SciPy - Curve Fitting - GeeksforGeeks

8/18/23, 3:31 AM SciPy | Curve Fitting - GeeksforGeeks
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SciPy | Curve Fitting Julio José Balbín Arias

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A ArijitGayen julio jose balbin arias

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Given a Dataset comprising of a group of points, find the best fit representing the Data.
We often have a dataset comprising of data following a general path, but each data has a
standard deviation which makes them scattered across the line of best fit. We can get a
single line using curve-fit() function.
Using SciPy :
Scipy is the scientific computing module of Python providing in-built functions on a lot of
well-known Mathematical functions. The scipy.optimize package equips us with multiple
optimization procedures. A detailed list of all functionalities of Optimize can be found on
typing the following in the iPython console:
help(scipy.optimize)
Among the most used are Least-Square minimization, curve-fitting, minimization of

multivariate scalar functions etc.
Curve Fitting Examples –
Input :
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/scipy-curve-fitting/ 1/11
Output :
Input :
ICR: Where practical meets possible.
Output :
As seen in the input, the Dataset seems to be scattered across a sine function in the first
case and an exponential function in the second case, Curve-Fit gives legitimacy to the
functions and determines the coefficients to provide the line of best fit.
Code showing the generation of the first example –
Python3
import numpy as np
Trending Now Data Structures Algorithms Topic-wise Practice Python Machine Learning Data Science J
# curve-fit() function imported from scipy
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
# numpy.linspace with the given arguments

# produce an array of 40 numbers between 0
# and 10, both inclusive
x = np.linspace(0, 10, num = 40)
# y is another array which stores 3.45 times

# the sine of (values in x) * 1.334.
# The random.normal() draws random sample
# from normal (Gaussian) distribution to make
# them scatter across the base line
y = 3.45 * np.sin(1.334 * x) + np.random.normal(size = 40)
# Test function with coefficients as parameters

def test(x, a, b):
return a * np.sin(b * x)
# curve_fit() function takes the test-function

# x-data and y-data as argument and returns
# the coefficients a and b in param and
# the estimated covariance of param in param_cov
param, param_cov = curve_fit(test, x, y)
print("Sine function coefficients:")

print(param)
print("Covariance of coefficients:")
print(param_cov)
# ans stores the new y-data according to

# the coefficients given by curve-fit() function
ans = cookies
We use (param[0]*(np.sin(param[1]*x)))
to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. By using our site,
'''Below 4 lines can be un-commented for plotting results

using matplotlib as shown in the first example. '''
# plt.plot(x, y, 'o', color ='red', label ="data")

# plt.plot(x, ans, '--', color ='blue', label ="optimized data")
# plt.legend()
# plt.show()
Output:
Sine function coefficients:

[ 3.66474998 1.32876756]
Covariance of coefficients:
[[ 5.43766857e-02 -3.69114170e-05]
[ -3.69114170e-05 1.02824503e-04]]
Second example can be achieved by using the numpy exponential function shown as
follows:
Python3
y = 3.45 * np.exp(1.334 * x) + np.random.normal(size = 40)
def test(x, a, b):

return a*np.exp(b*x)
However, if the coefficients are too large, the curve flattens and fails to provide the best fit.
The following code explains this fact:
Python3
import numpy as np
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit
from
We use matplotlib import
cookies to ensure you havepyplot as pltexperience on our website. By using our site,
the best browsing
# The coefficients are much bigger.

y = 10.45 * np.sin(5.334 * x) + np.random.normal(size = 40)
def test(x, a, b):

return a * np.sin(b * x)
print("Sine function coefficients:")

print(param)
print("Covariance of coefficients:")
print(param_cov)
ans = (param[0]*(np.sin(param[1]*x)))
plt.plot(x, y, 'o', color ='red', label ="data")

plt.plot(x, ans, '--', color ='blue', label ="optimized data")
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Output:
Sine function coefficients:

[ 0.70867169 0.7346216 ]
Covariance of coefficients:
[[ 2.87320136 -0.05245869]
[-0.05245869 0.14094361]]
The blue dotted line is undoubtedly the line with best-optimized distances from all points of
the dataset, but it fails to provide a sine function with the best fit.
Curve Fitting should not be confused with Regression. They both involve approximating data
with functions. But the goal of Curve-fitting is to get the values for a Dataset through which
a given set of explanatory variables can actually depict another variable. Regression is a
special case of curve fitting but here you just don’t need a curve that fits the training data in
the best possible way(which may lead to overfitting) but a model which is able to generalize
the learning and thus predict new points efficiently.
Last Updated : 06 Aug, 2022 7
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8/18/23, 3:31 AM SciPy | Curve Fitting - GeeksforGeeks

Inicia sesión en GeeksforGeeks con

SciPy | Curve Fitting Julio José Balbín Arias

A ArijitGayen julio jose balbin arias

Read Discuss Courses Practice

Among the most used are Least-Square minimization, curve-fitting, minimization of

ICR: Where practical meets possible.

Code showing the generation of the first example –

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# numpy.linspace with the given arguments

# y is another array which stores 3.45 times

# Test function with coefficients as parameters

# curve_fit() function takes the test-function

print("Sine function coefficients:")

# ans stores the new y-data according to

'''Below 4 lines can be un-commented for plotting results

# plt.plot(x, y, 'o', color ='red', label ="data")

Sine function coefficients:

x = np.linspace(0, 1, num = 40)

y = 3.45 * np.exp(1.334 * x) + np.random.normal(size = 40)

def test(x, a, b):

param, param_cov = curve_fit(test, x, y)

x = np.linspace(0, 10, num = 40)

# The coefficients are much bigger.

def test(x, a, b):

param, param_cov = curve_fit(test, x, y)

print("Sine function coefficients:")

plt.plot(x, y, 'o', color ='red', label ="data")

Sine function coefficients:

Last Updated : 06 Aug, 2022 7

SciPy - Integration of a Differential How to plot ricker curve using

Heighway's Dragon Curve using Koch Curve or Koch Snowflake

Precision-Recall Curve | ML Python - Hilbert Curve using turtle

OpenAI Python API - Complete Top Computer Vision Projects

Python for Kids - Fun Tutorial to

Vote for difficulty

Easy Normal Medium Hard Expert

Improved By : simmytarika5, kk9826225, vinayedula

Article Tags : Python-scipy, Machine Learning, Python

Practice Tags : Machine Learning, python

Improve Article Report Issue

A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate

About Us Job-A-Thon For Freshers

Languages DSA Concepts

DSA Roadmaps Web Development

Computer Science Python

Data Science & ML DevOps

Competitive Programming System Design

Interview Corner GfG School

Finance Important Topics in Ethics

SSC/ BANKING Write & Earn

@geeksforgeeks , Some rights reserved

Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information

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