BUNAMFAN FORM 4 CLUSTER EXAMINATION

(Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education)

312/2 GEOGRAPHY 2024 Paper 2

MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A.
Answer ALL questions in this section

1. (a) Define the term Sampling? (2marks)

 Sampling is the process by which a representative portion of the phenomena under
research is selected for analysis.
(b) List three types of sampling methods. (3marks)
 Random
 Systematic
 Stratified
2. The diagram below shows the occurrence of petroleum in the earth’s crust.

(a) Name the substances in the areas labelled L, M and N. (3marks)

L - Petroleum oil
M - Water
N - Gas
(b) Give two by-products obtained when refining crude oil. (2marks)
 Tar
 Wax
 Bitumen / pitch / asphalt
 Grease lubricants.
 Resin / petrol chemicals

3. (a) Define a photograph. (2marks)

 A photograph is an image or a picture of an object recorded by a camera on a light sensitive
film or paper.
(b) Highlight three limitations of photographs. (3marks)
 Black and white photographs may not be clear.
 Photographs are often blurred,
 many typical photographs are distorted
  Photographs show us the objects they depict from a certain angle.
 It takes time and costs much to provide attractive pictures
4. (a) List two species of indigenous hardwood forest trees in Kenya. (2marks)
 Meru Oak
 Elgon Olive
 Elgon Teak
 Camphor
 Mvuli
 Mangrove.
(b) State three reasons why only a small part of Kenya is forested. (3marks)
 Because of population pressure
 Due to activities like gold mining,
 Due to overgrazing
 Due to over-exploitation of wood products
 Pests destroying some trees
 Prolonged droughts.
5. (a) Define mixed Farming. (2marks)

 Mixed Farming involves growing crops and also keeping livestock on the same piece
of land.
(b) State three characteristics of mixed Farming. (3marks)
 Crops are grown and livestock kept on the same farm
 The farms are moderate in size and grow a variety of crops
 A portion of the farm may be left for animal pasture
 On some farms, parts of the land are devoted to fruit trees i.e apples, pears, strawberry and
vegetation crops.
 High capital expenditure
SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other questions from this section
6. (a) The table below shows total number of livestock in Kenya in 2012. Study it and use it to
answer question (i) and (ii)

Type of livestock Number in millions

Dairy cattle 2.4

Sheep 7.0
Goats 7.2
Pigs 8.5

Total 25.1

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

(i) Draw a divided rectangle 15 cm to represent the data give above (7marks)
 (ii) Explain why the population of sheep is higher than that of dairy cattle (4marks)
 Sheep survive in a variety of climatic conditions while dairy cattle are restricted to cool
and wet climate
 The farm inputs required for dairy cattle are more expensive than those for sheep
 Some breeds of sheep are more resistant to diseases that dairy cattle thus they are more
widespread.
 The management of dairy cattle is more demanding than that of sheep
(iii) Explain four ways in which the government of Kenya assist nomadic pastoralist to
improve the quality of their livestock (8marks)
 The government has set up demonstrations ranches to educate the pastoralists on better ways
of keeping livestock cattle dips have been constructed to control pests
 Extension services are provided to give advice to the pastoralists
 Boreholes and dams have been constructed to provide water for their livestock
 Roads have been constructed to enable the pastoralists to transport their produce to markets
 Through formal education, the pastoralists have learnt the advantage of keeping manageable
sizes of herds
 The government encourages ranching to enable the pastoralists to view livestock Keeping as a
commercial undertaking

(b) Highlight six characteristics of plantation Farming. (6marks)

 Farming is scientifically managed
 The farms are very large more than 40ha/100ac
 Mechanization is embraced in the operations
 Crops grown are usually export /market oriented
 A great deal of capital is involved
 Monoculture is practiced
 Hired labour is employed
 Most farms are foreign owned
7. (a) (i) Differentiate between minerals that occur as veins and lodes. (2marks)
 A vein is a crack or a crevice in a mass of rock containing minerals deposited in crystalline
form within the earth’s crust while a reef is a crack or a crevice in a mass of a rock containing
minerals exposed on the surface
(ii) Name a mineral mined in each of the following counties in Kenya. (3marks)
 Kwale – Tiomin/Titanium
 Taita Taveta -Ruby
 Kisii- Soapstone
(b) Explain how the following factors influenced exploitation of diamond in South Africa
 Capital (2marks)
 Large British mining companies like De Beers /Petra diamonds… have large capital base that
help them expanded/modernize/sustain diamond mining
 Transport (2marks)
 South Africa has modern port of Durban/ port Elizabeth/electric rails between Kimberley and
Johannesberg/ Durban and port elizabet/Kimberley airport/ Oliver Tambo international airport
in johannseburg that are efficient/ allow fast export of mineral products to overseas markets
(b) Describe how stripping mining method is used to mine limestone in Bamburi in Kenya.
(5marks)
 The site with sufficient limestone is identified
 The overburden or unwanted material are removed by bulldozers
 The limestone is dug out if it is less resistant by digging using power shovels/excavators
 If the limestone ore is more resistant, explosives are employed to dislodge the rocks
 Huge power shovels are then employed to dig the mineral deposits
 The ore is then loaded into trucks and transported to bamburi cement factory for processing
(d) Explain problems facing gold mining in South Africa (6marks)
 The costs of production have greatly increased due to the deepening of the mines
leading to reduced profits
 Gold is a non-renewable mineral thus it gets depleted/exhausted in some mines
leading to their abandonment
 Collapse of mines due pressure bursts as a result of heavy weights above as the mines
become deeper leading to loss of lives
 Shortage of local labour leading to workers being sourced from the neighboring
southern African countries who demand higher wages and provision of better social
amenities lowering profit margins
 Decline in gold-grade quality that fetches low prices hence marginal profits
 Deepening of mines making it expensive to mine leading to marginal profits
 Frequent industrial unrests/strikes hinder mining process leading to losses
(e) Nakuru High School students carried out a field study on the mining of soda ash in Lake
Magadi.
(i) Identify two methods they may have used in recording data. (2marks)
 Note taking.
 Photographing.
  Field sketching/drawing diagrams.
 Filling in questionnaire
 Tape recording.
 Video recording/filming.
 Labelling of samples.

(ii) State three benefits that accrue to the local community as a result of the mining that
they may have observed. (3marks)
 Has led to the growth of Magadi Township (urbanization)
 Led to development of social amenities such as hospitals which have benefited the maasai
communities
 Stimulated the development of transport lines e.g. the 110 km tarmac road and railway line
from Konza to magadi
 Provides employment to many Kenyans including the nomadic maasai hence improving their
living standards
 Led top development of industries by providing raw materials e.g. glass industries export of
soda ash , the country earns foreign exchange
 It is exported to earn foreign exchange which is used in the economic development of the
country.
 Led to the growth of both local and foreign tourism
 Provide revenue to the government through taxes.
8. (a) (i)Define agro forestry. (2marks)

 Agro forestry is the planting of trees, cultivation of crops together with keeping of livestock on the same
piece of land

(ii) Outline four benefits of agro forestry (4marks)

 Helps To control soil erosion

 Helps To protect catchment areas
 Helps To maintain hydrological cycle
 Helps To reclaim steep slopes
 Helps to Provide wood for timer or fuel

(b) (i) Name two major lumbering maritime provinces in Eastern Canada. (2marks)

 Ontario
 Quebec
 New Bruswick
(ii) Explain three factors favouring the exploitation of softwoods in Canada (6marks)
 Mild winters with ice-free waters in British Colombia make it possible to transport logs
 Low temperatures in the highlands discourage settlement hence forestry is the main use of
land
 The landscape is rugged hence does not favour agriculture
 High rainfall of the windward side British Columbia Mountain that favours forest growth
 Coastal location favour establishment of ports for timber exportation Cheap means of
transport or rivers like Ottawa, Fraser e.t.c
 Constant supply of H.E.P for industrial use due to many rivers with water falls/ Many rivers
provides adequate hydroelectric power for factories
 Plenty/abundant water supply for processing purposes e.g. bleaching of pulp /Rivers provide
plenty of water require in pulp and paper industries/
 Ready market in Canada and U.S.A for forest products
  High domestic demand for forest products as well as in neighboring countries provide market
for products

(c) Explain three differences between softwoods forests in Kenya and Canada. (6marks)
 In Kenya harvesting of trees is done throughout the year while in Canada harvesting is done
in winter and early spring.
 In Kenya harvesting is done selectively while in Canada clear/indiscriminate cutting of trees
is done.
 In Kenya forest products are mainly sold locally while in Canada are mainly for export.
 Species: Most Kenyan softwoods are exotic while in Canada softwoods are indigenous.
 Areas where they are found: Most softwood forests in Kenya are found mainly in the
highlands while in Canada they are found both in the highlands and lowlands
 Maturity: Softwoods in Kenya grow faster due to the warm tropical climate while softwoods
take longer to reach maturity due to the cool temperate climate
 Transport of logs is done mainly by water/river in Canada while in Kenya is mainly by road.
 Trees are Grown throughout the country in Canada while in Kenya are grown mainly in the
Kenya highlands.
 Forestry in Canada is more extensive than forestry in Kenya which is limited
 There is a wide variety of softwood species in Canada while in Kenya the number of species
is small
 Canada has both local and international markets while Kenya sells her wood locally and
COMESA region..
(d) Your class intends to carry out a field study on the exotic trees of the Kenya highlands:-

(i) Name two types of tree species they are likely to observe . (2marks)

 cypress
 bamboo
 pine

(ii) Identify three non-wood products in the forests they were able to identify (3marks)

 Medicinal harbs
 Resin
 Rubber
 Wild fruits

9. (a) Explain how the following factors influences Agriculture

i) Rainfall (2mks)
 Moderate to high rainfall which is well distributed rainfall throughout the year support
agriculture.
ii) Land Tenure system (2mks)
 Large scale farming can’t be practiced on excessively fragmented land.
 Nomadic pastoralism and shifting cultivation can be practiced in communally owned land.
b) i) Identify two varieties of Tea grown in Kenyan highlands (2mks)

 Aswan tea
 China tea
 Purple tea
 Cambod tea
ii) Name three counties within the Rift – Valley region where Tea is grown (3mks)
  Kericho,
 Nandi,
 Bomet
 Trans nzoia
iii) State four physical factors favouring Tea growing in Kenya Highlands (4mks)

 Cool to warm climate/ moderate to high temperatures/ 15℃ – 30℃

 High rainfall, well distributed throughout the growing period/ about 1500mm.
 Deep, well drained slightly acidic/ volcanic soils.
 High altitude above 1000m above sea level.
 Frost free area.
 Shade from strong winds/ sunlight.
(c) Describe the processing of Coffee until it is ready for the market. (6mks)

 Berries are sorted out to remove the outer/ diseased berries

 Berries are graded into grade ‘A’ & ‘B’
 Different grades are weighed
 Berries go through a machine that removes the outer cover / pulp
 The beans are fermented in tanks for some time
 Beans are washed and sun dried for about a week
 The husks are removed and the beans winnowed
 Beans are sorted out and graded to size and quality
 Beans are roasted at a temperature of about 99oC
 Beans are grounded into power ready for sale
 The beans are packed in sacks ready for sale/export by CBK/KPCU
d) Explain how Coffee growing in Kenya and Brazil differ under the following sub-headings;
i) Size of land (2mks)
Coffee in Kenya is grown in small scale while in Brazil Coffee is grown in plantation
ii) Soil (2mks)
In Kenya coffee is grown in deep well drained red acidic volcanic soil while in Canada coffee is
grown in deep well drained Tera Rosa soil.
iii) Marketing (2mks)
In Kenya coffee marketing is done by Kenya Coffee Directorate which is a government body while
in Brazil marketing is done by individuals

10. (a) (i) What is transhumance? (2mks)

Seasonal movement of herders and their animals between lowlands and highlands influenced by
climatic patterns or availability of pasture
(ii) Name three counties in Kenya where nomadic pastoralism is practiced (3mks)
  Turkana Baringo
 Marsabit
 Wajir
 Mandera
 Narok
 Kajiado
 Laikipia
 West pokot
(iii) List four characteristics of beef farming in Kenya (4mks)
 Ranching is capital intensive
 Ranches are owned by rich individuals or companies
 Most ranches have a well-organized marketing system and co-operatives
 Ranches have cattle dips and veterinary services to control animal diseases and pests
 High quality breeds or low breeds are kept
 Ranches are paddocked or fenced to control animals movements or sized rotationally in the
paddocks
 Done on extensively gentle sloping land
 A single type of animals is kept
 Ranches have cattle dips and veterinary services
 Ranches are scientifically managed /modern livestock farming methods are used
 Some ranches have nutritious pasture improved through planting of new and grass varieties
 The animals are transported by road or railway to markets
 Animals are provided with water points in the paddocks

(b) (i) Name two beef cattle breeds reared in commercial ranches in Argentina (2mks)
 Herford, Brangus
 Aberdeen Angus,
 Short horn
(ii) Give three reasons why beef production is higher in Argentina than Kenya (6mks)
 In Kenya beef farming is majorly carried out in small scale by subsistence farmers and
pastoral communities while in Argentina beef farming is done on large scales in
ranches hence more production
 Kenya beef farmers have small capital while in Argentina there is large capital from
beef industries that has improved beef farm management hence higher production
 Kenya has a small local and external market for beef while Argentina has a large
internal and external market for beef hence increased beef production
 In Kenya farms are managed by family members as an individual enterprise while in
Argentina farms are managed by companies’ hence higher production
 In Kenya pastoral communities graze their animals on natural pastures and move from
place to place in search of water and pastures hence animals become exhausted and lose
weight while in Argentina animals graze on natural pampas while Alfalfa is offered to
them in ranches hence preserve body weight
 There is overstocking and overgrazing in Kenya hence production per unit area is
reduced while in Argentina the number of animals are well regulated hence high
production per unit area
 In Kenya beef animals feed on natural pastures while in Argentina the animals feed on
fodder/alfalfa/ nutritious grass hence more production

(c) Explain the role played by beef farming to the economy of Kenya (8mks)
 Creates employment to people who work in slaughter houses/ butcheries/ ranches hence
improving their living standards
 Roads/ railway lines to beef farming areas have been improved hence easing transport
 Source of government revenue through taxes/levies imposed on beef related industries/
business used for economic development
 Beef byproducts like hides are raw materials in leather/ shoe-making industries hence
increasing industrialization
 Beef is a source of protein/ food hence contributes to the diet of Kenyan people
 Beef farmers sell the beef animals to earn income that improves their living standards
 Beef animals are transported alive hence earns the country foreign exchange for
economic development

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