EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM

SAUNF,AJWAIN AND ELAICHI

 TABLE OF CONTENT
 AIM
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 ANISEED PLANT
 REQUIREMENTS
 PROCEDURE
 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
 OBSERVATIONS
 RESULT
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic
liquid containing volatile aroma compounds
from plants. They are also known as volatile
oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea etc. Essential oils
are made up of highly volatile substances which
can be extracted from numerous plant species.
Distillation based recovery processes such as
steam and vacuum distillation are preferred for
the extraction of essential oils from plant
materials. Virtually all naturally occurring
essential oils are made up of hydrocarbons
such as camphene, pinene, limonene,
phellandrene cedrene, and oxygenated
hydrocarbons such as alcohols, aldehydes,
esters, ethers, ketones, lactones, phenols and
organic acids. The essential oil get their odours
from the oxygenated compounds contained in
them and these confer stability on the oil
against oxidation. The hydrocarbons are less
stable and they are responsible for the
degradation observed in the oils. The
hydrocarbons contained in the essential oils are
often removed so that the oils can be more
stable and still retain their odours and flavours .
 THEORY

Steam distillation is a type of distillation (a

separation or extraction process) for a
temperature-sensitive plant such as natural
aromatic compounds. It once was a popular
laboratory method for purification of organic
compounds but has become obsolete by vacuity
distillation. Steam distillation still important in
certain industrial sectors. Steam distillation is
one of ancient and official approved methods
for isolation of essential oils from plant
materials. The plant materials charged in the
alembic are subjected to the steam without
maceration in water. The injected steam passes
through the plants from the base of the alembic
to the top. Steam distillation is a method where
steam flows through the material as shown in
diagram below. This steam functions as agents
that break up the pores of the raw material and
release the essential oil from it. The system
yields a mixture of a vapour and desired
essential oil. This vapour is then condensed
further and the essential oil is collected.
The principle of this technique is that the
combined vapour pressure equals the ambient
pressure at about 100 °C so that the volatile
components with the boiling points ranging from
150 to 300 °C can be evaporated at a
temperature close to that of water.Furthermore,
this technique can be also carried out under
pressure depending on the essential oils
extraction difficulty.

We are all familiar with the pleasant odours

coming out from flowers, spices and many
trees. The essence or aromas of plants are due
to volatile oils present in them. These smelling
volatile oils present in plants are called
essential oils. Cinnamon, clove, cumin,
eucalyptus, garlic, jasmine, peppermint, rose,
sandalwood, spearmint, thyme, wintergreen are
a few familiar examples of valuable essential
oils. The term “essential oils” literally means
“oils derived from the essence” of plants.
Essential oils are mainly used for their pleasant
odours and flavors in perfumes and as flavoring
agents in foods. Some are used in medicines
(e.g., camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus) others
as insect repellants (e.g., citronella).
Chemically essential oils are composed of
complex mixtures of ester, alcohols, phenols,
aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They are
essentially non-polar compounds and are thus
soluble in non-polar solvents such as petroleum
ether, benzene etc. Essential oils may occur in
all parts of the plant, but they are often
concentrated in the seeds or flowers. They are
obtained from the plants by the process of
steam distillation and extraction. The technique
of steam distillation permits the separation of
volatile components from non-volatile materials
without raising the temperature of the
distillation above 100° C. Thus steam distillation
reduces the risk of decomposition of essential
oils.
 CAROM OIL(AJWAIN)

 Botanical name : Trachyspermum ammi

 Common Method of Extraction : Distillation
 Aroma: Warm, Pungent, Peppery
 Extraction: Ajwain oil is extracted from the
crushed seeds of ajwain by the method of
steam distillation.
 Chemical composition: The main
constituents of the ajwain oil are thymol,
gamma-terpinene, pcymene, and beta-
pinene. Alpha-pinene, alphathujene,
beta-myrcene, carvacrol, limonene, and
terpinene-4-ol.There are variations in the
composition of ajwain oils depending upon
the region where it is cultivated. For
ajwain oil collected from Southern India is
rich in thymol.
Uses:
 It is used for skin alinments. Ajwain can help
with pimples.
 It is used as digestive aid. One can treat
indigestion, ulcers, and various other
bacterial infections of the gut with ajwain
seeds and essential oil.
 It is Useful in aromatherapy, ajwain oil offers
calming sensations that relieves neuralgia
and migraines
 CARDAMOM OIL (ELAICHI)

 Botanical Name : Elettaria cardamonum

 Common Method Of Extraction : Steam
Distillation
 Aroma : Very complex and smooth spice
aroma
 Extraction: Cardamom oil is extracted using
steam distillation method. For this, seeds of
the fruit are used just before they ripe. The
yield through this process is normally 1 to 5
per cent.
 Chemical Composition: Cardamom oil
contains sabinene, myrcene, a-pinene, b-
pinene, aphellandrene, limonene, p-cymene,
terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, y-terpinene,
linalool, linalyl acetate, a-terpineol acetate,
citronellol, nerol, terpinen-4-oil, aterpineol,
geraniol, methyl eugenol and trans-
nerolidol.
Uses:
 Cardamom oil has a vast range of usage for
treatment of sciatica, coughs, abdominal
pains, spasm and nervous disorders.
 Traditionally, it is used for pulmonary
disease, fever, digestive and urinary
 problems in India and China for over 3000
years.
 It is also used to flavour pharmaceutical
products. Apart from pharmaceutical
usage,cardamom oil is also used as a
fragrant in soaps, perfumes and cosmetic
products.
 ANISEED OIL(SAUNF)

 Botanical Name: Pimpinella anisum

 Common Method of Extraction: Steam
Distillation
 Aromatic Description: Distinctive scent of
licorice. Rich and sweet.
 Color: Clear
 Constituents: a-pinene, camphene, B-
pinene, linalool, cis-anethole, trans-
anethole, safrole, anisaldehyde,
acetoanisole.
Uses:
 Its most common flavouring applications
include being added to liqueurs, alcohol,
gelatins, various candies, mints, chewing
gum, and dairy products. Oil of aniseed is
also reported to be used as an aromatic
carminative to relieve flatulence, and as an
ingredient of cough lozenges in combination
with liquorice.
 To add a richer and more robust scent,
Aniseed Essential Oil is also often added to
cosmetic products such as shampoos,
conditioners, creams, soaps, and perfumes.
 Aniseed essential oil has aromatherapeutic
benefits associated with relieving asthma,
colds or sinus symptoms, as well as quelling
nausea and vomiting.
 Aniseed essential oil contains anethol,
which is an effective anti-viral component.
 Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent
and is used for both hunting and fishing. It is
put on fishing lures to attract fish.
 Anethole, the principal component of anise
oil, is a precursor that can eventually
produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which
is can be used in the clandestine synthesis
of psychedelic drugs such as 2C-B, 2C-I and
DOB.
 ANISEED PLANT

 Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an

essential oil, known as `Oil of Aniseed`,
which has now replaced the fruits for
medicinal and flavoring purposes.
 Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow
liquid having the characteristic odour and
taste of the fruit. The yield of oil generally
varies from 1.9 to 3.1 per cent. Higher
values up to 6 per cent have been reported
from Syrian aniseed. Crushing of fruits prior
to distillation gives better yields of oil. The
material should be distilled soon after the
crushing to prevent any loss of oil due to
evaporation. Aniseed oil is a highly
refractive liquid, which solidifies on cooling.
The congealing point depends much on the
anethole content and is a valuable criterion
for evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil to
air causes polymerization, and some
oxidation also takes place with the formation
of anisaldehyde and anisic acid.
 The chief constituent of aniseed oil is
anethole, which is present to the extent of
80 to 90 per cent and is mainly responsible
for the characteristic flavor of the oil. The oil
also contains methyl chavicol,
pmethoxyphenyl acetone, and small amount
of terpenes and sulfur containing
compounds of disagreeable odour.
 REQUIREMENTS

 Steam generator (Copper Vessel)

 Round bottom flask (500 ml)
 Conical flask
 Condenser
 Glass tubes
 Iron stand
 Sand bath
 Separatory funnel
 Tripod stands
 Burners
 Saunf(Aniseed)
 Ajwain(Carom)
 Cardamom(Elaichi)
 Petroleum ether(60-80°C)
 PROCEDURE
 Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of
Experimental Setup.
 The apparatus consists of a steam
generator connected to the round bottom
flask through a glass inlet tube. The flask is
connected to a water condenser through a
glass outlet tube. Condenser is further
attached to a receiver through an adaptor.
 Take about 750 ml of water in the steam
generator and start heating to produce
steam.
 In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm
of crushed saunf.
 A vigorous current of steam from steam
generator is passed through the round
bottom flask.
 A part of the steam condenses in the round
bottom flask. As more and more steam is
passed, the steam volatile components of
saunf pass through the condenser along
with steam. These contents on condensation
are collected in the receiver.
 The contents in the round bottom flask may
be heated by a bunsen burner to prevent
excessive condensation of steam.
 The process of steam distillation is
continued for about half an hour.
 Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel
and extract with 20 ml portions of petroleum
ether 3 times.
 Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a
250 ml conical flask and dry it with the help
of anhydrous sodium sulphate.
 Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by
careful distillation in a water bath. The
essential oil is left behind in the distillation
flask.
 Find the weight of the extracted essential
oil.
 Note the colour, odour and weight of the
essential oil
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
 OBSERVATION

1) Saunf (Aniseed):-

 Weight of Saunf taken = 100 gm

 Initial Weight of the bottle = 10gm(x)
 Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm(y)
 Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25
gm
 Percentage of essential oil =
(y/75)*100=1.33%
 Colour of the oil = Colourless
 Odour of the oil = Saunf like smell

2) Ajwain (Carom):-

 Weight of ajwain taken = 75 gm

 Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
 Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 gm(y)
 Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1
gm
 Percentage of essential oil (y/75)*100=1.33%
 Colour of the oil = Colourless
 Odour of the oil = Ajwain like smell.

3) Cardamom(Elaichi):-

 Weight of elaichi taken = 100 gm

 Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
 Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 .25gm(y)
 Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25
gm
 -Percentage of essential oil =
(y/100)*100=1.25%
 Colour of the oil = Colourless
 Odour of the oil = elaichi like smell.
 RESULT

Essential oils present in aniseed, carom and

cardamom are extracted from Steam distillation
method.
 CONCLUSION

 Essential oils smell great, reduce stress,

treat fungal infections, and help you sleep.
They are concentrated extractions from
plants. A process called distillation turns the
“essence” of a plant into a liquefied form for
many medicinal and recreational uses.
 Essential oils have many uses outside of
aromatherapy. Many people use them to
scent their homes or freshen up things like
laundry. They are also used as a natural
scent in homemade cosmetics and high-
quality natural products
 Essential oils enter the body primarily in
three ways—applied to the skin, inhaled, or
ingested. Within each of these, there are
many different kinds of application methods.
For example, you can apply essential oils
topically using compresses, sprays, baths,
or massaging them into the skin.
 Other most Essential Oils are
 Lavender (Lavandula officinalis)
 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
  Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
 Lemon (Citrus limonum)
 Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus,
Eucalyptus sideroxylon and Eucalyptus
torquata)
 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
 Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)
 Frankincense (Boswellia carterii)
 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
 Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
 Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
 Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Essential oil is also used externally as an

insecticide against small insects such as head
lice, mites and vermin. It also has fungicidal
properties.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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