CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
Building safety always include a fire code to make sure that all buildings produced are up to a
certain standard, so that fire hazards are both minimized and likely to cause minimal damage.
Although the field is old, it is a constantly updating set of rules that causes problems when older
buildings are not updated to the same level of standards as expected from newly built buildings.
As any other safety protocol it isn’t a perfect set of rules that will remove any fire risk and you
still need firefighting equipment in place in case of a fire. This usually is done by a sprinkler
system. The sprinkler system is a firefighting tool that can extinguish smaller fires by spraying
large amounts of water over the entire room. Usually they are hooked up to a sector system so
that only the affected area of the building will have the sprinklers activate, instead of dousing the
entire building when a fire may be several hundred meters away. Fire detection methods
normally employed is by using carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide readers that after a certain
threshold parts per million reading will trigger. This is a very imprecise reading, as it can be
falsely triggered by even a certain amount of candles underneath it. Fires usually produce a lot of
long wave infrared waves in their heat, meaning that it can be measured using other means, that
also give information on where the source of the heat is in relation to the reader. Firefighting is a
very hazardous job as you would need to dive into a highly toxic environment to extinguish fires
directly either through a hose or handheld extinguisher, though these both pose a significant risk
for permanent damages. These environments often include dense black smoke that can hinder
vision entirely and cramped spaces, as the building may be partially or fully collapsing during
the firefighting effort. These environmental factors are highly unsuitable for humans to be in but
less so for robotic actors, meaning that it may be beneficial to send in a robotic actor, at least for
initial extinguishing efforts.

1.2 Background of the Project

Fire hazards poses significant threats to life and property, with fires being responsible for
extensive damages in both residential and industrial settings. Over the years, the need for
efficient fire detection systems has become increasingly important, prompting the development
of various technologies aimed at improving fire safety. Fire alarm systems are vital for early
detection, which can significantly reduce loss of life and property damage. With the
advancement of wireless technologies, more sophisticated and reliable alarm systems have
emerged, including the use of Bluetooth modules for communication and control.

One such wireless module is the HC-13 Bluetooth transceiver, which enables seamless
communication between devices. The HC-13 allows for real-time data transmission over a
wireless network, making it highly suitable for use in fire alarm systems. By integrating sensors
to detect temperature, smoke, or gas emissions, and coupling them with the HC-13 for wireless
alerts, an efficient fire alarm system can be developed. This project focuses on constructing a fire
alarm system using the HC-13 module to enhance safety in residential and commercial buildings
by providing timely alerts during fire outbreaks.

1.2 Problem Statement

Fire outbreaks often occur unexpectedly, and in the absence of early detection systems, they can
cause severe damage to property and endanger lives. Many conventional fire alarm systems rely
on wired communication, which can limit their scalability and flexibility. Additionally, these
systems may be prone to delayed responses, especially in areas where human presence is limited,
such as warehouses or factories. There is a need for a cost-effective and reliable fire alarm
system that can quickly detect fire hazards and notify users in real time.

1.3 Aim of the Project

The aim of this project is to construct a fire alarm system using the HC-13 one channel relay
module to provide early warning of fire outbreaks.

1.4 Objectives of The Project

The specific objectives of this project are as follows:

1. To develop a fire alarm system that integrates smoke sensors for fire detection.
2. To incorporate the HC-13 relay module for activation and alert transmission.
3. To design a user-friendly interface for receiving real-time fire alerts
4. To test and evaluate the performance of the constructed fire alarm system in detecting fire
hazards.
1.5 Significance of the Project
This project holds significant importance for enhancing safety in both residential and industrial
environments. By leveraging wireless communication technology, the fire alarm system offers
greater flexibility and ease of installation, particularly in areas where traditional wired systems
may not be feasible. The system can help reduce the impact of fire hazards by providing early
detection, which enables quick response and minimizes damage. Furthermore, the use of the HC-
13 module allows for a cost-effective solution that can be easily adapted and expanded for larger
buildings.

1.6 Scope of the Project

The scope of this project encompasses the design and construction of a wireless fire alarm
system using temperature and smoke sensors in combination with the HC-13 infrared module.
The project will focus on detecting fire hazards in enclosed spaces such as homes, offices, and
small industrial facilities. It can detect flame or light source with wavelength in the range of 760
nm to 1100 nm. The flame distance of the lighter is 80 cm. The larger the flame, the farther the
test distance is. The detection angle is about 60 degrees, which is especially sensitive to the
flame spectrum. However, this project does not cover large-scale fire detection in multi-story
buildings or complex industrial environments. The range and performance of the HC-13 module
will also be limited to the typical operational distance of Bluetooth technology.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Fire safety is a critical concern across various sectors, and the need for efficient and reliable fire
detection systems has grown significantly over time. Traditional fire alarm systems, which rely
on hardwired connections, are being supplemented or replaced by modern, wireless alternatives
that offer greater flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and ease of installation. In particular, the use of
wireless communication technologies, such as infrared has garnered significant attention in
recent years for its potential to enhance fire detection systems.

The HC-13 infrared detector is one such technology that has been integrated into various real-
time monitoring applications, including fire alarm systems. Its ability to transmit data wirelessly
in real-time allows for the quick detection of fire hazards, providing timely alerts to users. The
introduction of these systems has revolutionized fire safety by reducing the response time during
fire outbreaks, which is critical in minimizing damage to life and property.

This literature review examines existing studies and developments in fire alarm systems, with a
specific focus on wireless fire detection technologies. It also explores the various sensors used
for fire detection and the overall impact of wireless systems on fire safety. The review aims to
provide a comprehensive understanding of current innovations and identify gaps where further
research is needed to improve the effectiveness of fire alarm systems.

An automated fire alarm system is a crucial safety feature in modern fire prevention and
response. It plays a key role in ensuring early fire detection, enabling prompt actions to control
and extinguish fires. This paper [1] introduces a multi-sensor data fusion algorithm based on
artificial neural network (ANN) technology, which intelligently processes multiple
environmental parameters detected by various sensors. The system effectively identifies genuine
fire signals, providing early fire monitoring and alerting capabilities. Simulation results indicate
that, compared to the fuzzy clustering algorithm (FCM), the proposed data fusion algorithm
improves MAE by approximately 15% and enhances recall by around 10%. This approach not
only overcomes the limitations and instability of using a single sensor but also allows for a more
comprehensive and accurate assessment of system information. By applying data fusion
technology in the fire monitoring system, multiple sensors gather data, which is then processed
to optimize fire detection. This method utilizes multidimensional information, resulting in better
fire monitoring and identification, a lower false alarm rate, and an overall more sensitive and
reliable fire alarm system performance.

The research in [2] explores the development of a prototype for an automatic door and fire alarm
system based on the Internet of Things (IoT), utilizing various sensors and technologies. IR
sensors are employed to detect the presence of people, activating servo motors to automate door
opening, while flame detectors and MQ-2 sensors are used for fire and smoke detection,
respectively. The system sends notifications through the Telegram application to enhance
security and automation in home or office settings. The IR sensors detect individuals
approaching the door within a range of 5 cm, prompting the micro servo to open the door. Flame
detectors can identify fires from up to 30 cm away, and MQ-2 sensors detect smoke within a 20
cm range, triggering the micro servo, LED, and buzzer for fire alarms, along with sending alerts
via Telegram to notify the building owner. This integrated approach aims to provide an efficient,
reliable system for improving security and emergency response.

The work in [3] introduces an Arduino-based fire alarm system as a promising solution to
improve fire safety and emergency response in Algeria. By harnessing the capabilities of
Arduino microcontrollers, this system provides an efficient and cost-effective method for
detecting and responding to fire incidents promptly, potentially reducing their impact. The
Arduino platform offers a flexible and accessible framework for designing and implementing
customized fire alarm systems. With its open-source nature and wide range of sensors, actuators,
and communication modules, Arduino facilitates the integration of multiple detection methods,
real-time monitoring, and alert mechanisms. The proposed fire alarm system utilizes advanced
sensors, such as smoke and temperature detectors, to detect fire hazards at an early stage. These
sensors continuously monitor environmental conditions, enabling the system to quickly identify
abnormal changes and trigger an immediate response. Upon detecting a potential fire, the system
activates predefined actions, such as sounding alarms and sending notifications to relevant
authorities and individuals.
This project also emphasizes the affordability and accessibility of the system. By using Arduino,
known for its cost-effectiveness and user-friendly nature, the fire alarm system becomes a viable
option for various settings, including residential buildings, commercial complexes, and public
facilities. Its low cost makes it a practical solution for widespread adoption, potentially raising
fire safety standards across Algeria.

CHAPTER THREE
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Component Description
In the realm of electronics and embedded systems, various components play crucial roles in
ensuring the functionality and reliability of our project. Among these components, infrared
receivers, relays, buzzers, resistors, capacitors, LEDs, the LM393 comparator, and
potentiometers serve distinct yet interconnected purposes that enhance the performance of our
fire alarm system. These components except the buzzer are all integrated into IR Infrared 1
Channel Flame Detection Sensor Module but we decided to explore each component
individually.
3.1.1 Infrared Receiver
An infrared (IR) receiver is an electronic component that detects infrared light signals, typically
emitted by an IR transmitter or remote control. It converts these signals into electrical signals
that can be processed by a microcontroller or other electronic devices. IR receivers are
commonly used in remote control applications, object detection, and wireless communication
systems. They usually operate within a specific wavelength range (often around 940 nm) and can
be sensitive to ambient light interference.

Fig. 3.1: Infrared Receiver

3.1.2 Relay
A relay is an electromechanical switch used to control a circuit by a low-power signal or to
control multiple circuits with one signal. It consists of a coil, an armature, and one or more sets
of contacts. When an electric current flows through the coil, it generates a magnetic field that
pulls the armature, closing or opening the contacts. Relays are commonly used in automation
systems, home appliances, and fire alarm systems to switch high-voltage devices safely and
efficiently.
 Figure 3.2: Relay

3.1.3 Buzzer
A buzzer is an audio signaling device that produces sound, typically used for alerts and
notifications. There are two main types: passive and active buzzers. Active buzzers generate
sound when powered, while passive buzzers require an external signal to produce sound. Buzzers
are widely used in alarm systems, timers, and various electronic devices to provide audible
alerts, indicating warnings or notifications.

Fig. 3.4: Buzzer

3.1.4 Resistors
Resistors are passive electronic components that limit the flow of electric current in a circuit.
They are used to control voltage and current levels, divide voltage, and protect sensitive
components from excessive current. Resistors are characterized by their resistance value, which
is measured in ohms (Ω), and can be fixed or variable (such as potentiometers). They play a
crucial role in circuit design and are essential for achieving desired electrical characteristics.

Fig. 3.4: Resistor

3.1.5 Capacitors
Capacitors are passive components that store and release electrical energy in a circuit. They
consist of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material (dielectric). Capacitors are
used in various applications, such as filtering, energy storage, timing, and coupling/decoupling
signals. Their capacitance is measured in farads (F) and determines the amount of charge they
can store. Capacitors can be polarized (electrolytic capacitors) or non-polarized (ceramic
capacitors).

Fig. 3.5: Capacitor

3.1.6 LED (Light Emitting Diode)

An LED is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current flows through it.
LEDs are energy-efficient, long-lasting, and available in various colors and sizes. They are
commonly used for indicators, displays, and lighting applications. LEDs have a low forward
voltage drop and can be easily integrated into electronic circuits for visual feedback or as status
indicators in devices.

Fig. 3.6: LED

3.1.7 LM393
The LM393 is a dual comparator integrated circuit (IC) used to compare two voltages and output
a digital signal based on their comparison. It features two independent, high-speed voltage
comparators and is commonly used in applications such as analog-to-digital conversion, zero-
crossing detection, and threshold detection. The LM393 operates from a single power supply and
has a wide operating voltage range, making it versatile for various electronic projects.
 Fig. 3.7: LM393

3.1.8 Potentiometer/Variable Resistor

A potentiometer is a variable resistor that allows the adjustment of resistance within a circuit. It
consists of a resistive element and a sliding contact (wiper) that moves along the element,
varying the resistance between the terminals. Potentiometers are commonly used for volume
control in audio equipment, brightness control in displays, and as input devices for user
interfaces. They are available in different configurations, such as linear and rotary, and can be
used in both analog and digital applications.

Fig.3.8: Variable Resistor

3.2 Methodology
In our project to construct a fire alarm system utilizing an IR Infrared 1 Channel Flame Detection
Sensor Module and a buzzer, we began by meticulously gathering all the necessary components.
These included the IR Infrared Flame Detection Sensor Module, a buzzer, a suitable power
supply (such as batteries or an AC adapter), resistors, and connecting wires. We selected the IR
flame sensor for its ability to detect infrared radiation emitted by flames, typically within the
range of 700 nm to 1100 nm. Understanding the specifications and functionalities of each
component was crucial to ensure seamless integration and reliable operation in our fire alarm
system.
After assembling the components, we proceeded to establish the electrical connections. The
flame detection sensor has three terminals: VCC (power), GND (ground), and OUT (output). We
connected the VCC terminal to the positive terminal of our power supply, while the GND
terminal was linked to the negative terminal. The OUT terminal of the sensor was connected to
the positive terminal of the buzzer, and we ensured the negative terminal of the buzzer returned
to ground. To protect the buzzer and limit the current, we included a resistor in series with it.
Once all connections were securely made and insulated to prevent short circuits, we moved on to
the testing phase of our system.

Fig. 3.9: Circuit Diagram of Fire alarm system using IR Infrared 1 Channel Flame
Detection Sensor Module

For testing, we powered on the system and exposed the flame detection sensor to a controlled
flame source, such as a lighter or candle. We observed the system's response, which should
trigger the buzzer to emit a loud sound, effectively alerting us to a potential fire hazard. We
made necessary adjustments to the sensitivity settings of the sensor to minimize any false alarms
while ensuring prompt detection of actual flames. Once we confirmed the system operated
reliably under various conditions, we documented our design, testing processes, and outcomes.
This documentation will be essential for any future enhancements and for sharing our findings
with others interested in fire safety solutions.
 CHAPTER FOUR
SYETEM TESTING AND RESULTS

To ensure the optimal performance of our fire alarm system utilizing the IR Infrared 1 Channel
Flame Detection Sensor Module, we identified and conducted four critical tests. Each test aimed
to validate different aspects of the system’s functionality, responsiveness, and reliability.

4.1 Flame Detection Test

The primary objective of this test was to evaluate the sensor’s ability to detect flames accurately.
We exposed the IR flame detection sensor to a controlled flame source, such as a lighter or
candle, at varying distances (5 cm, 15 cm, and 30 cm). We observed the system's response time
—specifically, how quickly the buzzer activated after detecting the flame. This test was repeated
multiple times to ensure consistency in results. We recorded any variations in response time and
assessed whether the sensor could reliably detect flames at all tested distances.

4.2 Sensitivity Adjustment Test:

To determine the effectiveness of the sensor’s sensitivity settings, we performed this test by
gradually adjusting the sensitivity of the flame detection sensor. We began with the sensor at its
default sensitivity level and introduced a flame source at different distances (5 cm to 30 cm)
while monitoring the buzzer's response. We aimed to identify the optimal sensitivity setting that
minimized false alarms while maintaining reliable flame detection. This test allowed us to fine-
tune the system's responsiveness to real fire hazards without triggering unnecessary alerts.

4.3 False Alarm Test:

To assess the system's resilience against false alarms, we conducted a series of tests involving
various heat sources that could potentially be mistaken for flames, such as a heat lamp and a
warm object. We positioned these heat sources at the same distances used in the flame detection
test and observed whether the IR sensor activated the buzzer. Our goal was to determine if the
sensor could accurately differentiate between actual flames and non-threatening heat sources.
This test was crucial for ensuring the reliability of the system in real-world conditions where
false alarms can be a significant concern.
4.4 Continuous Operation Test:
To evaluate the long-term reliability and performance of the fire alarm system, we carried out a
continuous operation test. We powered the system and left it running for an extended period (24
hours) while intermittently exposing the sensor to both flame and non-flame sources. This test
aimed to observe the system’s behavior over time, checking for any signs of overheating,
malfunction, or false triggers during prolonged use. We monitored the buzzer’s responsiveness
and ensured the system remained operational without any degradation in performance.

Through these tests, we were able to validate the functionality, sensitivity, and reliability of our
fire alarm system using the IR Infrared 1 Channel Flame Detection Sensor Module, ensuring it
meets the necessary standards for effective fire detection and safety.
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, our project to construct a fire alarm system utilizing the IR Infrared 1 Channel
Flame Detection Sensor Module and a buzzer has proven to be an effective approach to
enhancing fire safety in residential and industrial environments. Through our methodology, we
successfully integrated the flame detection sensor with the buzzer, allowing for real-time alerts in
the presence of flames. Our testing confirmed that the system responds promptly to fire hazards,
demonstrating the potential of infrared technology in fire detection applications. By providing an
early warning, we believe our system can significantly reduce the risks associated with fire
outbreaks and contribute to the safety and well-being of individuals in various settings.
5.2 Recommendation
While our fire alarm system has shown promising results, there are several areas for
improvement that could enhance its functionality and reliability. One of the primary
recommendations is to incorporate additional sensing technologies, such as smoke detectors or
gas sensors, to provide a more comprehensive fire detection system. By integrating multiple
sensors, we could reduce false alarms and ensure that the system detects a wider range of fire-
related hazards. Additionally, exploring the use of a microcontroller, such as an Arduino, could
allow us to process sensor data more efficiently and enable the implementation of advanced
features like remote notifications via mobile applications.

Another area for improvement is the sensitivity calibration of the IR flame detection sensor.
During testing, we noticed that certain environmental conditions could lead to false positives or
negatives. By allowing users to adjust the sensitivity settings of the sensor, we can minimize
false alarms while maintaining reliable detection capabilities. Furthermore, implementing a test
mode would allow users to periodically check the functionality of the system and ensure it
operates as intended.

Lastly, we recommend developing a user-friendly interface for monitoring and managing the fire
alarm system. This interface could provide real-time feedback, status updates, and alerts, making
it easier for users to understand the system’s performance and respond appropriately to any
alarms. By considering these improvements and recommendations, we can enhance the overall
effectiveness and reliability of our fire alarm system, ultimately providing better protection
against fire hazards.

REFERENCE

[1] N. Li, "The construction of a fire monitoring system based on multi-sensor and neural
network," Int. J. Inf. Technol. Syst. Approach, vol. 16, pp. 1-12, 2023, doi:
10.4018/IJITSA.326052.
[2] D. Adams and Y. Giap, "Prototype of Automatic Door and Fire Alarm System Based on
IoT," bit-Tech, vol. 6, pp. 363-370, 2024. doi: 10.32877/bt.v6i3.1246.
[3] B. Inas, "Fire Alarm System Using Arduino," Undergraduate Graduation Project, Dept.
of Applied Engineering, Univ. Ouargla-Merbah Kasdi, Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research, Ouargla, Algeria, 2023.