The Bhopal School of Social Sciences, Bhopal

(An Autonomous Institute Reaccredited with ‘A+’ Grade by

NAAC)Affiliated to Barkatullah University, Bhopal

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATION

CCE 3 REPORT

SESSION 2024-25

❖ NAME OF THE STUDENT: Vaishnavi Gupta

❖ ROLL NO: 24031111

❖ PROGRAM: BCA

❖ SEMESTER: 1

❖ GENDER: Female

❖ NAME OF THE SUBJECT: Computational Mathematics

❖ TITLE OF THE PROJECT: Ratio And Proportion

SUBMITTED TO: Swati Sharma

SUBMITTED ON: 11/11/2024

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 INDEX
S.No. Topic Page Remark
No.
1. CCE-1 3–6
A short introduction

2. CCE-2 7 – 12
Presentation

3. CCE-3 13 – 28
Final report

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 Short introduction
Ratio and Proportion are two fundamental concepts in mathematics that find
extensive applications in various aspects of our daily lives. From cooking to
construction, finance to fitness, understanding and utilizing ratios and
proportions enable us to make informed decisions, solve problems efficiently,
and analyze situations effectively.

In this article, we will learn about the practical applications of ratio and
proportion, exploring how these mathematical tools are integral to numerous
real-life scenarios.

What is Ratio and Proportion?

Ratio and proportion are fundamental mathematical concepts that are closely
related but have different meanings, Each of them is discussed below:

Ratio
Ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division. It shows how many times
one quantity is contained within another. Ratios can be expressed in several
ways, such as in the form of fractions, using the colon symbol (:), or as a
decimal.

For example, if there are 4 red balls and 6 blue balls, the ratio of red balls to
blue balls is 4:6 or 2:3.

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Proportion
Proportion is an equation that states two ratios are equal. It shows that two
ratios are equivalent and establishes a relationship between four quantities.

For Example, if we have two pairs of values, say a/b = c/d, then it is a
proportion. When we cross-multiply, we will find that ad = bc. If this equation
holds true, the quantities are in proportion.

Applications of Ratio and Proportion

Ratio and proportion play a crucial role in a wide range of real-world
applications, few of them are described below:

Cooking and Baking

Ratios are used extensively in recipes to maintain the right balance of
ingredients. For example, a classic pancake recipe might call for a ratio of 2
parts flour to 1 part liquid to achieve the perfect consistency. Similarly, in
baking, the ratio of flour to sugar to butter determines the structure and
sweetness of cakes and cookies.
Proportions are used to adjust the quantities of ingredients when scaling
recipes up or down.

Finance and Budgeting

Ratio and proportion are essential in financial planning and budgeting.
Individuals and businesses use these concepts to analyze income, expenses,
investments, and debt.
For example, the debt-to-income ratio measures an individual’s or
organization’s ability to manage debt payments relative to income. Likewise,

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the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) helps investors assess the valuation of a
company’s stock relative to its earnings.

Construction and Architecture

In construction and architecture, ratios and proportions guide the design and
layout of structures. Architects use scale drawings and models to represent
buildings accurately.

Proportions ensure that elements such as doors, windows, and columns are
aesthetically pleasing and structurally sound. Additionally, ratios are employed
in construction projects to calculate material quantities, dimensions, and cost
estimates.

Health and Fitness

Ratios and proportions are fundamental in health and fitness for tracking
progress, setting goals, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle. For instance, the
body mass index (BMI) is a ratio of weight to height used to assess whether an
individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.

Similarly, the macronutrient ratio in a diet (e.g., the proportion of

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) influences energy levels, muscle growth, and
overall health.

Art and Design

In art and design, ratios and proportions govern composition, and symmetry.
Artists and designers use the golden ratio, a mathematical ratio often found in
nature and architecture, to create visually appealing compositions.

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Proportional relationships is useful to decide the dimensions of objects, the
placement of elements, and the balance of colors and shapes in paintings,
sculptures, graphic designs, and other forms of creative expression.

Sports
Ratios and proportions are used in sports and fitness for performance
assessment and training planning. Athletes and coaches analyze performance
metrics, such as speed-to-endurance ratio or strength-to-weight ratio, to
optimize training programs and improve athletic performance.

Environmental Science
Ratios and proportions are used in environmental science for analyzing and
interpreting data related to environmental parameters such as pollution levels,
biodiversity indices, and habitat characteristics.
Also Read,
Ratios and Percentages
Applications of Prime Numbers
Real-Life Applications of Direct Proportion

Conclusion
In conclusion, the applications of ratio and proportion in real-life scenarios are
diverse, highlighting the significance of these mathematical concepts in
everyday decision-making and problem-solving processes. Whether in the
kitchen, the boardroom, the gym, or the art studio, an understanding of ratios
and proportions empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of
the modern world.

6
Presentation
Introduction
Ratio and Proportion are two fundamental concepts in mathematics
that find extensive applications in various aspects of our daily lives.
From cooking to construction, finance to fitness, understanding and
utilizing ratios and proportions enable us to make informed
decisions, solve problems efficiently, and analyze situations
effectively.

RATIO AND PROPORTION

RATIO : Ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division. It shows
how many times one quantity is contained within another. Ratios can
be expressed in several ways, such as in the form of fractions, using
the colon symbol (:), or as a decimal.
PROPORTION : Proportion is an equation that states two ratios are
equal. It shows that two ratios are equivalent and establishes a
relationship between four quantities.
if we have two pairs of values, say a/b = c/d, then it is a proportion.
When we cross-multiply, we will find that ad = bc. If this equation
holds true, the quantities are in proportion.

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 FORMULA OF RATIO AND
PROPORTION
Ratio Formula
Assume that, we have two quantities (or two numbers or two
entities) and we have to find the ratio of these two, then the formula
for ratio is defined as;
a: b ⇒ a/b
where a and b could be any two quantities.
Here, “a” is called the first term or antecedent, and “b” is called the
second term or consequent.
Example: In ratio 4:9, is represented by 4/9, where 4 is antecedent
and 9 is consequent.
If we multiply and divide each term of ratio by the same number
(non-zero), it doesn’t affect the ratio.
Example: 4:9 = 8:18 = 12:27

Proportion Formula
Now, let us assume that, in proportion, the two ratios
are a:b & c:d. The two terms ‘b’ and ‘c’ are called ‘means or mean
term,’ whereas the terms ‘a’ and ‘d’ are known as ‘extremes or
extreme terms.’
Example: Let us consider one more example of a number of students
in a classroom. Our first ratio of the number of girls to boys is 3:5 and
that of the other is 4:8, then the proportion can be written as:
3 : 5 :: 4 : 8 or 3/5 = 4/8
Here, 3 & 8 are the extremes, while 5 & 4 are the means.
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 Difference between ratio and
proportion
S.No. Ratio Proportion
1. The ratio is used to compare The proportion is used to
the size of two things with express the relation of two
the same unit. ratios.

2. It is expressed using a colon It is expressed using the

(:), slash (/). double colon (::) or equal to
the symbol (=).

3. It is an expression. It is an equation.

4. Keyword to identify ratio in Keyword to identify

a problem is “to every”. proportion in a problem is
“out of”.

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Applications of ratio & proportion
Cooking and baking :
Ratios are used extensively in recipes to maintain the right balance of
ingredients. For example, a classic pancake recipe might call for a
ratio of 2 parts flour to 1 part liquid to achieve the perfect
consistency. Similarly, in baking, the ratio of flour to sugar to butter
determines the structure and sweetness of cakes and cookies.
Proportions are used to adjust the quantities of ingredients when
scaling recipes up or down.
Art and designs:
In art and design, ratios and proportions govern composition, and
symmetry. Artists and designers use the golden ratio, a mathematical
ratio often found in nature and architecture, to create visually
appealing compositions.
Finance and budgeting :
Ratio and proportion are essential in financial planning and
budgeting. Individuals and businesses use these concepts to analyze
income, expenses, investments, and debt.
Health and fitness :
Ratios and proportions are fundamental in health and fitness for
tracking progress, setting goals, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle.
For instance, the body mass index (BMI) is a ratio of weight to height
used to assess whether an individual is underweight, normal weight,
overweight, or obese.
Construction and architecture:

10
In construction and architecture, ratios and proportions guide the
design and layout of structures. Architects use scale drawings and
models to represent buildings accurately.
Proportions ensure that elements such as doors, windows, and
columns are aesthetically pleasing and structurally sound.
Additionally, ratios are employed in construction projects to
calculate material quantities, dimensions, and cost estimates.

Misconception in ratio & proportion

Ratios and fractions :

Students may think that a ratio of 1:2 is the same as the fraction
½. Ratios compare separate entities, while fractions compare an
entity with a total number of entities.
Order of quantities :
Students may write the order of quantities in a ratio incorrectly. For
example, if there are 14 girls and 18 boys in a class, the ratio of boys
to girls would be 18:14, not 14:18.
Part-to-part and part-to-whole ratios :
Students may not recognize the difference between a part-to-part
ratio and a part-to-whole ratio.
Map scale :
Students may think that increasing the scale of a map increases the
distance between any two points on the map.
Direct versus proportional division :

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Students may use direct division instead of proportional division. For
example, if it takes 2 people 4 hours to do a task, students may think
it would take 1 person 2 hours instead of 8 hours.

Additive misconceptions :
Students may use addition or subtraction where multiplication or
division is appropriate.
To help students address these misconceptions, teachers can use
instructional practices such as guided questions, visual-schematic
diagrams, and metacognition skills.

Conclusion
It is to conclude that ratio is a term that is highly used in
mathematics, in simple words ratio is a mathematical term that is
used for comparing two or more than two numbers that determine
their magnitude in each other’s relation. Proportions are
represented by the symbols ‘::’ or ‘=’. Proportions are used for
stating that two different ratios are equal.
Understanding the differences between them is important for
accurate problem-solving and data analysis.
The applications of ratio and proportion in real-life scenarios are
diverse, highlighting the significance of these mathematical concepts
in everyday decision-making and problem-solving processes.
Whether in the kitchen, the boardroom, the gym, or the art studio,
an understanding of ratios and proportions empowers individuals to
navigate the complexities of the modern world.

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 Final Report
INDRODUCTION
Ratio and Proportion are used for comparison in mathematics. Ratio is a
comparison of two quantities while Proportion is a comparison of two ratios.
Ratio and proportion are mostly about fractions. When you see a fraction
written as a: b, that’s a ratio. A proportion is when two ratios are the same. In
both cases, a and b are just any two whole numbers. Understanding ratios and
proportions is really important. It helps you grasp many ideas in math and
science. Let’s learn about Ratios and Proportions in detail, including their
types, formulas, and examples.

Table of Content
• Ratio and Proportion Definition
• Ratio Properties
• Ratio and Proportion Formula
• Difference between Ratio and Proportion
• Applications of ratio and proportion
• Frequently asked questions

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Ratio and Proportion Definition
When a fraction a/b is written a: b then it is termed as a ratio b. When two
ratios let’s say a: b and c: d are equal a: b and c: d are said to be proportional
to each other. Two proportional ratios are written as a: b:: c: d.

Ratio Definition
Ratio is a comparison of two quantities of the same unit.
The ratio of two quantities is given by using the colon symbol (:). The ratio of
two quantities a and b is given as
a:b
Where,
• a is called Antecedent
• b is called Consequent
The ratio a: b means ak/bk where k is the common factor. k is multiplied to
give equivalent fractions whose simplest form will be a/b. We can read a:b as
‘a ratio b’ or ‘a to b’.

Ratio Properties :
Key properties of Ratio are:
•If a ratio is multiplied by the same term both in antecedent and consequent
then there is no change in the actual ratio. For example,
•If the antecedent and consequent of a ratio are divided by the same number
then also there is no change in the actual ratio. For Example,
•If two ratios are equal then their reciprocals are also equal i.e. if a: b = c: d
then b: a = d: c
•If two ratios are equal then their cross-multiplications are also equal. For
Example

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•The ratios for a pair of comparisons can be the same but the actual value may
be different. For Example, 45:60 = 5:6 and 100:120 = 5:6 hence ratio 5:6 is
same but actual value is different

Proportion Definition
Proportion refers to the comparison of ratios. If two ratios are equal then they
are said to be proportionate to each other.
Two proportional ratios are represented by a double colon (::). If two ratios a:
b and c: d are equal then they are represented as
a: b:: c: d
where
• a and d are called extreme terms
• b and c are called mean terms

Proportion Properties :
Key properties of Proportions are:
• For two ratios in proportion i.e. a/b = c/d, a/c = b/d holds true.
• For two ratios in proportion i.e. a/b = c/d, b/a = d/c holds true.
• For two ratios in proportion i.e. a:b::c:d, the product of mean terms is equal
to the product of extreme terms i.e. ad = bc
• For two ratios in proportion i.e. a/b = c/d, (a + b)/b = (c + d)/d is true.
• For two ratios in proportion i.e. a/b = c/d, (a – b)/b = (c – d)/d is true.

Types of Proportions
There are three types of Proportions:
• Direct Proportion
• Inverse Proportion

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• Continued Proportion
Let’s learn about them in detail.

Direct Proportion
When two quantities increase and decrease in the same ratio then the two
quantities are said to be in Direct Proportion. It means if one quantity
increases then the other will also increase and if one will decrease then the
other will also decrease.
It is represented as a ∝ b. For Example, Momentum is a product of mass and
velocity hence, momentum is directly proportional to mass and velocity (p∝m
or p∝v) which means if mass is constant and velocity is high then momentum
will also be high and if velocity is constant then momentum will increase with
an increase in mass.

Inverse Proportion
When two quantities are inversely related to each other i.e. increase in one
leads to a decrease in the other or a decrease in the other leads to an increase
in the first quantity then the two quantities are said to be Inversely
Proportional to each other.
For Example, Pressure is given by force divided by area (P = F/A). Here Pressure
is inversely related to area which means a decrease in area will lead to an
increase in pressure and an increase in area will lead to a decrease in pressure.

Continued Proportion
If the ratio a:b = b:c = c:d, then we see that the consequent of the first ratio is
equal to the antecedent of the second ratio, and so on then the a:b:c:d is said
to be in continued proportion.
• If the consequent and antecedent are not the same for two ratios then they
can be converted into continued proportion by multiplying.
• For Example, in the case of a:b and c:d consequent and antecedent are not
same then the continued proportion is given as ac:cb:bd.

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• In the continued proportion a:b:c:d., c is called the third proportion, and d is
called the fourth proportion.

Ratio and Proportion Formula

Let’s discuss the formulas on ratio and proportion in detail.

Ratio Formulas
The ratio of any two quantities a:b is given by a/b where a/b must be in
simplest form. In case, you are not able to find the common factor between a
and b then find the HCF or a and b and divide a and b with HCF to reduce it to
the simplest form.
There are more formulas that we will discuss below:

Compound Ratios
When two ratios are multiplied then the new ratio is called the compound
ratio. For example a:b and c:d are two ratios then ac:bd is a compound ratio.

Duplicate Ratios
For a:b, a2:b2 is called duplicate ratios
For a:b, √a:√b is called sub-duplicate ratios
For a:b, a3:b3 is called triplicate ratios

Proportion Formulas
These are the formulas used to solve problems of proportion:
• If a:b = c:d, then we can say that (a + c):(b + d), it is also called Addendo.
• If a:b = c:d, then we can say that (a – c):(b – d), it is also called
Subtrahendo.
• If a:b = c:d, then we can say that (a – b):b = (c – d):d, it is also known as
Dividendo.

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• If a:b = c:d, then we can say that (a + b):b = (c + d):d, it is also known as
Componendo.
• If a:b = c:d, then we can say that a:c= b:d, it is also known as Alternendo.
• If a:b = c:d, then we can say that b:a = d:c, it is also called Invertendo.
• If a:b = c:d, then we can say that (a + b):(a – b) = (c + d):(c – d), it is also
known as Componendo and Dividendo.
• If a is proportional to b, then it means a = kb where k is a constant.
• If a is inversely proportional to b, then a = k/b, where k is a constant.
• Dividing or multiplying a ratio by a certain number gives an equivalent
ratio.

Mean Proportion
Consider two ratios a:b = b:c then as per the rule of proportion product of the
mean term is equal to the product of extremes, this means b2 = ac, hence b =
√ac is called mean proportion.

Difference between Ratio and Proportion

The comparison between Ratio and Proportion is tabulated below:

RATIO PROPORTION
Ratio is used to compare two Proportion is used to express the
quantities of the same unit ratios. relation of two ratios.
Ratio is represented using (:), a/b = Proportion is represented using (::),
a:b. a:b = c:d ⇒ a:b::c:d.
Ratio is an expression. Proportion is an equation it equates
two ratios.

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Applications of ratios and proportion
Ratio
1. Business and Finance:

Ratios are fundamental in analyzing business performance. Financial ratios such as profit

margin, debt-to-equity, and current ratio help assess a company's profitability, solvency,

and liquidity. Investors use these ratios to evaluate financial health and make informed
investment decisions, aiding in risk management and strategic planning.

2. Cooking and Recipes:

Ratios are used in cooking to maintain consistency in recipes. For instance, a 2:1 ratio of

flour to water ensures the correct dough consistency. Adjusting ingredient ratios according

to the number of servings allows precise scaling of recipes, ensuring the dish tastes the
same each time.

3. Engineering and Design :

In engineering, ratios like the gear ratio or aspect ratio are critical for machinery design. For

example, the gear ratio determines the mechanical advantage, while aspect ratios in design

ensure optimal functionality and aesthetics. Engineers rely on these ratios to balance
performance, durability, and design efficiency.

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4. Construction and Architecture:

In architecture, ratios are used to create proportionate and aesthetically pleasing designs.

The golden ratio, for example, is used to achieve harmony in structures. Additionally, ratios

help in scaling blueprints and calculating material requirements. Builders use them to
ensure proper measurements and avoid errors in construction.

5. Pharmacology:

Ratios play a vital role in pharmacology, particularly in drug formulation and dosage

calculations. A common application is the ratio of active ingredients to excipients in a

medication. Correct ratios ensure the right concentration for therapeutic effects, while
adjusting doses according to body weight requires precise ratio calculations for safety.

6. Sports and Performance Analysis:

In sports, ratios are used to analyze performance metrics like shooting accuracy, goals-to-

attempts, or assists-to-turnovers. Coaches use these ratios to assess player effectiveness

and adjust strategies. For example, a higher shooting-to-attempts ratio indicates good
shooting performance, helping coaches optimize player skills and team strategy.

7. Education and Grading Systems:

Educational institutions use ratios in grading systems, like the ratio of correct answers to

total questions, which determines a student's score. The student-to-teacher ratio is another

critical metric, influencing the quality of education and resource allocation. This helps in
evaluating classroom efficiency and identifying areas for improvement.

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8. Economics and Market Analysis:

In economics, ratios like the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio and GDP growth rates provide

insights into market health. The P/E ratio helps investors assess whether a stock is

undervalued or overvalued. Economic ratios help policymakers understand inflation,

employment, and growth, driving decisions on monetary policy and fiscal strategies.

9. Chemistry and Laboratory Work :

Chemists use ratios in chemical reactions to maintain correct proportions of reactants,

ensuring desired outcomes. For example, the stoichiometric ratio ensures complete

reactions without excess waste. Ratios are also crucial in dilutions, where precise amounts
of solute and solvent are mixed to achieve the correct concentration for experiments.

10. Agriculture and Farming:

In agriculture, ratios are crucial in crop planting, irrigation, and fertilization. For instance, the
seed-to-soil ratio determines optimal planting density. Fertilizer application often follows

specific nutrient ratios, ensuring plants receive the right nutrients for growth. Farmers use
these ratios to maximize crop yield and minimize resource wastage.

11. Population Studies:

Demographers use ratios in population studies, such as birth-to-death ratios or male-to-

female ratios, to analyze population dynamics. These ratios provide insights into

demographic trends, helping governments plan for future infrastructure needs, healthcare

services, and educational facilities. They are essential in understanding the growth and aging
of populations.

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12. Transportation and Logistics:

Ratios in transportation help determine fuel efficiency and load capacity. For example, the

weight-to-volume ratio of goods ensures optimal space usage in trucks or ships. Logistics

managers use these ratios to plan routes and manage inventory, improving delivery
efficiency and reducing operational costs in supply chain management.

13. Photography and Cinematography:

Ratios like the aspect ratio are essential in photography and cinematography. The aspect

ratio (width to height) of an image affects composition and visual appeal. In video

production, understanding the correct aspect ratio ensures that the content fits screens of
different sizes without distortion, enhancing the viewer’s experience.

14. Healthcare and Medical Research:

In healthcare, ratios are used in diagnostic tests and research. For example, the sensitivity-
to-specificity ratio of a test helps assess its reliability in detecting diseases. Additionally,

ratios like the heart rate-to-oxygen level ratio can indicate the patient's cardiovascular
health. Researchers rely on ratios to interpret medical data accurately.

15. Environmental Science:

Ratios are important in environmental science, particularly when studying pollution levels

and resource usage. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in soil is essential for determining soil

fertility. Similarly, pollutant-to-water ratio measurements help evaluate water quality. These

ratios guide environmental policies and conservation efforts aimed at sustainability and
ecosystem balance.

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Proportion
1. Cooking and Recipe Scaling:

Proportions are used in cooking to adjust ingredient quantities based on desired servings.

For example, if a recipe calls for 2 cups of flour for 4 servings, a proportion helps scale it for
10 servings. This ensures the consistency and taste of the dish remain intact when adjusted.

2. Financial Planning :

Proportions are used in budgeting and financial planning to allocate resources effectively.

For instance, the proportion of income spent on necessities like housing, food, and

transportation helps create a balanced budget. Properly applied, proportions ensure

individuals or businesses manage expenses relative to their income or earnings.

3. Construction and Architecture :

In architecture, proportions are used to maintain aesthetic balance and structural integrity.

The Golden Ratio, for example, is often applied in the design of buildings to create pleasing

proportions. Proportions also help scale blueprints to real-life dimensions, ensuring

accuracy when constructing buildings and structures.

4. Medicine and Drug Dosage:

Proportions are crucial in calculating drug dosages, ensuring that medications are given in

the correct amounts based on a patient’s weight or age. For instance, if a standard dosage is

10 mg per 20 kg of body weight, proportions help determine the correct dosage for any
patient, ensuring safety and efficacy.

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5. Carpentry and Woodworking:

In carpentry, proportions are used to ensure that furniture or structures are built to the

right scale and dimensions. For example, when making a table, proportions ensure the

correct height-to-width ratio for comfort and aesthetic appeal. Proportions help create
balanced designs and avoid structural imbalance in wooden objects.

6. Sports and Training:

Proportions are applied in sports training to adjust exercise routines based on an athlete’s

body type, age, and skill level. For example, a coach may increase the intensity of an

athlete’s workout in proportion to their performance, helping them progress safely without
risking injury or overtraining.

7. Photography and Image Scaling:

Proportions are used in photography when cropping or resizing images. If an image is

enlarged or reduced, maintaining the original proportions (aspect ratio) ensures that the
image doesn’t become stretched or distorted. This principle is key to maintaining visual
quality across different mediums, like print and digital displays.

8. Marketing and Advertising:

In marketing, proportions are used to determine the right balance of spending across

different channels, such as digital ads, TV, or print. Proportions help marketers optimize

budgets to ensure that they allocate enough resources to high-return strategies while
avoiding overspending on underperforming channels.

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9. Population Studies:

Proportions are used in demography to analyze population characteristics. For example, the

proportion of males to females in a specific region helps understand gender distribution.

These proportions provide valuable data for government planning in areas like healthcare,
education, and workforce development, ensuring appropriate allocation of resources.

10. Environmental Science and Sustainability:

Proportions are used in environmental science to study and manage natural resources. For

instance, the ratio of renewable to non-renewable energy sources in a country’s energy mix

is a proportion. Maintaining balanced proportions helps guide sustainability efforts and

ensures that future generations have access to essential resources.

11. Economics and Business Analytics:

In business analytics, proportions are used to calculate profitability, revenue shares, and

market trends. For example, a company may analyze the proportion of its revenue coming
from various product lines. These proportions help businesses make data-driven decisions
to maximize profitability and allocate resources more effectively.

12. Nutrition and Diet Planning:

In nutrition, proportions help design balanced meals and diets. For instance, the proportion

of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in a meal is essential for a well-rounded diet.

Nutritionists use proportions to create meal plans that align with a person’s health goals,
like weight loss, muscle gain, or managing chronic conditions.

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13. Geography and Cartography:

In cartography, proportions are used to create scale maps. A map’s scale is a proportion that

shows the relationship between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the

ground. This proportionality helps travelers and planners make accurate decisions based on
map readings, whether for navigation or planning.

14. Physics and Engineering:

Proportions are used in physics and engineering to understand relationships between

variables. For example, Ohm’s Law in electricity states that voltage is directly proportional

to current and resistance. Engineers use these proportions to design circuits, predict

behaviors, and optimize devices by applying known ratios between different physical
properties.

15. Fashion Design:

Proportions play a vital role in fashion design, particularly when creating patterns and

garments. Designers use proportions to determine the appropriate measurements for

clothing items based on body types, ensuring that garments fit well and are comfortable.
Proportions help maintain aesthetic balance and functional design in clothing construction.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Ratios and
Proportion

Q1. What is the ratio? Give an example.

A ratio is a mathematical expression written in the form of a:b, where a and b are any
integers. It expresses a fraction. For example. 2:3 = ⅔.

Q2. What is a proportion? Give example

A proportion is a statement where two or more ratios are equivalent. For example, ⅔ = 4/6
= 6/9.

Q3. How to solve proportions with examples?

If a:b::c:d is a proportion, then;
a/b=c/d
ad=bc
Example: If ⅔=4/6, then,
2x6=3x4
12 = 12

Q4. What is the concept of ratios?

The concept of ratio defines us to compare two quantities while the
proportion is an equation that shows that two ratios are equivalent.

Q5. What are the two different types of proportions?

The two different types of proportions are:
Direct Proportion
Inverse Proportion

Q6. Can we express ratio in terms of fractions?

Yes, we can express ratio in terms of fractions. For example, 3: 4 can
be expressed as 3/4.

Q7. What is the formula for ratio and proportion?

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The formula for ratio is:
x:y ⇒ x/y, where x is the first term and y is the second term.
The formula for proportion is:
p: q :: r : s ⇒ p/q = r/s,
Where p and r are the first term in the first and second ratio
q and s are the second term and in the first and second ratio.

Q8. Find the means and extremes of the proportion 1: 2 :: 3:

4.
In the given proportion 1: 2 :: 3: 4,
Means are 2 and 3
Extremes are 1 and 4.

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