GE23122

ENGINEERING PRACTICES
LABORATORY
GROUP – A MECHANICAL & CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

MANUAL

(Regulation 2023)
 PART - I

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

WELDING
SINGLE V-BUTT JOINT
EX.NO: 1
SINGLE V-BUTT JOINT
DATE :

AIM

To make a Single V-Butt joint using arc welding on the given work pieces.

MATERIAL SUPPLIED

Mild steel plate of size 100 x 50 x 6mm - 2 Nos

TOOLS REQUIRED

1. Power supply (AC or DC )

2. Welding torch
3. Electrodes
4. Tongs
5. Chipping hammer
6. Wire brush
7. Apron
8. Shield
9. Safety goggles
10. Gloves
11. Earthing clamps

WORKING STEPS

1. First of all, the work pieces must be thoroughly cleaned to remove rust, scale and other
foreign materials.
2. Then the given work pieces are placed on brought close to each other so that it forms a the
table in such a way that two work pieces are ‘V-Shape’ when the plates butt each other.
3. Appropriate power supply should be given to the electrode and work pieces.
4. Now the welding current output may be existed.
5. When current is passed, arc is produced between the electrode and work pieces
6. Now set the two work pieces in correct position and maintain the gap 3mm and drack at
both ends of the work pieces as shown in the figure.
7. Then the welding is carried out throughout the length.
8. As soon as the welding process is finished, switched off the current supply and allow the
work piece to cool.
9. Slags are removed by chipping process with the help of chipping hammer.
10. Finally using wire brush, welded portions are cleaned.

RESULT

Thus,To make a Single V-Butt joint using arc welding on the given work pieces is
made.
LAP JOINT
EX.NO: 2
LAP JOINT
DATE :

AIM

To make a Lap joint using arc welding on the given work pieces.

MATERIAL SUPPLIED

Mild steel plate of size 102 x 51 x 6mm - 2 Nos.

TOOLS REQUIRED
1. Power supply (AC or DC )
2. Welding torch
3. Electrodes
4. Tongs
5. Chipping hammer
6. Wire brush
7. Apron
8. Shield
9. Safety goggles
10. Gloves
11. Earthing clamps

WORKING STEPS

1. First of all, the work pieces must be thoroughly cleaned to remove rust, scale and other
foreign materials.
2. Then the given work pieces are placed on the table in such a way that two work pieces are
overlapped one over another as shown in fig.
3. Appropriate power supply should be given to the electrode and work pieces.
4. Now the welding current output may be existed.
5. When current is passed, arc is produced between the electrode and work pieces.
6. Set the two work pieces in correct position like lap joint and tack at both ends of the work
pieces as shown in the figure.
7. Then the welding is carried out throughout the length of the work piece.
8. As soon as the welding process is finished, switch off the current supply and allow the
work piece to cool.
9. Slags are removed by chipping process with the help of chipping hammer.
10. Finally using wire brush, welded portions are cleaned.

RESULT

Thus,To make a Lap joint using arc welding on the given work pieces are made.
T-FILLET JOINT
EX.NO: 3
T-FILLET JOINT
DATE :

AIM

To make a T-Fillet using arc welding on the given work pieces.

MATERIAL SUPPLIED

Mild steel plate of size 100 x 50 x 6mm - 2 Nos.

TOOLS REQUIRED
1. Power supply (AC or DC )
2. Welding torch
3. Electrodes
4. Tongs
5. Chipping hammer
6. Wire brush
7. Apron
8. Shield
9. Safety goggles
10. Gloves
11. Earthing clamps

WORKING STEPS

1. First of all, the work pieces must be thoroughly cleaned to remove rust, scale and other
foreign materials.
2. Then the given work pieces are placed on the table in such a way that two work pieces are
overlapped one over another as shown in fig.
3. Appropriate power supply should be given to the electrode and work pieces.
4. Now the welding current output may be existed.
5. When current is passed, arc is produced between the electrode and work pieces.
6. Set the two work pieces in correct position like lap joint and tack at both ends of the work
pieces as shown in the figure.
7. Then the welding is carried out throughout the length of the work piece.
8. As soon as the welding process is finished, switch off the current supply and allow the
work piece to cool.
9. Slags are removed by chipping process with the help of chipping hammer.
10. Finally using wire brush, welded portions are cleaned.

RESULT

Thus,To make a T-Fillet using arc welding on the given work pieces are made.
BASIC MACHINING
FACING AND TURNING
EX.NO: 4
FACING AND TURNING
DATE :

AIM

To obtain the required shape and size of the workpiece by turning and facing operations.

MATERIAL SUPPLIED

Cylindrical workpiece of diameter 35 mm and length 112 mm mild steel rod.

TOOLS REQUIRED

1. Lathe 2. Cutting tool

3. Vernier caliper 4. Try square

5. Scriber 6. Vernier height gauge

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
1. Checking 2. Work piece setting

3. Tool setting 4. Facing

5. Turning 6. Taber turning

7. Chamfering

WORKING STEPS

1. The given workpiece is checked for its dimensions.

2. The workpiece is held in the chuck. Chuck key is used to tighten the job firmly, ensuring
centering of workpiece.
3. The single point cutting tool is held in the tool post and tighten the nuts using spanner.
4. Facing is done with cutting tool moving from the center of the workpiece towards outside.
It is done until the required length of the job is obtained.
5. Turning is done to reduce the diameter of the job. Sufficient depth of cut is given and it is
done until the required diameter of the job is obtained.
6. Next the taper turning is done on the workpiece, as per the taper angle already calculated.
Then the compound rest base is seivelled and set at half taper angle. Cutting tool is moved
at an angle to the lathe axis. Tool is moved by the compound rest hand wheel.
7. For chamfering to be done at the end of workpiece, the tool is held at 45° to the lathe axis
and it is fed against the rotating workpiece.
8. Finally, the dimensions of the workpiece are again checked.

RESULT

Thus, the required shape and size of the workpiece by turning and facing operations are made.
DRILLING AND TAPPING
EX.NO: 5
DRILLING AND TAPPING
DATE :

AIM

To drill the holes of required size and tap the drilled hole.

MATERIAL SUPPLIED

50 x 50 x 5mm Mild steel plate – 1 No.

TOOLS REQUIRED

1. Bench vice 2. Machine vice

3. Standard set of filling tools 4. Surface plate

5. Scriber 6. Drill bit

7. Tap set with die holder 8. Steel rule

9. Try squre 10. Vernier height gauge

11. Dot punch 12. Drilling machine

WORKING STEPS

1. The raw material is checked for its size 50 x 50 x 5mm using steel rule
2. The given workpiece is clamped in a vise and any two surfaces are filled to get right angle
3. Chalk is applied uniformly on the surfaces of the workpieces. 4.With the help of vernier
height gauge, surface plate, angle plate steel rule and scriber the given dimensions are
marked.
4. The midpoint of the required holes is punched by using a dot punch. 6.The punched dots
are drilled by drilling machine.
5. After drilling the holes, they are tapped by using tap set.
6. Finally, the dimensions of the workpiece are again checked.

RESULT

Thus, drill the holes of required size and tap the drilled hole
SHEET METAL
RECTANGULAR TRAY
EX.NO: 6
RECTANGULAR TRAY
DATE :

AIM

To make a rectangular tray from the given sheet metal.

MATERIAL SUPPLIED

Galvanized Iron (G.I) sheet.

TOOLS REQUIRED

1. Steel rule 2. Mallet

3. Scriber 4. Divider

5. Protractor 6. Snips

7. Stakes 8. Rivet set

9. Ball peen hammer

WORKING STEPS

1. The size of the given sheet is checked for its dimensions using a steel rule.
2. Then the sheet is leveled on the leveling plate using a mallet.
3. The development procedure is followed same as square taper tray.
4. The dimensions are marked as shown in fig.
5. The sheet is cut as per the marked dimensions by straight snips.
6. Then a single hemming is made on the four sides of the tray as shown in fig.
7. This four sides of the tray are bent to 90° using stakes anvil.
8. Finally all the corners of the tray are joined by riveting.

RESULT

Thus a rectangular tray from the given sheet metal are made.
STUDY
EX.NO: 9 STUDY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
DATE:

INTRODUCTION

Centrifugal pumps are the most widely used of all the turbo machine (or
rotodynamic) pumps. This type of pumps uses the centrifugal force created by an impeller
which spins at high speed inside the pump casing.

PRINCIPLE

Its principle work on Centrifugal force.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Centrifugal pump is classified as the following

1.Stationary components2.Rotating components

STATIONARY COMPONENTS OF THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ARE

THE FOLLOWING

A) CASING

It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller. It is designed in such a way that the
kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into
pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe.

TYPES OF CASING

VOLUTE CASING

It is spiral type of casing in which area of flow increase gradually. The increase in area of
flow decreases the velocity of flow and increases the pressure of water.
VORTEX CASING

If a circular chamber is introduced between casing and the impeller, the casing is
known as vortex casing.

CASING WITH GUIDE BLADES

The impeller is surrounded by a series of guide blades mounted on a ring know as

diffuser.

B) SUCTION PIPE

A pipe whose one ends is connected to the inlet of the pump and other end dip
into water in a Pump.

C) DELIVERY PIPE

A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end is
involved in delivering the water at a required height.

ROTATING COMPONENT OF THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IS

IMPELLER.

IMPELLER:

It is the main rotating part that provides the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.
Classification of impeller:

A) BASED ON DIRECTION OF FLOW

AXIAL-FLOW

The fluid maintains significant axial-flow direction components from the inlet to
outlet of the rotor.
RADIAL-FLOW

The flow across the blades involves a substantial radial-flow component at the
rotor inlet, outlet and both.

MIXED-FLOW

There may be significant axial and radial flow velocity components for the flow
through the rotor row.

B) BASED ON SUCTION TYPE

SINGLE SUCTION: liquid inlet on one side.

DOUBLE SUCTION: liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from both sides.

C) BASED ON MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION

CLOSED: shrouds or sidewall is enclosing the vanes.

OPEN: no shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes.

Semi-open or vortex type

WORKING

Water is drawn into the pump from the source of supply through a short length of
pipe (suction pipe). Impeller rotates; it spins the liquid sitting in the cavities between the
vanes outwards and provides centrifugal acceleration with the kinetic energy.

This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out an impeller is harnessed by creating a

resistance to flow. The first resistance is created by the pump volute (casing) that catches
the liquid and shows it down.

In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its velocity is converted
to pressure according to BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPAL.
SPECIFIC SPEED

Speed of an imaginary pump geometrically similar in every respect to the actual

pump and capable of delivering unit quantity against a unit head.

It is denoted by NS

NS = N (Q)1/2/(H)3/4

Where

N – Pump speed in r.p.m

Q – Discharge in m3/sec

H – Head per stage in meter.

TABULATED FORM OF SPECIFIC SPEED IN A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Pump Speed Specific speed (in r.p.m)

Radial flow Slow 10-30

Medium 30-35

High 50-80

Mixed flow 80-160

Axial flow 100-450

EFFICIENCIES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Mechanical efficiencies: It is ratio of the impeller power to the shaft power.

Hydraulic efficiencies: It is ratio of the manometric head to the Euler head.

Volumetric efficiencies: It is ratio of the actual to the theoretical discharge.

Overall efficiencies: It is ratio of the water power to the shaft power.

EX.NO: 10 STUDY OF AIR CONDITIONER
DATE:

THE MAIN FACTORS

The purpose of an air conditioner is to maintain a comfortable indoor environment. The

comfort we are used is to determined by a combination of 3 factors.

 Temperature
 Humidity
 Air Distribution

For this reason, the main purposes of air conditioners are to:

 Control room temperatures (cooling/heating).

 Control room humidity levels (drying, humidifying).
 Optimise air flow (circulation, distribution).
 Clean the air (filtration)

BASIC THEORY

When a fluid is heated (cooled) it absorbs (emits) a certain amount of heat. When these
processes produce a change in status, for example from liquid to gas (evaporation) or from
gas to liquid (condensation), the amount of heat exchanged with the external source is
significantly higher (vaporisation heat/condensation). An AC supply exploits this feature
in two distinct phases:

1. Passive Phase: In this phase, the fluid (gas) is compressed and condenses, there is
therefore a consumption of energy (EE) and a release of heat to the outside cooling air.
2. Active Phase: In this phase the same fluid (liquid) expands and evaporates, there is
therefore an absorption of heat at the expense of the air inside the environments which
consequently release heat and cool down.

In order to be applicable within the air conditioned areas, these two phases must take place
at relatively low temperatures. The figure below shows the evaporation of the cooling
liquid inside the coil generated by gas which is heated by ambient air which subsequently
cools.
 BASIC CONSTRUCTION OF AN AIR CONDITIONER

The refrigerant repeats the two evaporation and condensation cycles in two separate units
that transfer heat from a low temperature source (ambient air) to a high temperature source
(outdoor air) as seen below.

An air conditioner consists of 4 main sections.

 REFRIGERANT CIRCUIT COMPONENTS:

Circulation of the refrigerant and radiation of heat. (Compressor, evaporator condenser,
capillary tube, etc..).
 VENTILATION:
Distribution of air (indoor) Heat dissipation (outdoor) (impeller, fan motor, etc...).
 ELECTRICAL PARTS:
Climate control (remote control, electronic circuit boards, electrical system, etc..).
 OTHER:
Unit casing, air filter, etc..

FUNCTION OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS

COMPRESSOR

Compresses the refrigerant from low pressure (low temperature) to high pressure
(high temperature). This conversion raises the boiling point to higher temperature levels,
facilitating elimination of the heat brought by the outdoor air.
CONDENSER

This component receives gas at high pressure and high temperature from the
compressor. In air-cooled condensers, the metallic surfaces cool the gas which changes
status and turns to liquid. In the case of water-cooled condensers, it is the circulation of
the water that produces the same cooling effect.

EVAPORATOR

When the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator, it absorbs heat from the
surrounding air and produces cooled air.

CAPILLARY TUBE

A narrowing of the tube connected along the line between the condenser and the
evaporator with diameters ranging from 1 to 2 mm. and lengths ranging between 1 and 2
m, allows the adjustment of the amount of gas fed to the evaporator
ELECTRICAL PARTS

Electric and electronic components needed by the various air conditioner functions.

INDOOR FAN

It exhausts air from the indoor environment and conveys it through the evaporator; the air
is now cool and distributed back into the environment.

OUTDOOR FAN

This causes the air to circulate through the condenser in order to cool the refrigerant.
TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONER
 PART - II

CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

CROSS LAP JOINT
EX.NO:1
CROSS LAP JOINT
DATE :

Aim

To make a cross lap joint from the given wooden piece for the given dimensions.

Material supplied

A wooden piece of size 300 x 40 x 40 mm

Tools required

1. Steel rule
2. Carpentry vice
3. Jack plane
4. Try square
5. Marking gauge
6. Rip saw
7. Tenon saw
8. Firmer chisel
9. Mallet

Working steps

1. The given job is checked to ensure its correct size.

2. The job is firmly clamped in the carpentry vice and two surfaces are planned by
Jack plane to get right angle.
3. Using try square, the right angle of the work piece is checked.
4. Now all the four sides of the wooden pieces are planned to get the smoother and
finished surface.
5. Now the job is cut into two halves rip saw then proper marking is done for cross lap
joint on the two pieces using steel rule and marking gauge
6. One half is taken. Using tenon saw and firmer chisel the unwanted portions are
removed as per the drawing.
7. The above procedure is repeated for the other half of the work piece.
8. Jack plane is used to plane the other two faces up to the marked portion
9. Now the two pieces are assembled to check proper fitting.

10. The finished job is again checked job is again checked for its accurate shape and
size using try square and steel rule.
Result :

Thus a cross lap joint from the given wooden piece for the given dimensions is
made.
MORTISE AND TENON JOINT
EX.NO:2
MORTISE AND TENON JOINT
DATE :
Aim

To make a mortise and tenon joint from the given wooden piece for the given
dimensions.

Material supplied

A wooden piece of size 300 x 40 x 40 mm

Tools required

1. Steel rule
2. Carpentry vice
3. Jack plane
4. Try square
5. Mortise gauge
6. Rip saw
7. Tenon saw
8. Mortise chisel
9. Mallet

Working steps

1. The given job is checked to ensure its correct size.

2. The job is firmly clamped in the carpentry vice and any two surfaces are planned by
jack plane to get right angle.
3. Using try square, the right angle of the work piece is checked.
4. Now all the four sides of the wooden pieces are planned to get the smoother and
finished surface.
5. Now the job is cut into two halves using rip saw then proper marking is done for
mortise and tenon joint on the two pieces using steel rule and marking gauge.
6. One half is taken. Using tenon saw and mortise chisel the unwanted portions are
removed as per the drawing.
7. The above procedure is repeated for the other half of the work piece.

8. Jack plane is used to plane the other two faces upto the marked portion

9. Now the two pieces are assembled to check proper fitting.

 10. The finished job is again checked for its accurate shape and size using try square
and steel rule.

Result

Thus a mortise and tenon joint from the given wooden piece for the given
dimensions is made.
EX.NO:3
DOVE TAIL JOINT
DATE :

Aim

To make a dove tail joint from the given wooden piece for the given dimensions.

Material supplied

A wooden piece of size 300 x 40 x 40 mm

Tools required

1. Steel rule
2. Carpentry vice
3. Jack plane
4. Try square
5. Mortise gauge
6. Rip saw
7. Tenon saw
8. Mortise chisel
9. Mallet
Working steps

1. The given job is checked to ensure its correct size.

2. The job is firmly clamped in the carpentry vice and any two surfaces are planed by
jack plane to get right angle.
3. Using try square, the right angle of the work piece is checked.
4. Now all the four sides of the wooden pieces are planned to get the smoother and
finished surface.
5. Now the job is cut into two halves using rip saw then proper marking is done for
dove tail joint on the two pieces using steel rule and marking gauge.
6. One half is taken. Using tenon saw and firmer chisel the unwanted portions are
removed as per the drawing.
7. The above procedure is repeated for the other half of the work piece.
8. Jack plane is used to plane the other two faces upto the marked portion.
9. Now the two pieces are assembled to check proper fitting.
 10. The finished job is again checked for its accurate shape and size using try square
and steel rule.

Result:
Thus a dove tail joint from the given wooden piece for the given dimensions
is made.
EX.NO:4
T-JOINT
DATE :

Aim

To make a T-joint from the given wooden piece for the given dimensions.

Material supplied

A wooden piece of size 300 x 40 x 40 mm

Tools required

1. Steel rule
2. Carpentry vice
3. Jack plane
4. Try square
5. Mortise gauge
6. Rip saw
7. Tenon saw
8. Mortise chisel
9. Mallet

Working steps

1. The given job is checked to ensure its correct size.

2. The job is firmly clamped in the carpentry vice and any two surfaces are planned by
jack plane to get right angle.
3. Using try square, the right angle of the work piece is checked.
4. Now all the four sides of the wooden pieces are planned to get the smoother and
finished surface.
5. Now the job is cut into two halves using rip saw then proper marking is done for T-
joint on the two pieces using steel rule and marking gauge.
6. One half is taken. Using tenon saw and frimer chisel the unwanted portions are
removed as per the drawing.
7. The above procedure is repeated for the other half of the work piece.
8. Jack plane is used to plane the other two faces up to the marked portion.
 9. Now the two pieces are assembled to check proper fitting.
10. The finished job is again checked for its accurate shape and size using try square
and steel rule.

Result:

Thus, a T-joint from the given wooden piece for the given dimensions is made.
PLUMBING
BASIC PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR WATER SUPPLY

\
 EX.NO: 5
BASIC PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR WATER SUPPLY
DATE :

Aim

To connect the pipes with pipe fittings like valves, bends and taps with main supply
pipe using joints.

Materials supplied

1. Pipe wrench
2. Spanner
3. Bend
4. Valves
5. Taps
6. Cast iron pipes of different length
7. Flange
8. Bench vice.

Procedure

1. Two pipes are taken and they are held in vice and they are connected by using a
flanged joint as shown in fig.
2. A gate valve is connected to the pipe for controlling the water supply.
3. Then bend-1 is connected to the end of the pipe. Make internal threads using taps in
the bent-1. So it can be screwed to the pipe.
4. One more pipe is connected to the bend for extension of the layout.
5. The pipe is then screwed to bent-2 for further extension.
6. A horizontal pipe is connected to this bent-2 as shown in fig.
7. Then tap is fitted to the end of the pipe for closing and opening the water supply.
Result:

Thus, the pipes with pipe fittings like valves, bends and taps with main supply pipe
using joints are connected.
CONNECTIONS OF PVC PIPES
 EX.NO: 6
DATE : CONNECTIONS OF PVC PIPES

Aim

To connect the given PVC pipes by running joint and other by T- Joint.

Material supplied

1. 5 PVC Pipes
2. Couplings
3. Sand paper
4. Solution

Procedure

Running Joint

1. There are two PVC pipes A and B shown in the figure which are to be connected.
2. Now with fine sand paper rub the corner end of the pipe, so that we can do a perfect
joint.
3. After the rubbing process is completed apply the solution on the two pipes and also
on the coupling.
4. Now with force the pipes are inserted in to the coupling.
5. For two minutes the pipes and coupling are kept undisturbed.

T- Joint

1. There are 3 pipes D, E and F shown in the figure which are to be connected.
2. Now with fine sand paper corner ends of the pipe are rubbed, so that we can get a
perfect joint.
3. Now the solution is applied is applied on the pipe and also on the Tee.
4. Now with force the pipes are inserted into the Tee one by one.
5. For two minutes the pipes and coupling are kept undisturbed.
Result:

Thus, the given PVC pipes by running joint and other by T- Joint are connected.
CONNECTIONS OF TWO GALVANISED IRON PIPES
 EX.NO: 7
CONNECTIONS OF TWO GALVANISED IRON PIPES
DATE :

Aim

To connect the given two galvanized iron pipes by running joint or connector joint.

Materials supplied

1. Two G.I Pipes

2. Spanner
3. Back nut
4. Socket
5. Pipe wrench.

Procedure

1. There are two pipes A and B shown in the figure which are to be joined.
2. Pipe wrench is used for holding the pipes.
3. Make external threads to both pipes A and B using pipe threading dies.
4. Some hemp and white lead paint is inserted in the threads to make the joint sound.
5. Pipe B have threads of more length than the pipe A. Back nut (D) is screwed to the
pipe B. It is used for preventing the joint from running loose.
6. The socket C is screwed back to its full length on the pipe B.
7. Both pipes A and B are kept closer.
8. The socket is then screwed back such that it stands half on one pipe A and half on
the other pipe B.
9. A back or locking nut D is used which grips the socket and make it tight. Spanner
is used for tightening the joint.
Result :

Thus, the given two galvanized iron pipes by running joint or connector joint is
connected.
 EX.NO: 7
STUDYING JOINTS IN DOOR PANELS AND WOODEN
DATE : FURNITURE

Aim

To study joints in door panels and wooden furniture.

Woodworking joints:

Woodworking joints come in a variety of configurations that join together two pieces of wood. Some
joints involve carving channels into two different wood pieces so that they lock together, while
others use fasteners like nails or screws to hold them in place.

Because wood joints are essential to woodworking, many joint types have been used for centuries
and even millennia. Carpenters and craftsmen of ancient China and Egypt helped perfect joinery
methods that contractors and woodworkers still use today.

Any project made of wood, from the frame of a house to a small cabinet, will soon run into a
challenge—how do you connect or join two pieces of wood to form a larger structure? Here is a look
at 12 different types of wood joints and when to use each type to get the best result for your
project.

1.Butt joint

2. Miter joint

3. Coped joint

4. Tongue-and-groove joint

5. Mortise joint

6. Half-Lap joint

7. Dado joint

8. Rabbet joint

9. Pocket-hole joint

10. Dowel joint

11. Biscuit Joint

12. Dovetail Joint

1. Butt joint

A butt joint is the most basic type of wood joint. Two different wood pieces simply sit side
by side, with the butt of one workpiece adjacent to the butt of another workpiece.

2. Miter joint

“Miter” is another word for an angled cut—and the saw that makes the cut. In the term “miter
joint,” it refers to two 45-degree angled cuts where the pieces of wood adjoin to create a 90-
degree angle.

3. Coped joint

A coped joint is a variation on the miter joint that lays underneath the miter joint. It addresses
the reality that the corners of many rooms do not in fact meet at 90-degree angles.

4. Tongue-and-groove joint

These joints consist of a tongue, or a ridge, on one piece of wood and a groove, or channel,
on the other. The tongue slides into the groove to create a strong joint.

5. Mortise joint

Mortise joints are also known as mortise-and-tenon joints. While they look like butt joints
from the outside, a protruding element is carved into one piece (the tenon) which slides into a
corresponding recess (the mortise) in the other piece.

6. Half-Lap joint

With a half-lap joint, the ends of the two adjoining pieces of wood are reduced to half their
thickness at the point where they overlap.

7. Dado joint

The dado joint gets its name from the Italian word for a die or plinth. It resembles a groove—
a trench cut into one piece of wood parallel to the grain that another piece of wood slides
into.

Result:

Thus, the joints in door panels and wooden furniture are studied.
 EX.NO: 8
STUDYING COMMON INDUSTRIAL TRUSSES USING MODELS
DATE:

Aim:

To study common industrial trusses using models.

Trusses:

A truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural elements.

The most common use of trusses is in buildings, where support to roofs, the floors and internal
loading such as services and suspended ceilings, are readily provided. The main reasons for using
trusses are:

 Long span
 Lightweight
 Reduced deflection (compared to plain members)
 Opportunity to support considerable loads.
Definition:
A truss is essentially a triangulated system of (usually) straight interconnected
structural elements; it is sometimes also referred to as an open web girder. The
individual elements are connected at nodes; the connections are often assumed to
be nominally pinned. The external forces applied to the system and the reactions
at the supports are generally applied at the nodes. When all the members and
applied forces are in a same plane, the system is a plane or 2D truss.
Uses:
Trusses are used in a broad range of buildings, mainly where there is a requirement for
very long spans, such as in airport terminals, aircraft hangers, sports stadia roofs, auditoriums
and other leisure buildings. Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and are sometimes used
as transfer structures. This article focuses on typical single storey industrial buildings, where
trusses are widely used to serve two main functions:
 To carry the roof load
 To provide horizontal stability.

Warren Truss

In this type of truss, diagonal members are alternatively in tension and in

compression. The Warren truss has equal length compression and tension web members, and
fewer members than a Pratt truss. A modified Warren truss may be adopted where additional
members are introduced to provide a node at (for example) purlin locations.
Warren trusses are commonly used in long span buildings ranging from 20 to 100 m in span.
This type of truss is also used for the horizontal truss of gantry/crane girders.

North light trusses

North light trusses are traditionally used for short spans in industrial workshop-type
buildings. They allow maximum benefit to be gained from natural lighting by the use of glazing
on the steeper pitch which generally faces north or north-east to reduce solar gain. On the steeper
sloping portion of the truss, it is typical to have a truss running perpendicular to the plane of the
North Light truss, to provide large column-free spaces.

Saw-tooth truss

A variation of the North light truss is the saw-tooth truss which is used in multi-bay
buildings. Similar to the North light truss, it is typical to include a truss of the vertical face running
perpendicular to the plane of the saw-tooth truss.

Fink truss

The Fink truss offers economy in terms of steel weight for short-span high-pitched roofs as
the members are subdivided into shorter elements. There are many ways of arranging and
subdividing the chords and internal members.
This type of truss is commonly used to construct roofs in houses.

Result:
Thus, common industrial trusses using model scare is studied.