: DB/WB
- Air outlet conditions: DB/WB
- Chilled water entering temp.: °C/°F
٩٫٦٫١ The required room sensible cooling capacity is usually the basis for selection of a fan coil unit,
however total cooling capacity should be checked to ensure that the selection will meet all
conditions of service.
٩٫٦٫٢ For cooling, the unit is usually selected at fan high speed, however except for extreme
conditions a unit so selected shall meet room conditions at normal or slow fan speed.
٩٫٦٫٣ The manufacturer’s cooling capacity tables allows for interpolation between flow rates, water
temperatures and air temperatures, but extrapolation are not recommended.
٩٫٦٫٤ From capacity tables, multiply the rating obtained from high speed table by cooling capacity
multiplier to obtain ratings at other speeds. Manufacturer’s tabulation also provides fan capacity in
cfm at various speeds and external static pressure.
٢٩
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
Note:
To prevent motor overload, a minimum static pressure loss in filters, grilles, plenum etc. are
generally foreseen by the manufacturer.
٩٫٧٫١ General
٩٫٧٫١٫١ In an air induction terminal units air and water are two medias used to handle the total air
conditioning job to be done.
a) Air
Only a relatively small volume of air is used. This air, called Primary air, provides
ventilation, dehumidifying or humidifying capacity, plus the motive power at the room
terminal unit for effective distribution in the conditioned space.
b) Water
The water flowing through the terminal unit coil does the sensible cooling job-that of
offsetting sun load, plus heat generated within the space by people, lights, or other internal
sources.
Notes:
١) Maintenance is centralized remotely from the conditioned spaces since the air-induction
units contain no moving parts.
٢) For further information on induction units and its capacity curve on cooling-heating
functional mode, reference is made to relevant ASHRAE Application Guidebook.
٣٠
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
Note:
Reference is made to individual manufacturer’s capacity curves for proper selection
procedure.
٩٫٨٫١ General
Psychrometry is a subject relating to the measurement of atmospheric conditions, and in particular,
the moisture content of air. Since most of the heat lost by the water in a cooling tower is absorbed
by direct contact with ambient atmospheric air, some knowledge of psychrometry and
thermodynamic is desirable.
٣١
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٩٫٩٫١ Types
Common types of centrifugal pumps used in the HVAC&R industry are:
a) Close coupled end suction pumps.
b) Base mounted end suction pump with flexible coupling.
c) In-line pumps or circulators.
d) Vertical or horizontal split case single or multi - stage.
e) Vertical or horizontal single or double - stage turbine pumps.
Notes:
١) All centrifugal pumps shall be with volute casing.
٢) The number of impellers indicate the stage characteristic of a pump.
٣) For construction description of pumps reference is made to IPS-M-AR-٢٢٥.
٩٫٩٫٢٫١ For proper selection of pumps the following information shall be required:
- Maximum flow in system.
- System head at maximum flow.
- System operating pressures and temperatures.
- Pump environmental conditions including ambient temperature.
- Electrical current characteristic and RPM.
- Electrical service starting limitations.
- Special electrical control.
- Location
- Water quality.
٩٫٩٫٢٫٢ Pumps shall be selected from manufacturer’s performance curves on ٥٠ Hz operation. The
prime objective in
the selection approach shall be efficiency, quiet operation, lowest initial and operating costs and
close conformance to actual needs.
٩٫٩٫٢٫٣ The selection of pumps shall take into consideration the changes of flow in the system and
the point of operation of a pump on its head-capacity curve.
٣٢
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٩٫١٠٫١ General
٩٫١٠٫١٫١ Coil circuiting are based on air and water counterflow where water enters on the leaving air
side and leaves on the entering air side. These must be properly installed in order that ratings are
met.
٩٫١٠٫١٫٢ Coil circuiting should be selected to produce a water velocity as high as permitted by
pressure drop limitations. A pressure drop of ٦ to ١٠ meters of water is generally not considered
excessive.
٩٫١٠٫١٫٣ Entering water temperatures should be at least ٣ to ٤°C below leaving air dry bulb. In order
to keep required system GPM to a minimum, it may be desirable to design for a water rise through a
coil in excess of ٦°C. Water temperature rise can be varied from one coil bank to another within a
system for best overall performance.
٩٫١٠٫١٫٤ Normal air face velocities used are between ٢ to ٣ m/s (٤٠٠ and ٦٠٠ fpm). Moisture carry
over depends upon three factors-fin spacing, face velocity, and the degree of condensation. Since
the degree of condensation varies with entering air conditions, it is advisable to select a
conservative face velocity so that carryover does not become a problem regardless of entering air
conditions.
٩٫١٠٫٢٫١ To select a coil, the following information must be determined from system requirements:
a) Air quantity to be cooled.
b) Entering air wet bulb and dry bulb temperature.
c) Total cooling load to be handled by the coil.
d) Entering water temperature.
e) Water temperature range (outlet minus inlet).
f) Maximum allowable face velocity across coil in m/s (fpm).
g) Coil pressure loss
h) Water flow rate
٩٫١٠٫٢٫٢ Select coil size from manufacturer’s table by determining approximate face area required
and space limitations.
٩٫١٠٫٢٫٣ Calculate required Kw (mbh) per square meter (square feet) of face area.
٩٫١٠٫٢٫٤ Calculate water flow rate and determine sensible heat capacity of coil, air resistance
through coil and water pressure drop.
٩٫١١٫١ General
٩٫١١٫١٫١ Like the cooling coil, heating coils are based on air and water counterflow. Therefore these
must be properly installed in order for the ratings to be met.
٩٫١١٫١٫٢ Coil circuiting should be selected to produce a water velocity as high as permitted by
٣٣
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
٩٫١١٫٢٫١ To select hot water heating coil, the following information must be determined from system
requirements:
a) Quantity of standard air to be heated.
b) Entering air db temperature.
c) Leaving air db temperature.
d) Entering water temperature.
e) Water temperature range or drop.
f) Desired coil face velocity in m/s (fpm).
g) Heating load
h) Dimension limitation
٩٫١١٫٢٫٢ Clauses ٩٫١٠٫٢٫٢ through ٩٫١٠٫٢٫٤ shall apply.
٩٫١١٫٢٫٣ Determine total water pressure drop by adding water pressure drop through tubes from
manufacturer’s table. Apply correction factors where required.
٩٫١١٫٤٫١ Manufacturer’s data and calculations are based on standard air, that is ١٫٢ kg/m٣ at ٢١°C
(٠٫٠٧٥ lbs per cubic feet at ٧٠°F). Conditions at other than those for standard air will give incorrect
٣٤
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
Note:
Refer to manufacturer’s selection tables and interpolate whenever necessary. Extrapolations
are not recommended.
١٠. REFRIGERANTS
١٠٫١ General
١٠٫١٫١ Since the status of present refrigerant gas represent an industry in transition responding to
external forces, product and market categories are being identified and their technical option
outlined, it is imperative that design engineers be introduced to these changes. Also the future
prospect represent promising new materials which can assist the design engineer in the selection of
suitable compressor and chillers.
١٠٫١٫٢ In order to make the right choice when making a selection on ideal refrigerant, it is
recommended that the performance ratings of each refrigerant should be compared as indicated in
Table ٣.
٣٥
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
١٠٫٣٫١ ANSI/ASHRAE Standard ٣٤-١٩٩٢ defines Safety Group Classifications for refrigerants
according to their toxicity and flammability. Toxicity classifications are based on the Threshold Limit
Value and Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) established for each refrigerant. (Safety is defined
as being free from harm or the risk of injury or loss).
١٠٫٣٫٢ The designations for toxity and flammability defined in six possible combination are shown in
the matrix (something within which something else originates or develops) as indicated in Table ٤.
٣٦
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
١٠٫٣٫٣ Refrigerants are assigned to one of the two classes "A" or "B" and are based on the
following criteria:
a) Class A
Signifies refrigerants for which toxicity has not been identified at concentrations less than or
equal to ٤٠٠ ppm, based on data used to determine Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted
Average (TLV-TWA) or consistent indices.
b) Class B
Signifies refrigerants for which there is evidence of toxicity at concentrations below ٤٠٠
ppm, based on data used to determine TLV-TWA or consistent indices.
١٠٫٤٫١ General
Effective July ١،١٩٩٢ EPA’s "No Venting Law" requires all contractors and owners to posses a
suitable refrigerant recovery and recycling unit conforming to the requirements of ARI ٧٤٠. This
approach is essential to minimize the CFC contaminant level.
٣٧
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
١١٫١٫١ General
Applications of automatic control systems range from simple domestic and commercial temperature
regulation to precision control of industrial processes. Automatic controls can be used wherever a
variable condition must be controlled. ,That condition may be pressure, temperature, humidity, or
rate and volume of flow, and it may exist in a liquid, a solid, or a gas. In controlling these conditions,
the most important consideration is in the operation of the controlling and the controlled devices.
Note:
For further information on automatic controls, reference is made to ASHRAE ١٩٩١
Application Guidebook, Chapter ٤١.
١١٫٢ Actuators
١١٫٢٫١ An actuator is a controlled motor, relay or solenoid in which the electric or pneumatic energy
is converted into a rotary, linear or switching action. An actuator can effect a change in the control
variable by operating a number of kinds of final control elements, such as valves and dampers.
١١٫٢٫٢ Pneumatic motors or actuators are proportioning and modulating in action, that they can
assume any position between and including both extremes, depending on the pressure of the air
delivered to them. To secure two-position or on-off action, relays must be used to supply either zero
air pressure or full air pressure to the motor.
١١٫٢٫٣ Electric motors are two-position, floating, or proportional position. Some of these motors are
uni-directional and rotate through ٣٦٠°, while others have a limited stroke and two directions of
travel.
١١٫٣ Controllers
١١٫٣٫١ General
١١٫٣٫١٫١ A controller is a device which (١) senses and measures changes in the controlled variable,
and (٢) uses an impulse received from sensing and measuring the controlled variable to meter
energy of a form usable in the control circuit. The metered energy actuates the control equipment
which then corrects a change or prevents a further change in the controlled variable.
١١٫٣٫١٫٢ The sensing and measuring functions are performed by the primary element of the
controller. The material and construction of the primary element must be such that the primary
element will respond to changes in the controlled condition. Electric and pneumatic controls use
essentially the same kinds of primary elements.
١١٫٣٫١٫٣ The primary elements of a typical controller should have the capability to measure the
following:
- temperature sensing primary elements
- pressure sensing primary elements
- humidity sensing primary elements
١١٫٣٫١٫٤ The controller takes the information in either the form of temperature sensing or humidity
sensing. It gives command which can turn ’off’ and ’on’ the pilot lights, start and stop a fan or
provide overall heating or cooling as required. Recent system allows personal computers (PC) to be
tied to the controller and this PC can act as the customers’ window into the system.
١١٫٣٫٢٫١ The translation of the measured change in the controlled variable into a form of energy
which can be used by the control system. In the primary element, the measurement of the
controlled condition has been transformed into an impulse. This impulse then acts on the controller
mechanism.
٣٨
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
١١٫٣٫٢٫٢ In an electric controller the impulse from the primary element is used to open or close an
electric circuit or set up a varying resistance in an established circuit. For pneumatic controllers the
mechanism is usually a system of valves which are opened and closed, or a vane which regulates
the air pressure to the final control element by bleeding air to the atmosphere.
١١٫٣٫٢٫٣ The mechanism of the controller is, in effect an amplifier. This is even more apparent in
electronic control devices, as the sensing and measuring functions are carried out in terms of
electronic energy and amplified by an electronic amplifier.
١٢٫٢٫١ General
The first "D" in DDC can stand for two concepts: Direct or Distributed. Direct (the definition accepted
in the industry today) signifies that system devices are monitored and controlled by digital
electronics. Distributed control means that system devices interact among themselves to control a
mechanical system, without reference to an over-seeing device.
٣٩
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
- Trend logging
- Dynamic trending
- Command trace
١٢٫٤٫١ A data communication protocol for Building Automation energy management and Control
network (BACnet) procedures shall be based on ASHRAE Standard *BSR/ASHRAE ١٣٥-P. The
proposed BACnet standard defines data communication services and protocol for computer
equipment used for monitoring and control of HVAC and other building systems. It defines an
abstract object-oriented representation of information communicated between equipment, thereby
facilitating the application and use of digital control technology in buildings.
١٢٫٤٫٢ To develop mechanisms by which computerized equipment of arbitrary function can
exchange information, regardless of the particular building service it performs, the SPC ١٣٥P
(Standards Project Committee) recommends the following four key components to the development
process required to be tackled:
a) How to represent the internal functioning of a Vendors’ equipment in a common, network-
visible way, recognizing both proprietary nature of Vendor’s internal design and the diversity
of fuctionility involved.
* BSR = Board of Standards Review
b) To agree on a set of common commands or services that could be used between
devices to get them to carry out the functions of distributed monitoring and control. (The
Standard currently provides ٣٠ services in fire areas: alarm and event services; object
access services; remote device management services; and virtual terminal services).
c) To agree how to encode the messages defined above in a standard way. How should the
messages be represented as binary zeros and ones on the communications media.
d) What network technologies should be used to actually get the BACnet messages from
one device to another.
١٢٫٤٫٣ Computers used in the HVAC industry have their own defacto standards. To define this
model for protocol communications, the International Standards Organization (ISO) proposed that
manufacturers comply to Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model. This follows the ISO
٤٠
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
recommendations for the provision of "gate ways"to other networks. Within the LON (Local
Operating Network) protocol the OSI has defined its workings in ٧ layers (sub-task).
٤١
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENTS
(These Attachments are not part of this Standard and are included for information purpose only).
ATTACHMENT ١
٤٢
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٢
ZONING CLASSIFICATION PER CLIMATIC CONDITION IN IRAN
ELEV = ELEVATION
ASL = ABOVE SEA LEVEL
GR/LB = GRAINS PER POUND
REL HUM = RELATIVE HUMIDITY
٤٣
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٣
SCHEDULE OF IRANIAN CITIES PER ZONING AREA
ANEN ABADAN
ARDEKAN AGAJARI
BAFQ AHWAZ
BAFT ANDIMESHK
BEERJAND BEHBAHAN
DAMGHAN BUM
EMAM SHAHR DASHTE ABAS
ESFAHAN DEZFUL
FESA DOW GONBADAN
FIRDAUS EEZEH
GARMSAR GACHSAR
GONABAD HOVEIZEH
JAHROM IRANSHAHR
JEEROFT KAHNOOJ
KAHRIZAK LAR
KASHAN MASJID SULAIMAN
KASHMAR RAMHORMOZ
KERMAN SHOOSH
KERMANSHAH SHOOSHTAR
KHORAMABAD SUSANGERD
NAJAF ABAD ZABOL
NEIREEZ
PASSARGAD
RAFSANJAN
RAVAND
SABZEVAR
SEERJAN
SEMNAN
SHAHR BABAK
SHIRAZ
TAFTAN
TEHRAN
YASOOJ
YEZD
ZAHEDAN
(to be continued)
٤٤
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٣ (continued)
TYPE ١ - HOT & HUMID TYPE ٤ - MILD & DRY
ABU MUSA ISLAND ABHAR
BANDAR ABAS ALI GOODARZ
BANDAR AMIR ARAK
BANDAR BOOSHER ARDABIL
BANDAR DYLAM AZARSHAHR
BANDAR GONAVEH BANEH
BANDAR JASK BAZARGAN
BANDAR IMAM KHOMEINI BOEEN ZAHRA
BANDAR MAHSHAR BIJAR
CHAHBAHAR BISETOON
HENGAM PORT BOJNOORD
HORMOZ PORT BOROOJERD
KHARG ISLAND BUKAN
KISH ISLAND DAMAVAND
LARAK PORT DEHLORAN
LAVAN PORT DOOZ DOOZAN
MINAB ESLAM ABAD
MINOO PORT HAMEDAN
TOMB BOZORG HESARAK
TOMB KOOCHEK KARADJ
QESHM ISLAND KHOY
MAHALAT
MAKOO
MALAYER
MARAGEH
MARIWAN
MASHED
MESHKEEN SHAHR
MIYANDOAB
MIYANEH
NEISHABOOR
NOUSOOD
OSHANOOYIEH
PAVEH
PIRANSHAHR
QAZVIN
QOOCHAN
RAVANSAR
REZAYEH
ROODE HEN
SALMAZ
SANANDAJ
SAQEZ
SARAB
SARDASHT
SHABESTAR
SHAHIN DEJ
SHAHR-E-KORD
SHEERVAN
TABRIZ
TAKAB
ZANJAN
(to be continued)
٤٥
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٣ (continued)
TYPE ٥ - MILD & HUMID
AZADSHAHR
ASTARA
ASTANEH
AMOL
BABOL
BABOLSAR
BANDAR ANZALI
BANDAR TORKAMAN
BANDAR GAZ
BEHSHAHR
CHABOKSAR
CHALOOS
FOOMEN
GONBAD KAVOOS
HASHTPAR
KHOLAK CHAL
LAHIJAN
LANGAROOD
MANJIL
NEKA
NOOR
NOUSHAHR
QAEM SHAHR
RAMSAR
RASHT
ROOD-BAR
ROOD-SAR
SARI
SIYAKHAL
SOMEH SARA
TONKABON
٤٦
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٤
a
RECOMMENDED RATE OF HEAT GAIN FROM SELECTED RESTAURANT EQUIPMENT
a) In cases where heat gain is given per unit of capacity the heat gain is calculated by
multiplying the capacity by the recommended heat gain per unit of capacity.
b) Standby input rating is for the entire appliance regardless of size.
٤٧
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٥
RECOMMENDED RATE OF HEAT GAIN FROM SELECTED OFFICE EQUIPMENT
٤٨
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٦
RECOMMENDED RATE OF HEAT GAIN FROM HOSPITAL EQUIPMENT LOCATED
IN THE AIR CONDITIONED AREA
a For hospital equipment installed under a hood, the heat gain is assumed to be zero.
b Heat gain per cubic meter of interior space.
c Input is not proportional to memory size
d Heat gain per ١٠ m٣ of interior space
e Heat gain per liter of capacity
f Sensible heat
g Larent heat
٤٩
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٧
HEAT GAIN FROM TYPICAL ELECTRIC MOTORS
٥٠
Mar. ١٩٩٦ IPS-E-AR-١٢٠
ATTACHMENT ٨
EQUIPMENT SERVICE LIFE
a
Obtained from a nation-wide survey conducted by ASHRAE TC ١٫٨ (Akalin ١٩٧٨). Data
changed by TC ١٫٨ in ١٩٨٦.
b
See Lovora and Hiller (١٩٨٥) and Easton Consultants (١٩٨٦) for further information.
٥١