Heat and Mass Transfer

INSTRUCTIONS: Select the letter of the correct answer for each of the following questions.

1. A batch drier removes water from a solid material at a rate of 30 lb/hr during the constant rate period. Under the
operating conditions, the critical free moisture content is 0.5 lb H2O/lb dry solid, and the equilibrium moisture content
is 0.04 lb water/ lb dry solid. The curve of drying rate versus moisture content may be assumed as a straight line
during the entire falling rate period. Three hundred pounds of dry solid, containing 200 lb of water, enters the drier.
How long will the total drying require if the final product contains 0.08 lb water per lb of dry solid.
a. 12.6 hr c. 1.27 hr
b. 13.9 hr d. 19.3 hr

For numbers 2 to 3:
A saturated solution of Na2CO3 at 300C is sent to a crystallizer where it is is cooled to 100C. The wet crop (Na2CO3
x10H2O + adhering solution) is then sent to a drier producing anhydrous Na2CO3. With 1000 kg of saturated
solution at 300C and 5% of the mother liquor adheres to the crop, calculate the following:

2. Weight (kg) of anhydrous Na2CO3 produced

a. 242 kg c. 593 kg
b. 351 kg d. 649 kg

3. With the same conditions of the feed solution, at what temperature must the crystallizer be operated to obtain
500 kg of Na2CO3 x10H2O without accompanying adhering solution?
a. 170C c. 210C
b. 19 C
0 d. 230C

4. If sufficient water is placed in a vessel containing a dry gas at 150C and 100.5 kPa to thoroughly saturate it, what
will be the absolute pressure in the vessel after the saturation? The temperature and volume of the vessel remain
constant.
a. 105.3 kPa c. 102.2 kPa
b. 109.7 kPa d. 111.5 kPa

5. Lactose syrup is concentrated to 8 g lactose per 10 g of water and then run into a crystallizing vat which contains
2,500 kg of the syrup. In this vat, containing 2,500 kg of syrup, it is cooled from 57°C to 10°C. Lactose crystallizes
with one molecule of water of crystallization. The specific heat of the lactose solution is 3470 J/kg·°C. The heat of
solution for lactose monohydrate is -15,500 kJ/kmol. The molecular weight of lactose monohydrate is 360 and the
solubility of lactose at 10°C is 1.5 g/10 g water. Assume that 1% of the water evaporates and that the heat loss
trough the vat walls is 4 x 104 kJ. Calculate the heat to be removed in the cooling process.
a. 612 x103 kJ c. 454 x103 kJ
b. 508 x10 kJ
3 d. 397 x103 kJ

For numbers 6 to 7:
A gas saturated with water vapor in the tank has a volume of 1 L at 17.50C and a pressure of 106.2 kPa.

6. What is the volume of dry gas under standard conditions?

a. 0.88 L c. 0.97 L
b. 0.84 L d. 0.92 L

7. How many grams of water vapor are present in the gas?

a. 0.015 g c. 0.023 g
b. 0.019 g d. 0.028 g

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8. A solid is dried at constant drying conditions from 0.70 to 0.50 g moisture per g dry solid in 3 hours. The rate of
drying during the falling rate period is second order with respect to the moisture content. Determine the time
needed to dry the solid from the critical moisture content of 0.50 to 0.30 g moisture per g dry solid. (Equilibrium
moisture content = 0)
a. 4 hrs c. 6 hrs
b. 5 hrs d. 3 hrs

For numbers 9 to 11:

Air saturated with water vapor is at 1400F and a pressure of 29.68 inHg.

9. To what temperature must the air be cooled to separate 68% of the water in it as liquid water
(pressure is constant)?
a. 1120F c. 1200F
b. 104 F
0 d. 1330F

10. To what pressure must the air be compressed to separate 68% of the water in it as liquid water
(temperature is constant)?
a. 66 in Hg c. 75 inHg
b. 52 inHg d. 80 inHg

11. If the temperature is reduced to 1000F and the gas is compressed to 25 psia, what percentage of the water
separates out as liquid?
a. 84% c. 66%
b. 59% d. 72%

12. A hot solution 2000 kg of MgSO4 and water at 330 K and with a a concentration of 30 wt% MgSO4 is cooled to
293 K and MgSO4x7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility at 293 K is 35.5 kg MgSO4 per 100 kg total water.
The average heat capacity of the feed solution is 2.93 kJ/kg-K. The heat of solution at 291 K is -13.31x103 kJ/kmol
MgSO4x7H2O. Calculate the heat removed assuming that no water is vaporized. Molecular weight of MgSO4 =
120.35 g/mol.
a. -234991 kJ c. -156542 kJ
b. -367095 kJ d. -402897 kJ

13. Dry air is bubbled through 25 liters of water at a rate of 15 L (STP)/min. The air leaving the liquid is saturated
with water at 25°C and 1.5 atm. How long will it take for all water to vaporize?
a. 32.9 days c. 67.8 days
b. 79.1 days d. 80.7 days

14. Glauber’s salt is to be made in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer by cooling a solution, saturated at 30°C, to 15°C.
The latent heat of crystallization (liberated when crystals form) is 18,000 cal per gmol Na2SO4. Cooling water
enters at 10°C and leaves at 20°C. The over-all heat transfer coefficient in the crystallizer is 25 BTU/h·ft2·°F and
each foot of crystallizer has 3 sq ft of cooling surface. How many 10-ft units of crystallizer will be required to
produce 1 ton/h of Glauber’s salt.
a. 17 units c. 30 units
b. 28 units d. 42 units

15. A mixture of nitrogen gas and benzene vapor at 300 K and 100 kPa has a percent saturation of 70%. It is
desired that 80% of the benzene is to be removed by cooling and compression. If the gas is cooled to 273 K, what
should be the pressure to which it is compressed? The vapor pressure of benzene at 273 K is 3.5 kPa and 13.8
kPa at 300 K.
a. 210 kPa c. 160 kPa
b. 240 kPa d. 120 kPa

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For numbers 16 to 18:
Air at 101.3 kPa enters an adiabatic drier at 372 K with a dew point of 287 K and leaves at 80% humidity. Wet
paper enters the drier with 25% moisture and leaves with 5% moisture. Determine the following:

16. The temperature of air leaving the drier

a. 326 K c. 302 K
b. 311 K d. 338 K

17. Water evaporated in kilograms per 100 cubic meters of air entering
a. 2.4 kg c. 7.8 kg
b. 9.0 kg d. 5.9 kg

18. Kilograms of finished product per 100 cubic meters of air entering
a. 8.8 kg c. 6.7 kg
b. 7.3 kg d. 9.1 kg

For numbers 19 to 21:

A solution of organic colloids in water is to be concentrated from 10 to 50% solids in a single effect evaporator.
Steam is available at a gauge pressure of 1.03 atm. A pressure of 102 mmHg is to be maintained in the vapor
space. The feed rate to the evaporator is 25000 kg/hr. The overall heat transfer coefficient can be taken as 2800
W/m2-0C. The solution has a negligible elevation in boiling point and a negligible heat of dilution. The specific heat
of the feed solution is 3.77 J/g 0C.

19. If the temperature of the feed is 21.10C, calculate the steam consumption.
a. 22 398 kg/hr c. 19 800 kg/hr
b. 20 452 kg/hr d. 21 118 kg/hr

20. Calculate the heating surface area required.

a. 85.4 m2 c. 95.6 m2
b. 104.2 m2 d. 74.5 m2

21. Calculate the steam economy.

a. 0.75 c. 0.89
b. 0.93 d. 1.01

For numbers 22 to 24:

A single-effect evaporator is concentrating a feed of 9072 kg/h of a 10 wt % solution of NaOH in water to a product
of 50% solids. The pressure of the saturated steam used is 42 kPa (gage) and the pressure in the vapor space of
the evaporator is 20 kPa (abs). The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 1988 W/m2-K. The feed temperature is 288.8
K. Calculate the following:

22. The steam used

a. 8960 kg/h c. 9210 kh/h
b. 7320 kg/h d. 6450 kg/h

23. The heating surface required

a. 188 m2 c. 136 m2
b. 252 m2 c. 295 m2

24. The steam economy

a. 0.88 c. 0.81
b. 0.90 d. 0.86

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For numbers 25 to 27:
A solvent recovery system delivers a gas, saturated with benzene vapor containing CO2, O2 and N2. The gas
mixture is at 210C and 14.5 psia pressure. It is compressed to 5 atm and cooled again to 210C and the benzene
removed after compression. The process involved 750 cu ft of the gas mixture. The vapor pressure of benzene at
210C is 1.45 psia.

25. What is the volume in cu ft of the inert gas at the mentioned volume?
a. 675 c. 655
b. 756 d. 567

26. How many moles of inert gas are present in the gas mixture?
a. 5.71 c. 7.12
b. 1.72 d. 2.17

27. How many pounds of benzene are condensed by the process per 750 cu ft of gas?
a. 13.2 c. 11.4
b. 12.2 d. 14.4

For numbers 28 to 30:

Consider air at 1 atm, 35°C and 40% relative humidity. Using psychrometric chart, determine

28. The wet-bulb temperature

a. 170C c. 240C
b. 280C d. 190C

29. The dew-point temperature

a. 170C c. 240C
b. 280C d. 190C

30. The specific volume of the air.

a. 0.89 m3/kg da c. 0.97 m3/kg da
b. 0.75 m3/kg da d. 0.66 m3/kg da

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