A Project Report on

“various generation of computer system and operating

system”

Submitted By:

1.Pallavi Maroti Kadam (3323)

2.Kirti Keshavappa Solanke (3305)
3.Komal Nagorao Bokhare (3320)
4.Gaytri Raju Kamore (3325)

Guided By:
Prof. G.K. Mangnale

Submitted To:
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

I
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC HINGOLI
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, Miss. Pallavi Maroti Kadam, Miss. Kirti Keshavappa Solanke Miss.
Komal Nagorao Bokhare Miss. Gaytri Raju Kamore, Roll No. 3323, 3305,33320,3325 of
fifth Semester of Diploma in Computer Engineering of Government Polytechnic Hingoli has
completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in course Operating System (22516) for the
academic year 2024-25 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Hingoli Enrollment No: 2211630159

2211630155,2211630162,2111630134

Course Coordinator HOD Principal

Prof. G.K. Mangnale Prof. N. S Jadhao Prof. B. P. Deosarkar

II
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI

MICRO PROJECT

Progress Report / Weekly Report

Name of the Project: Various Generation Computer System And Operating

System Course: operating system (22516)
Program: Computer Engineering (CO5I)
Roll No. 3323,3320,3305,3325.

Week No Date Duration Work / Activity Performed Sign of the

in Hrs. Faculty
1 10/09/2024 Collecting Information
1/ 2
2 12/09/2024 1/ 4 Collecting Images regarding project

3 14/09/2024 2 Analyzing its Future Scope

4 15/09/2024 1/ 2 Preparing the Project Report Format

5
17/09/2024 4 Adding the collected information in the report

6 20/09/2024 2 Adding the images in the report

7 22/09/2024 2 Reformatting the Report

8 23/09/2024
1 Preparing the indexes of the report

9 25/09/2024 1 Making Final Changes in the Report

10 27/09/2024 1/ 4 Reviewing the report again and eliminating

Themis takes

11 29/09/2024 1 Finalizing the Micro-Project

12 Submitting Report to the teacher

III
 Teacher’s Evaluation Sheet for Micro Project
Course Title And Code: -Operating System (22516)
Title of the Project: Library Management
Group No: -
COs addressed by the Micro Project:

Overview Of Operation System.

CO A:
Services And Component Of Operation System.
CO B:
Process Management.
CO C:
Scheduling And Algorithms.
CO D:
CO E: Memory Management.

File Management.
CO F:

Marks:-

Roll.No. Name Of Student Marks for Total

Group Marks obtained by Marks
Work(06) the individual based (10)
on viva(04)
3323 Pallavi Maroti Kadam

3305 Kirti keshavappa solanke

3320 Komal Bokhare

33325 Gaytri Raju Kamore

Name and designation of Faculty:

Prof. G.K. Mangnale
Lecturer, Info. Tech. Department
Signature:

IV
 Action plan :-

Sr. No. Details of activity Planned start date Planned finish Name of the
date responsible Team
Member

1 Collecting Information 03/09/2024 04/09/2024 Pallavi

Maroti
Kadam
2 04/09/2024 15/09/2024 Kirti keshavappa
Collecting Images
solanke
3 15/09/2024 16/09/2024 Komal Bokhare
Searching About project

4 Collecting Information regarding 16/09/2024 18/09/2024 Gaytri Raju Kamore

Its Architecture

5 Finding the advantages 18/09/2024 22/09/2024 Pallavi Maroti

Kadam
6 Analyzing its Future Scope 22/09/2024 23/09/2024 Komal Bokhare

7 Searching its real-life applications 23/09/2024 28/09/2024 Gaytri Raju Kamore

8 Preparing the Project Report Format 28/09/2024 02/10/2024 Kirti keshavappa

solanke

9 Adding the collected information in 02/10/2024 05/10/2024 KomalBokhare

the report

10 05/10/2024 12/10/2024 Gaytri Raju Kamore

Adding the images in the report
11 12/10/2024 16/10/2024 Pallavi Maroti
Reformatting the Report Kadam
12 16/10/2024 20/0/12024 Gaytri Raju Kamore
Preparing the indexes of the report

20/0/12024 23/10/2024 Kirti keshavappa

Making Final Changes in the Report
13 solanke
14 Reviewing the report again 23/10/2024 08/10/2024 Pallavi Maroti
and eliminating the mistakes Kadam

15 08/10/2024 09/10/2024 Komal Bokhare

Finalizing the Micro-Project
16 Submitting Report to the teacher
All members

V
Resources Required: -

SR. Name of the Resources Specification Quantity Remark

No.

1 Computer System Computer(i3-i5 1

preferable).RAM
mimimun 2GB and
onwards, HDD 40GB abd
above
1
2 Software Visual Studio 2017

Actual Procedure Followed: -

1. Collecting Information
2. Collecting Images
3. Searching About project
4. Collecting Information regarding Its Architecture
5. Preparing the Project Report Format
6. Adding the collected information in the report
7. Adding the images in the report
8. Reformatting the Report
9. Preparing the indexes of the report
10. Making Final Changes in the Report
11. Reviewing the report again and eliminating the mistakes
12. Finalizing the Micro-Project
13. Submitting Report to the teacher

VI
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great pleasure to Acknowledge my research guide Prof. G.K. Mangnale lecturer in

Government Polytechnic, Hingoli, His valuable guidance, constant inspiration, unending
support helped me a lot of focus my views in proper perspective.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. N.S. Jadhav for their invaluable
guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this project. Their expertise, insight, and
advice have been instrumental in helping me to overcome challenges and achieve success. I
am truly grateful for their leadership and mentorship, which have been essential to my growth
and development as a professional. Thank you for your unwavering commitment to excellence
and for being an inspiration to us all.

Our sincere and whole hearted thanks Prof. B. P. Deosarkar, principal Government
Polytechnic, Hingoli for inspiring us to achieve highest goal. Last but not least I am also
thankful to my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing the project within limited
time frame, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, whose unwavering
support and encouragement have been the foundation of my journey.

VII
 ABSTRACT

The evolution of computer systems and operating systems (OS) is a testament to the relentless
advancement of technology and the growing demands of computational tasks. This abstract
provides an overview of the major generations of computer systems and their corresponding
operating systems, highlighting the key innovations and transitions that have shaped modern
computing. The evolution of operating systems has paralleled the advancements in computer
hardware, each new generation of OS reflecting the technological capabilities and user needs
of its time. Early operating systems were rudimentary, designed primarily to manage batch
processing jobs. As computing technology advanced, operating systems evolved to include
more sophisticated features such as multitasking, multiuser support, and GUIs. From the basic
job control systems of the first generation to the highly interactive and networked environments
of the fifth generation, operating systems have continually adapted to leverage new hardware
capabilities and address the growing complexity of user requirements. Today’s operating
systems are integral to managing not just individual machines but entire networks and cloud-
based infrastructures, underpinning the modern digital ecosystem. In summary, the progression
of computer systems and operating systems reflects a continuous quest for greater efficiency,
reliability, and user-friendliness. By understanding these generational shifts, we gain valuable
insights into the development of technology and its impact on both personal and professional
realms. This exploration provides a foundation for appreciating how far computing has come
and where it might be headed in the future.

VIII
 INDEX

Sr. No. Chapter Names Page No.

1 Introduction 1

2. Description 2

3. Requirements 5

Advantages and Disadvantages

4. 7

4.1 Advantages
7

4.2 Disadvantages
9

Conclusion
5 11

Future Scope
6 12

Reference
7 15

IX
 1. INTRODUCTION

The evolution of computer systems and operating systems (OS) is a testament to the relentless
advancement of technology and the growing demands of computational tasks. This abstract
provides an overview of the major generations of computer systems and their corresponding
operating systems, highlighting the key innovations and transitions that have shaped modern
computing. 1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): The earliest computers, such as the ENIAC and
UNIVAC, were characterized by their use of vacuum tubes and were primarily utilized for
complex calculations and military applications. These systems operated with basic, machine-
level instructions and lacked sophisticated operating systems. Programming was done in
machine language, and system management was rudimentary, often requiring manual
intervention for job control. 2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): The advent of transistors
marked the second generation of computers, leading to more reliable and compact systems.
This era saw the introduction of assembly language, which simplified programming to some
extent. Early operating systems, such as IBM’s OS/360, began to emerge, offering batch
processing capabilities to manage job scheduling and execution more efficiently. These systems
were designed to optimize resource utilization and reduce manual intervention. 3. Third
Generation (1960s-1970s): The third generation witnessed the introduction of integrated
circuits, which further miniaturized computer components and enhanced performance. This
period saw the development of more advanced operating systems, such as UNIX and CP/M,
which introduced features like multitasking, multiuser support, and hierarchical file systems.
The focus shifted to improving system responsiveness and user interaction. 4. Fourth
Generation (1970s-1990s): Microprocessors became the hallmark of the fourth generation,
enabling the proliferation of personal computers. Operating systems during this period,
including MS-DOS, Windows, and early versions of macOS, brought graphical user interfaces
(GUIs) and significant improvements in user-friendliness. The rise of networking technologies
and the advent of distributed systems also marked this era, paving the way for more
interconnected and versatile computing environments.

1
 2. DESCRIPTION

The evolution of computer systems and operating systems is marked by significant

technological advancements and paradigm shifts. Each generation represents a leap forward in
hardware and software capabilities, fundamentally altering how computers are used and
managed. Here is a detailed description of each generation:

First Generation (1940s-1950s)

• Computer Systems:
o Technology: Vacuum Tubes
o Characteristics: The first-generation computers used vacuum tubes as their primary
electronic component. These machines were large, expensive, and prone to frequent
breakdowns. They were primarily used for military calculations and scientific research.
o Examples: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), UNIVAC I
(Universal Automatic Computer I).
• Operating Systems:
o Characteristics: There were no formal operating systems during this era. Computers
were operated manually, with job control done through physical plugboards and
switches. Programs were written in machine language, requiring direct interaction with
the hardware.

2
Second Generation (1950s-1960s)
• Computer Systems:
o Technology: Transistors
o Characteristics: The transition to transistors marked a significant improvement over
vacuum tubes, offering greater reliability, reduced size, and lower power consumption.
This era saw the development of more affordable and efficient computers.
o Examples: IBM 1401, UNIVAC II.
• Operating Systems:
o Characteristics: The early development of operating systems began in this generation.
Systems such as IBM’s OS/360 introduced basic batch processing capabilities, allowing
for more efficient job scheduling and management. Assembly language also emerged,
making programming slightly easier than machine language.

Third Generation (1960s-1970s)

• Computer Systems:
o Technology: Integrated Circuits
o Characteristics: Integrated circuits (ICs) allowed for the miniaturization of computer
components, leading to smaller, faster, and more reliable computers. This era saw a
significant increase in computing power and efficiency.
o Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8.
• Operating Systems:
o Characteristics: The third generation saw the introduction of more sophisticated
operating systems with capabilities such as multitasking and multiuser support. UNIX,
developed at AT&T's Bell Labs, became a significant milestone with its support for
multitasking, multiuser environments, and its portability across different systems.
CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) was another important OS, offering early
support for personal computing

Fourth Generation (1970s-1990s)

• Computer Systems:
o Technology: Microprocessors
o Characteristics: The invention of microprocessors marked the fourth generation,
making computers even more compact and affordable. This era saw the rise of personal
computing and the widespread adoption of computers in homes and businesses.
o Examples: Intel 4004 (the first microprocessor), Apple II, IBM PC.
• Operating Systems:
o Characteristics: This period witnessed the development of operating systems designed
for personal and business use, featuring graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that made
computers more user-friendly. Key systems included MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk
Operating System), which dominated early personal computing, and the initial versions
of Windows (Windows 1.0 through 3.1), along with early macOS (System 1 to 7) from
Apple, which introduced GUIs and improved usability. Networking capabilities also
became more prevalent.

3
 Fifth Generation (1990s-Present)
• Computer Systems:
o Technology: Advanced Processors and Parallel Processing
o Characteristics: The fifth generation is defined by advanced processors, including
multicore and parallel processing units, which have significantly increased computing power
and efficiency. This era also embraces the growth of mobile computing and the Internet.
o Examples: Intel Core i7, AMD Risen.

4
 3. REQUIREMENTS

To effectively grasp the various generations of computer systems and operating systems, you
need to be equipped with a combination of foundational knowledge, technical understanding,
and practical insights. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the requirements:

1. Foundational Knowledge
• Basic Computing Concepts:
o Understanding fundamental concepts of computing, including what constitutes a
computer system, the role of hardware and software, and the basic functions of an
operating system.
• Historical Context:
o Knowledge of the historical milestones in computing technology, including key
developments such as the invention of the vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuit,
microprocessor, and advanced processors.

2. Technical Understanding
• Computer Hardware:
o Vacuum Tubes: Know about the early components used in first-generation computers.
o Transistors: Understand how transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second
generation.
o Integrated Circuits: Learn how integrated circuits enabled smaller, more reliable
computers in the third generation.
o Microprocessors: Understand the role of microprocessors in the fourth generation and
their impact on personal computing.
o Advanced Processors: Familiarity with modern processors, including multicore and
parallel processors, as part of the fifth generation.
• Operating System Fundamentals:
o Job Scheduling: Basics of how early operating systems managed job scheduling.
o Batch Processing: Understanding how batch processing worked in the second
generation.
o Multitasking and Multiuser Systems: Concepts of multitasking and multiuser
support introduced in the third generation.
o Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs): Knowledge of how GUIs were introduced in the
fourth generation and their impact on usability.

3. Knowledge of Generational Shifts

• First Generation (1940s-1950s):
o Technology: Vacuum tubes.
o Operating Systems: Manual job control; no formal operating systems.

5
• Second Generation (1950s-1960s):
o Technology: Transistors.
o Operating Systems: Early batch processing systems, introduction of assembly
language, and the development of systems like IBM OS/360.

• Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

o Technology: Integrated circuits.
o Operating Systems: Advanced systems like UNIX and CP/M that introduced
multitasking and multiuser capabilities.

Fourth Generation (1970s-1990s):

o Technology: Microprocessors.
o Operating Systems: MS-DOS, early versions of Windows, and macOS with GUIs.

• Fifth Generation (1990s-Present):

o Technology: Advanced processors, including multicore and parallel processing.
o Operating Systems: Modern systems like Windows 10, various Linux distributions,
and macOS X with support for virtualization and cloud computing
.
4. Research and Resources
• Technical Documentation and Manuals:
o Accessing detailed documents and manuals of key computer systems and operating
systems for in-depth information.
• Books and Scholarly Articles:
o Reading authoritative texts and research papers that cover the history and technical
details of computing technologies.
• Online Resources:
o Utilizing websites, online encyclopedias (e.g., Wikipedia), and technology archives
to gather information on historical and modern computing technologies.
• Educational Courses:
o Taking courses or attending lectures on computer science, operating systems, and
the history of computing to gain structured knowledge.

5. Practical Experience
• Hands-On Practice:
o Engaging with different operating systems and hardware architectures, both
historical and modern, to gain practical insights into their operation and functionality.
• Emulation and Simulation:
o Using emulators or simulators to explore and interact with historical computer
systems and operating systems.

6
 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

4.1 ADVANTAGES
1. First Generation (1940s-1950s)
• Advantages:
o Foundational Technology: Established the fundamental principles of electronic
computing and laid the groundwork for future advancements.
o High Computational Power: For their time, these early machines were capable of
performing complex calculations faster than manual methods, such as those used in
scientific and military applications
o Invention of Digital Computing: Marked the beginning of digital computing, setting
the stage for the evolution of more advanced technologies.

2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s)

• Advantages:
o Increased Reliability: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, resulting in more reliable
and durable hardware with fewer breakdowns and reduced heat generation.
o Smaller Size and Lower Costs: Transistors were smaller and cheaper than vacuum
tubes, leading to more compact and affordable computer systems.
o Improved Programming: The introduction of assembly languages simplified
programming compared to machine language, making it easier to develop and manage
software.
o Early Operating Systems: The development of early operating systems like IBM
OS/360 improved job management, resource allocation, and system efficiency.

3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s)

• Advantages:
o Enhanced Performance: Integrated circuits allowed for greater computational
power and efficiency by packing more components into a smaller space.
o Multitasking and Multiuser Capabilities: Operating systems like UNIX and CP/M
introduced multitasking and multiuser support, allowing multiple processes and users
to interact with the system simultaneously.
o Increased Reliability and Speed: Integrated circuits improved the reliability and
speed of computers, leading to more consistent performance and faster processing
times.
o Advanced System Features: These systems introduced features such as hierarchical
file systems and early network capabilities, enhancing usability and functionality.

7
4.Fourth Generation (1970s-1990s)
• Advantages:
o Personal Computing Revolution: The introduction of microprocessors made
computers accessible to individuals and small businesses, leading to widespread
adoption and the personal computing revolution.
o Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs): Operating systems like MS-DOS, early versions
of Windows, and macOS introduced GUIs, making computers more intuitive and user-
friendly by allowing users to interact through graphical elements rather than text
commands.
o Increased Affordability: Microprocessors reduced the cost of computing hardware,
making technology more affordable and accessible to a broader audience.
o Networking Capabilities: Enhanced networking features facilitated the growth of
local area networks (LANs) and early forms of the internet, enabling better
communication and data sharing.

5.Fifth Generation (1990s-Present)

• Advantages:
o Advanced Performance: Modern processors with multicore and parallel processing
capabilities offer significantly higher performance and efficiency, handling complex
tasks and large datasets with ease.
o Virtualization and Cloud Computing: Modern operating systems support
virtualization and cloud computing, allowing for more flexible and scalable computing
environments, resource optimization, and cost savings.
o Enhanced User Experience: Contemporary operating systems provide advanced
user Interfaces, including touch, voice, and gesture-based controls, enhancing the
overall user experience.
o Robust Security Features: Modern operating systems incorporate sophisticated
security features to protect against various threats, ensuring better data protection and
system integrity.
o Extensive Software Ecosystem: The wide range of software applications and tools
available today supports diverse needs, from professional and scientific applications to
personal and entertainment software.

8
4.2 DISADVANTAGES

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s)

• Disadvantages:
o Size and Complexity: Computers were enormous, taking up entire rooms, and
required extensive maintenance. Their size made them impractical for everyday use.
o High Power Consumption: Vacuum tubes consumed a lot of power and generated
excessive heat, leading to frequent overheating and hardware failures.
o Limited Reliability: The technology was prone to frequent breakdowns and failures
due to the fragile nature of vacuum tubes.
o Programming Challenges: Programming was done in machine language, which was
complex and error-prone, making software development difficult and time-consuming.

2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s)

• Disadvantages:
o Transition Costs: The shift from vacuum tubes to transistors required significant
investment in new technology and infrastructure.
o Limited Availability: Although more reliable than first-generation systems,
transistors were still expensive and not widely available, limiting their use to large
organizations.
o Early Operating Systems Limitations: Early operating systems were rudimentary and
lacked many features of modern systems, such as robust multitasking and user-friendly
interfaces.
o Heat Generation: While less than vacuum tubes, transistors still generated heat and
required cooling systems to prevent overheating.

3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s)

• Disadvantages:
o Cost of Integrated Circuits: Despite the benefits, integrated circuits were initially
costly to produce, limiting their adoption to more expensive systems.
o Complexity of Early Operating Systems: Operating systems like UNIX were complex
to configure and manage, requiring specialized knowledge and training.
o Limited User Interaction: Early third-generation systems were still largely command-
line based, which could be difficult for non-technical users to navigate.
o Hardware Compatibility Issues: As technology evolved rapidly, compatibility issues
arose between different hardware and software systems.

9
4.Fourth Generation (1970s-1990s)
• Disadvantages:
o Software Compatibility: As new microprocessors and operating systems emerged,
compatibility with older software and hardware became a challenge, leading to issues
with legacy systems.
o Security Vulnerabilities: Early personal computers and operating systems lacked
advanced security features, making them vulnerable to malware and unauthorized
access.
o Complexity of GUIs: While GUIs improved usability, they also introduced new layers
of complexity and required more powerful hardware, which increased costs.
o Limited Networking Capabilities: Early networking was limited in scope and
scalability, and the internet infrastructure was still in its infancy, which constrained
communication and data sharing.

5.Fifth Generation (1990s-Present)

• Disadvantages:
o Complexity and Resource Requirements: Modern systems require significant
computational resources, including high processing power and memory, which can be
expensive and demand frequent hardware upgrades.
o Security Challenges: As technology has advanced, so have cyber threats. Modern
systems face sophisticated security risks, including hacking, data breaches, and
malware.
o Privacy Concerns: Increased connectivity and data collection raise significant privacy
concerns, with personal and sensitive information being more susceptible to misuse and
unauthorized access.
o Software Bloat: Modern operating systems and applications can become bloated with
features and background processes, leading to slower performance and higher resource
consumption.
o Dependency on Internet and Cloud: Heavy reliance on internet connectivity and cloud
services can pose problems in areas with limited or unreliable internet access, and can
lead to data dependency issues if cloud services.

10
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the evolution of computer systems and operating systems reflects a journey of
relentless innovation and adaptation. Understanding this history not only provides insight into
the technological advancements that have shaped modern computing but also helps to
anticipate future developments and their potential impacts. The evolution of computer systems
and operating systems represents one of the most dynamic and transformative periods in
technological history. Each generation has built upon the advancements of the previous one,
pushing the boundaries of what is possible in computing and profoundly impacting every aspect
of modern life.

11
 5. FEATURES SCOPE

1.First Generation (1940s-1950s)

• Features:
o Technology: Vacuum tubes.
o Programming Language: Machine language; manual programming.
o Storage: Magnetic drums and early forms of punch cards.
o Input/Output: Manual input via switches and plugboards; output through lights and
printouts.
• Scope:
o Applications: Primarily used for scientific calculations, military applications, and
large scale numerical computations.
o User Base: Limited to government institutions, research facilities, and large c
Corporations due to the high cost and size.
o Limitations: Expensive, unreliable, and required significant physical space and
maintenance.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s)
• Features:
o Technology: Transistors.
o Programming Language: Assembly language; early high-level languages like
COBOL and FORTRAN.
o Storage: Magnetic core memory, tape drives.
o Input/Output: Improved input/output operations with better interfaces; batch
processing.
• Scope:
o Applications: Expanded to commercial and industrial applications, including
business data processing and academic research.
o User Base: Growing accessibility to businesses and universities, though still costly
and complex.
o Limitations: Limited multitasking capabilities, complex programming, and
relatively high operational costs.

12
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s)
• Features:
o Technology: Integrated circuits.
o Programming Language: Advanced high-level languages, including UNIX shell
scripting.
o Storage: Magnetic disks, improved core and semiconductor memory.
o Input/Output: Support for peripheral devices, introduction of online file systems.
• Scope:
o Applications: Widespread use in commercial, academic, and research environments;
introduction of time-sharing systems and early networking.
o User Base: Broader adoption across various sectors, including large enterprises and
educational institutions.
o Limitations: Complexity of system management, initial costs of integration, and
limitations in network scalability.

4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1990s)

• Features:
o Technology: Microprocessors.
o Programming Language: Development of user-friendly programming languages
(e.g., C, Pascal).
o Storage: Floppy disks, hard drives, and early solid-state storage.
o Input/Output: Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), improved user interaction with mice
and keyboards.
• Scope:
o Applications: Personal computing, office automation, and development of early
consumer software applications. Expansion of local area networks (LANs) and the
internet.
o User Base: Widespread use among businesses, educational institutions, and
individual consumers.
o Limitations: Software and hardware compatibility issues, security concerns, and
limitations in early networking technologies.

13
5.Fifth Generation (1990s-Present)
• Features:
o Technology: Advanced processors (multicore, parallel processing), microcontrollers,
and embedded systems.
o Programming Language: High-level languages with extensive libraries and
frameworks; emphasis on web and mobile development (e.g., Python, JavaScript,
Swift).
o Storage: Cloud storage, SSDs, large capacity hard drives.
o Input/Output: Advanced GUIs, touchscreens, voice and gesture recognition, high
definition displays.
• Scope:
o Applications: Broad applications including cloud computing, artificial intelligence,
big data, mobile computing, and IoT (Internet of Things).
o User Base: Ubiquitous presence in personal, professional, and industrial settings.
Integration into everyday devices and systems.
o Limitations: High resource requirements, cybersecurity threats, privacy concerns,
and reliance on constant internet connectivity.

14
 6. REFERENCES

First Generation (1940s-1950s):

•Wikipedia-First Generation of Computers:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_generation_of_computers

Second Generation (1950s-1960s):

• Wikipedia - Second Generation of Computers:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_generation_of_computers

Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

• Wikipedia - Third Generation of Computers:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_generation_of_computers

Fourth Generation (1970s-1990s):

• Wikipedia - Fourth Generation of Computers:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_computers

Fifth Generation (1990s-Present):

• Wikipedia - Fifth Generation of Computers:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_computers

15