1.attempt Any FIVE of The Following:: Key Characteristics of RTOS

1.
Attempt any FIVE of the following:

a)Define real time operating system, along with any two applications of it.
A Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is designed to manage hardware resources, execute

tasks, and process data within strict time constraints. It ensures that critical tasks are
completed within a specified time frame, making it essential for systems where timing is
crucial.
Key Characteristics of RTOS:
1. Deterministic Behavior: Predictable response times for task execution.

2. Task Scheduling: Prioritization of tasks based on their urgency and timing
requirements.
Applications of RTOS:
1. Embedded Systems: Used in automotive systems for functions like anti-lock braking
systems (ABS) and airbag deployment, where timely responses are critical for safety.
b)List any four services provided by operating system
Operating systems provide a variety of essential services to manage computer resources and
facilitate user interactions. Here are four key services:
1. Process Management: The OS manages processes in the system, including their

creation, scheduling, execution, and termination. It ensures efficient CPU utilization
and enables multitasking.
2. Memory Management: The OS oversees the allocation and deallocation of
memory to processes, ensuring that each process has enough memory to execute
while optimizing overall memory usage.
C) Draw neat labelled process state diagram along with the correct directions of arrows
d) Define CPU bound program and I/O bound program
A CPU-bound program is one that primarily spends its time utilizing the CPU for
computation. These programs are limited by the processing power of the CPU, meaning that
their performance is significantly affected by the CPU's speed.
An I/O-bound program, on the other hand, spends more time waiting for input/output
operations to complete than using the CPU. These programs are limited by the speed of I/O
devices (like disks or networks) and can benefit from faster data transfer rates.
In summary, CPU-bound programs are computation-heavy, while I/O-bound programs are

dependent on input/output operations.
e) Define paging and segmentation
Paging
Paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation
of physical memory and thus eliminates the problems of fitting varying sized memory chunks
onto the backing store.
 How It Works: In paging, the process's virtual memory is divided into fixed-size
blocks called pages, while the physical memory is divided into blocks of the same
size called frames. When a process is executed, its pages can be loaded into any
available frames in physical memory, which allows for efficient use of memory and
simplifies allocation.
Segmentation
Segmentation is another memory management scheme that divides the process's memory into
different segments based on the logical structure of the program.
 How It Works: In segmentation, a program is divided into segments of varying sizes,

which can represent different types of data, such as functions, objects, or data
structures. Each segment is assigned a segment number and an offset within that
segment, allowing the system to reference memory locations in a more logical way.
f) What is the use of PS command? Write long forms of UID, PID in the output of this command.
The ps command is used in Unix and Unix-like operating systems to display information about the
currently running processes. It provides a snapshot of the current processes along with various
details, helping users monitor system performance and manage processes effectively.
Long Forms:
 UID: User Identifier

 PID: Process Identifier
g) List any four file operations
 Open: This operation allows a program to access a file. It typically involves specifying
the file's name and the mode (read, write, or append) in which the file should be opened.
 Read: This operation is used to retrieve data from a file. The program can specify how
many bytes or how many records to read from the file.
 Write: This operation enables a program to save data to a file. It can involve writing new
data or modifying existing data within the file.
 Close: This operation finalizes the interaction with a file, releasing any resources
associated with it and ensuring that any buffered data is properly saved to the file.
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1.attempt Any FIVE of The Following:: Key Characteristics of RTOS

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1.

Attempt any FIVE of the following:

A Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is designed to manage hardware resources, execute

Key Characteristics of RTOS:

1. Deterministic Behavior: Predictable response times for task execution.

b)List any four services provided by operating system

1. Process Management: The OS manages processes in the system, including their

In summary, CPU-bound programs are computation-heavy, while I/O-bound programs are

e) Define paging and segmentation

 How It Works: In segmentation, a program is divided into segments of varying sizes,

 UID: User Identifier

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