A

Micro Project Report

On

“wireless sensor network”

Submitted by,
Miss. Shinde Varsha Yashwant

(Enrollment No: 2000790295)

Under Guidance of
Mr.M.A. Nalawade

Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering

SNJB’s Shri Hiralal Hastimal (Jain Brothers, jalagoan) Polytechnic

Chandwad (Nashik) 423101

[2024-2025]
 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Certificate
This is to certify that Miss. Shinde Varsha Yashwant with Roll No-51has
successfully completed Micro-project in course Mobile and wireless
Communication (22533) for the academic year 2024- 25 as prescribed in the
'Assessment Manual' during his tenure of completing Fifth Semester of Diploma
Program in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering from institute,
SNJB’s Shri Hiralal Hastimal (Jain Brothers, jalagoan) Polytechnic Chandwad
with Institute code (0079).

Place: Chandwad Enrollment No: 2200790295

Date: / /2024 Exam Seat No:

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 INDEX

Sr.No. Content Page no

1. Abstract 1

2. Introduction 2
Working principle of wireless sensor
3. 3
networks
4. Types of wireless sensor network 4

Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks

5. 5

Advantages of Wireless Sensor Networks

6. 6
Limitations of Wireless Sensor Networks
7. 7

8. Conclusion 8

9. Reference 9
 Abstract

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors that
monitor and record physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, or pressure.
The collected data is sent through the network to a central location or a main node. WSNs play an
essential role in applications ranging from industrial automation to environmental monitoring and
healthcare systems. This project explores the architecture, functionality, and applications of
wireless sensor networks, as well as their advantages and challenges. We focus on the deployment
strategies of WSNs and address key concerns such as energy consumption and data security in the
network.
 Introduction

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a growing field of technology, characterized by a group of
spatially distributed sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly to monitor and record various
environmental and physical conditions. These sensor nodes are capable of gathering data
autonomously and sending it to a central node or server for analysis. With the rapid development
of wireless communication technologies, WSNs have found applications in a wide range of fields
including military surveillance, environmental monitoring, healthcare, industrial automation, and
smar WSNs offer significant advantages such as flexibility, scalability, and the ability to operate in
remote or hazardous areas. However, the implementation of WSNs faces certain challenges,
including power management, data security, and communication reliability. This project aims to
provide a comprehensive overview of wireless sensor networks, focusing on their architecture,
operational principles, applications, and potential future developments cities.
 Working principle of wireless sensor networks

A WSN consists of multiple sensor nodes, which are small, low-power devices equipped
with sensors, microcontrollers, and transceivers for communication. Each node collects data from
its surrounding environment and transmits the information wirelessly to a central hub or base
station. The base station can then process and forward the collected data to a cloud server or data
center for analysis.

The typical communication in WSNs involves three steps:

 Sensing: The sensor nodes capture data from their environment.

 Processing: Data is processed locally by the nodes.
 Transmission: The processed data is transmitted wirelessly to the base station.

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a large number of sensor nodes, which are small,
low-power, and multifunctional devices. These nodes communicate wirelessly and work together
to monitor and report environmental conditions. Each sensor node typically consists of four main
components: a sensing unit, a processing unit (microcontroller), a communication unit
(transceiver), and a power supply (usually a battery).
 Types of wireless sensor networks

 Terrestrial WSNs: Deployed on land, where nodes communicate with each other using
wireless links.
 Underground WSNs: Used to monitor conditions in underground environments.
 Underwater WSNs: Used for oceanic or freshwater monitoring. The nodes are deployed
in water and communicate via acoustic signals.
 Mobile WSNs: The nodes are mobile and move through the environment.
 Hybrid WSNs: A combination of the above types for more complex monitoring tasks.
 Applications of wireless sensor networks

 Environmental Monitoring: Used to monitor air pollution, weather conditions, and forest
fire detection.
 Healthcare: WSNs enable remote health monitoring systems for patients.
 Industrial Automation: Provides real-time monitoring of machinery and production
processes.
 Smart Homes and Cities: Wireless sensors are used in home automation systems and for
efficient resource management in smart cities.
 Military Applications: WSNs are used for surveillance, battlefield monitoring, and
detection of enemy movements.
 Advantages of Wireless Sensor Networks

 Scalability: WSNs can scale to accommodate thousands of sensor nodes.

 Low Power Consumption: Sensor nodes are designed to use minimal energy, prolonging
the battery life of the nodes.
 Flexibility: Nodes can be deployed in hard-to-reach or remote locations without the need
for wiring.
 Real-time Monitoring: Provides continuous and real-time data collection and transmission
 Limitations of Wireless Sensor Networks

 Energy Consumption: Despite being low power, energy remains a limiting factor as nodes
are often battery-operated.
 Data Security: Wireless communication can be vulnerable to interception and tampering.
 Interference: Wireless signals can be disrupted by physical barriers or interference from
other devices.
 Limited Processing Power: The nodes have constrained computational capabilities.
 Conclusion
Wireless Sensor Networks represent a crucial advancement in technology that allows for efficient
and flexible monitoring of environments. WSNs are widely used in various sectors due to their
scalability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of deployment. However, challenges such as energy
consumption and data security must be addressed to optimize their efficiency and effectiveness.
The continuous innovation in WSN technology holds significant potential for future developments
in smart technologies, healthcare, and industrial monitoring.
 References

1. Karl, H., & Willig, A. (2005). Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks.
Wiley.
2. Akyildiz, I. F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., & Cayirci, E. (2002). A survey on sensor
networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 40(8), 102-114.
3. Sohraby, K., Minoli, D., & Znati, T. (2007). Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology,
Protocols, and Applications. Wiley.