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Linux Commands

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rahulraj2901nks
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12 views

Linux Commands

Uploaded by

rahulraj2901nks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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cat --> to read the contents of a file

cd --> directory move

find --> finds a file or directory in the current directory


syntax : [find <directory name> -name <file name>]:{replace -name with '-
iname' if the casing of name is not remembered}
Example: find usr -name flag.txt --> finds a file named "flag.txt" in the
directory usr and all its sub-directories.

ls --> list all the directory and file in current directory


Attributes: -a or -A --> to get hidden files
-l --> lists files with their information

man --> short for manual, gives you context about what a command is capable of
syntax: [man <command>]

strings --> this converts image file into readable text


syntax: [strings <image name>]
Example: strings flag.jpg --> converts the flag.jpg image into readable text.

grep --> this find a certain patterns of strings in a file


syntax: [grep "<string to find>" <file name>]
Attributes: -i --> ignores the case while searching {Ex: grep -i "<string to
find>" <file name>}
-E --> allows using special search functions inside string {Ex:
grep -E "hello|what" <file name>} - [this will see the string
with either hello or what in the file]
-o --> this returns only the needed string only instead of the
whole line where the string is present
{Ex: grep -o "hello" <file name>}
-r --> this searches the string in directories too {Ex: grep -r
"hello" <directory>}
Example: grep unixit flag.txt

| --> this symbol gives the output of one command to another one as input.
syntax: [command1 | command2]
Example: cat file.txt | grep "hello|what" --> (cat reads content of file.txt
and the output is given to grep to find hello)

> --> this writes the ouput of a command to a file without displaying it on screen.
syntax: [command > <filename>]
Example: echp "hello" > new.txt --> prints hello into new.txt without
displaying it on screen.

cmp --> compares files byte by byte(character by character) and lists the first
line of difference(by default).
syntax: [cmp <file1> <file2>]
Attributes: -l --> lists all the difference in files {print format: <byte
number> <character in file 1> <character in file 2>}
-i --> used to ignore the firse N bytes
{Ex: cmp -i 10 <file1> <file2>} --> this will compare files
from 11th byte.

head -->used to display the lines from beginning of the file(by default 10 lines)
tail --> used to display the lines from end of the file(by default 10 lines)
syntax: [head <filename>]
[tail <filename>]
Attributes: -n --> determines the number of lines to display
Example: head -n 7 <filename> | tale -n 1 -->this prints only the 7th line
bcs the second command gives last line of result of
first command.

base64 --> used to encode or decode a file


syntax: [base64 <filename>]
Attributes: -d --> to decode a file
Example: base64 -d flag.txt

steghide --> performs steganography(art of storing one file into another).


syntax: [steghide <first argument> <argument options>]
First arguments: extract --> to extract a one file from another.
syntax: [steghide extract -sf <file> -xf <file2> -p
<password>]
embed --> to embed one file into another
syntax: [steghide embed -cf <file1> -ef <file2> -p
<password>]
info --> to get the information about the encryption of a file
syntax: [steghide info <file name>]
Attributes:
for extract:-
-sf --> to specify the stego file(file containing the hidden
data)
*-xf --> to specify the file for extracted data(not necessary).
*-p --> to give the password.
for embed:-
-cf --> to specify the cover file(the one which will store data).
-ef --> to specify the embeded file.
*-sf --> results of cover and embed file are stored in another
specified file
*-p --> to give the password.
for info:-
*-p --> to give the password.

tar --> used to extract .tar archives and other compressed .tar archives
syntax: [tar (Attributes) <filename>]
Attributes:
Necessary: -x --> to extract a file
-t --> views the content of file without extracting it(like in
winrar)
-c --> creates the archive(i.e. to create a zipped folder)
{Ex: tar -cf <archive name> <filename>} --> creates a
zipped archive with <achive name> that
contains the file <filename>
Optional:
-z --> compress or decompress the archive using gzip(used for {.tar.gz}
or {.tgz}) - depending on x and c
-j --> compress or decompress the archive using bzip2(used for
{.tar.bz2}) - depending on x and c
-J --> compress or decompress the archive using xz(used for {.tar.xz})
- depending on x and c
-C --> extracts files to a specific directory(line Extract to.. button
of winrar)
{Ex: tar -xf archive.tar -C path/destination} --> extracts the
archive.tar into destination
-f --> to specify the file name or the archive name
--exclude --> to exclude a file while extracting or creating .tar(use
each time to exclude each file)
{Ex: tar --exclude='file.txt' --exclude='*.log' -xf archive.tar}
unzip --> used to extract {.zip} files
syntax: [unzip <filename>.zip]
Attributes: -d --> to unzip the files to a directory
{Ex: unzip <filename>.zip -d <directory path>}
-l --> list contents of the file without extracting(like opening
the .zip folder)
-x --> to exclude a file while extracting(selecting unzipping like
only unzipping a single file
{Ex: unzip <filename>.zip -x "file.txt"} --> excludes file.txt
and unzips everything else
{Ex: unzip <filename>.zip -x "*.txt"} --> excludes files ending
with .txt extension
Example: unzip <filename>.zip "file.txt" --> this extracts only file.txt from
<filename>.zip archive

zip --> to zip a file


syntax: [zip <directory name you want to contain zipped files> <files>]
Attributes: -r --> to include a directory and its components in the zipped
folder
-x --> to exclude certain files while zipping
Example: zip archive.zip file1 file2 file3 --> creates zipped file named
archive.zip containing file1,file2 and file3
zip archive.zip -r <dirctory name> --> creates archive.zip containing
<directory name> and its contents.
zip archive.zip file.txt --> if archive.zip already exists this will
add file.txt into it
zip archive.zip * --> this zips all contents of current directory into
archive.zip
zip -r archive.zip <folder> -x "*.log" --> zips folder and its content
into archive.zip except those ending with .log

7z --> to compress or decompress .7z files


syntax : [7z <first argument> <argument options> <filename>.7z]
First Arguments: x --> to extract .7z file
a --> to create .7z file
l --> to view the contents without extracting them
Attributes: -o --> to specify the destination to compress or decompress files
-x! --> exclude file while creating or extracting 7z archive
Example: 7z x archive.7z file1 file2 --> extracts only file1 and file2 from
archive.7z if they exist
7z a archive.7z directory -x!*log -x!file.txt --> creates and
archive.7z containing directory but excludes
file.txt and files ending with .log
7z x archive.7z -o path --> extracts archive.7z to path

gzip | bzip2 | xz --> compression methods


syntax: [Command <filename>]
Commands: Compression- | Decompression-
gzip | gunzip
bzip2 | bunzip2
xz | unxz

tree --> displays the directory structure of a path in tree like format listing all
its subdirectories directories.
syntax: [tree <path>] --> lists all the

STRING SEARCHES:
| --> OR {Ex: hello|what - searches either hello or what}
[a-z0-9] --> string that contains characters with alphabets a-z and digits 0-
9
\{ --> interprets to '{' as in C because the normal bracket({) is a special
character in Linux like we do in C
Ex: unixit\{[a-z0-9]{32}\} --> a string that begins with 'unixit{' contains
a-z or 0-9 and is of 32 size and ends with '}'

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