TP2 2
TP2 2
TP2 2
2023/2024
PHYSICS LAB 2
The aim of this laboratory experiment is to investigate the motion of an object with mass "m"
as it moves on a horizontal surface while recording data on paper.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The main objectives in studying motion, whether with or without friction, are as follows:
For the case of rectilinear motion, either with or without friction, we typically employ Cartesian
coordinates (XYZ).
Consider an object with mass "m" moving along the X-axis. We assume its instantaneous
position at a time "t" is denoted by "Mi," as depicted in the figure below:
𝑑𝑟→ 𝑑 ⃗𝑂⃗𝑀⃗→ 𝑑𝑥
with respect to time:
⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑉(𝑡) = ⃗ ⃗ → = = 𝑖→
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⃗𝑽⃗⃗⃗(⃗𝒕⃗)→ = 𝒅𝒙
𝒊→ ⇒ the component of velocity along the Ox =
𝒅𝒕
𝒗𝒙 axis 𝑖𝑠 𝒗𝒙
The acceleration vector is obtained by differentiating the velocity vector with respect
to time:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗→
𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑟→ 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑣→
𝑎(𝑡) = =
= 𝑑𝑡 𝑖→
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝒅𝒗𝒙
𝒂⃗(⃗𝒕⃗)→ = 𝒊→ ⇒ the component of acceleration along the =
𝒂𝒙 Ox axis is 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒕
Note:
In the case of one-dimensional rectilinear motion, we simplify notation by removing the vector
symbol and the component index (x), so we write
In experimental studies where we can only determine average velocities at known time
intervals, we can use approximations to find instantaneous velocity (the same applies to
acceleration).
The average velocity "𝒗" (over the time interval Δt between two positions) is given by:
∆ 𝒙𝒊+𝟏 − 𝒙𝒊
𝒗= 𝒙 =
𝒕𝒊+𝟏 − 𝒕𝑰
∆
The average acceleration "𝒂" is given 𝒕
by:
∆𝒗 𝒗𝒊+𝟏 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒂 = =
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒊+𝟏 − 𝒕𝑰
equal to the average velocity "𝒗" in the middle of the time interval:
For a time interval Δt, we can assume as a first approximation that the instantaneous velocity is
𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡𝑖+1
𝑣( ) = 𝒗( 𝑡 , 𝑡 )
2 𝑖 𝑖+1
Note:
Acceleration can be determined graphically, with its value corresponding to the slope of the
tangent to the v=f(t) curve at that point.
EXPERIMENT SETUP
Experimental Apparatus:
The experimental setup used to study the rectilinear motion of an object with mass "m=100g"
is illustrated in the figure below:
The object with mass "m1" moves under the influence of mass "m2", which pulls the paper
ribbon. Mass "m2" is connected to "m1" by an inextensible string passing over a frictionless
pulley. The recording system is triggered simultaneously with the release of mass "m2." The
rectilinear trajectory of mass "m1" passes through points ABCD (as shown in the figure).
The portion BC is characterized by a dynamic friction coefficient "µd". However, frictional
forces on the rest of the trajectory are negligible.
Data Recording
To study the motion of an object with mass "m1=100g", we used a recording system (bell)
powered by alternating current. The recorder's hammer strikes the paper ribbon (at the bottom
of Carbonne) at regular intervals of Δt=0.1s, leaving marks as indicated in the following
figure.
Procedure and questions
Kinematic Study Use the laboratory-recorded or already recorded data on regular paper (A4).
∆𝒙 (𝒎) 𝒗 (m/s)
3. Complete the following table:
MI ti(s) xi(m) vi (m/s) ti (s)
M0 0 0
… … … …
M1 0,1 …
… … … …
M2 0,2 …
… … … …
… … …
… … … …
… … …
… … … …
… … …
… … … …
… … …
… … … …
… … …
… … … …
4. Plot the graph of x(t)=f(t) using a suitable scale.
5. Measure the slope of the tangent to the x(t) graph at t=0.35s. What does this value represent?
Compare it with the values in the table. What conclusions can you draw?
6. Plot the graph of v(t)=f(t) using a suitable scale.
7. Determine the time interval for each segment of the trajectory.
8. For each phase, determine:
Acceleration (𝒂)
Dynamic Study
1. Represent the forces acting on both masses at each part of the trajectory.
2. Apply the fundamental principles of dynamics and write the expression for acceleration for
each phase.
3. Deduce the value of mass "m2".
4. Calculate the dynamic friction coefficient between mass "m1" and the surface of section
BC. Given: g=10 m/s2.
5. Your general conclusion.