University of Duhok

College of City & regional Planning

Department of Spatial Planning

Course name:
URBAN DESIGN STUDIO II
Semester: 7

Urban Planning & Urban Design

Dr. Eng. Ismail .I. Hajani

Date : 16th Sept. 2024 1

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 CONTENTS

Main Contents:
➢ What is Urban Planning?
➢ Aim & Objectives of Urban Planning
➢ Process of Urban Planning
➢ Principles of Sustainable Urban Planning
➢ Approaches of Urban Planning
➢ Levels of Urban Planning & Types of Plans
➢ What is Urban Design?
➢ Main Principles of Urban Design
➢ Urban Design vs Urban Planning
➢ History of Urban Design
➢ Why is Urban Design Needed?
➢ Rationale for Urban Design
➢ Criteria for Urban Design
➢ Role of urban design
➢ Objectives of Urban Design
➢ Elements of Urban Design

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URBAN PLANNING

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➢ What is Urban Planning?
▪ Urban planning is the planning of the city structures such as ;
policies, zones, neighbourhoods, infrastructure, standards &
building codes.
▪ Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned
with the development and use of land, protection and use of the
environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban
environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing
into and out of urban areas, such as transportation,
communications, and distribution networks.
▪ Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional
planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural
planning or some combination in various areas worldwide.

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▪ Urban planning takes many forms and it can share perspectives
and practices with urban design.
▪ Urban planning guides development in urban, suburban and
rural areas. Although predominantly concerned with the planning
of settlements and communities, urban planning is also
responsible for the planning and development of water use and
resources, rural and agricultural land, parks and conserving areas
of natural environmental significance.
▪ Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and
analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public
consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and
management.

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▪ Urban planners work with the cognate fields of architecture,
landscape architecture, civil engineering, and public
administration to achieve strategic, policy and sustainability
goals. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate
fields.
▪ Today urban planning is a separate, independent professional
discipline. The discipline is the broader category that includes
different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic
development, environmental planning, and transportation
planning.

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 Aims & Objectives of Urban Planning

• To Create & promote

• Considering of Social,
healthy conditions &
economic, cultural
environment for all
people
aspects of the city • The preserve the
• Supplying individuality of the city
• To make right use of
the land for the right
recreational amentias; • To preserve the
open spaces, parks, aesthetic in the design
purpose by zoning
gardens & of elements of the city
• To ensure orderly
playgrounds, town
development
halls, stadium,
• To avoid
community
encroachment of zone
centers...etc.
over the other

Health Convenience Beauty

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Process of Urban Planning

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 Principles of Sustainable Urban Planning
Principle Features of the principles

Comprehensive All significant options and impacts are considered

Efficient The process should not waste time or money

Inclusive People affected by the plan have opportunities to be

involved.
Informative Results are understood by stakeholders (people
affected by a decision)
Integrated Individual, short-term decisions should support
strategic, long-term goals.
Logical Each step leads to the next.

Transparent Everybody involved understands how the process

operates
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 Approaches of Urban planning
▪ The Synoptic planning
Public participation was first
introduced it focused in four • The rational Planning
elements:-
• goals and targets ▪ movement emphasized the
• Quantitative analysis for improvement of the built
env. environment based on key
• Identify alternative policy spatial factors. Examples of
options these factors include:-
• the evaluation of means • Exposure to direct sunlight
ends • Movement of vehicular
traffic
• Standardized housing units
• Proximity to green-space

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• Advocacy planning • Bargaining Planning
• Public participation is a • The most interesting part of
central tenet of this model. A this theory of planning is that
plurality of public interests is makes public participation
assumed, and the role of the central dynamic in the
planner is essentially the one decision-making process.
who either advocates directly Decisions are made first and
for underrepresented groups foremost by the public, and
directly or encourages them the planner plays a more
to become part of the minor role.
process. •

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• Communicative approach

Participation plays a central role under this model. The model

seeks to include as a broad range of voice to enhance the
debate and negotiation that is supposed to form the core of actual
plan making. In this model, participation is actually fundamental
to the planning process happening. Without the involvement of
concerned interests there is no planning.

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 Levels of Urban Planning & Types of Plans

• Levels of UP • Structure Plans

• National Level • Layout plan
• Regional Level • Detailed Plans
• Local Level

• Types of Plans
• National Development Plan
• Strategic Plan
• Regional Plan
• Master plans

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URBAN DESIGN

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➢ What is Urban Design?
▪ Urban Design is essentially about making good places in
which to live, work and visit. It brings together various
strands of professional disciplines including planning,
transportation, architecture, landscape and engineering to
create a vision for an area which seeks to achieve better and
more sustainable places for all.
▪ As defined by the Urban Design Compendium
“ It is … concerned with how (places) function, not just how
they look. It covers the connections between people and
places, movement and urban form, nature and the built
environment and the processes for ensuring successful places
are delivered and maintained ” (Urban Design Compendium. English
Partnerships. 2000)

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▪ Urban design is a key to creating sustainable developments
and the conditions for a flourishing economic life, for the
prudent use of natural resources and for social progress.
▪ Good design can help create lively places with distinctive
character; streets and public spaces that are safe, accessible,
pleasant to use and human in scale; and places that inspire
because of the imagination and sensitivity of their designers.
(DETR, 2000)

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 What kind of project can Urban Design help?

▪ What kind of project can Urban Design help?

▪ Urban design is versatile and so urban designers can produce
ideas and work that is indicative or specific, strategic or
detailed, and this is reflected in the types of drawings, reports
and ways of working commonly used:
1. Urban design is visionary
2. Urban design is fact-finding
3. Urban design can be illustrative
4. Urban design setting specifications

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Urban design is visionary
▪ creating a ‘vision’ to show the economic, social and
environmental benefits of investment or changes at a
strategic scale over a wide area and over a long period of
time.
▪ This is usually conveyed through a vision statement,
projecting forward 20-25 years’ time to explain the future
characteristics of an area and how people will use it.
▪ This can then be complemented by a development
framework, outlining the key physical features that will
deliver the vision.

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Urban design is fact-finding
▪ urban designers gather data and evidence about places to
identify future options, and test the feasibility and viability of
change or development in context,
▪ for example transport and infrastructure capacity, development
character and density, environmental capacity issues (such as
flooding), plus local community needs and values.
▪ Feasibility studies usually include options and a
recommendation on the ‘best fit’ scenario.

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Urban design can be illustrative
▪ using masterplans, artists’ impressions, photomontages, 3D
models and photographs of other successful places, urban
designers can bring to life how a development could look.
▪ This includes highlighting important local characteristics,
landmarks and public spaces.
▪ Illustrative masterplans often show just one way in which
design guidelines can be built out.

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Urban design setting specifications
▪ site-specific masterplans set out precise proposals for which
planning consent is being sought, and the use, size, form and
location of buildings, roads and open spaces, which are fixed.
▪ A local planning authority may prepare a site-specific
development brief, which sets out the main characteristics
required, and it allows developers to draw up a proposed
scheme in response.
▪ Masterplans and design codes bring together plot-specific
requirements for a site, which development proposals will need
to comply with in order to be approved.

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 Main Principles for Urban Design

1- CONTEXT: How does is

2- CONNECTIONS: How well is
the development responds to
connected the new neighborhoods?
its surroundings?

3- INCLUSIVITY : How 4- VARIETY : How does the

easily can people use and development a good mix of
access development? activities?

5- EFFICIENCY: How does

6- DISTINCTIVENESS: How do
the development make
the proposals create a sense of
appropriate use of resources,
place?
including land?

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7- LAYOUT : How does the 8- PUBLIC REALM: How safe,
proposal create people-friendly secure and enjoyable are the public
streets and spaces? areas?

10- PRIVACY AND AMENITY:

9- ADAPTABILITY: How will
How does the scheme provide a
the buildings cope with change?
decent standard of amenity?

12- DETAILED DESIGN: How well

11- PARKING: How will the
thought through is the building and
parking be secure and attractive? landscape design?

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➢ Urban Design vs Urban Planning
▪ Urban Design is normally concerned with the design of the
individual features of a city, streets, transportation, parks,
open spaces, infrastructure…etc. It is a creative role that
designs things improve the quality of life, resilience &
sustainability. Urban designers are typically to engage
neighbourhoods in design in the spirit of user experience.
(https://simplicable.com/new/urban-design-vs-urban-planning)
▪ Urban planning is strategic, technical, and political in
nature. It is a high level discipline that sets direction,
policies and standards at the city or neighbourhood level.
(https://simplicable.com/new/urban-design-vs-urban-planning)

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▪ Functions of Urban Design & Urban planning
Urban Design Urban Planning

Definitions The design of city features The planning of the city

strategies, structures &
policies
Level Features Strategy
Systems Policy
Structure
Focus Design Technical
Use Experience Political
Common Goals Sustainability Sustainability
Resilience Resilience
Quality of Life Quality of Life

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Who are Urban Designers?

▪ Urban designers are typically architects, town planners or

landscape architects.
▪ Their skill is to bring together ideas from developers, local
communities, architects, planners, traffic engineers,
landscape architects, transport planners and many others, to
resolve problems and conflicts in order to create better places for
everyone.
▪ Sometimes this will result in new places being built or a new
appreciation of existing urban areas in cities, towns and villages.
▪ Urban designers can be employed by developers, local planning
authorities or community groups, including neighborhood
planning groups.

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➢ History of Urban Design
▪ Although contemporary professional use of the term urban
design dates from the mid-20th century, urban design as such
has been practiced throughout history. Ancient examples of
carefully planned and designed cities exist Asia, Africa,
Europe, and the Americas, and are particularly well-known
within classical Chinese, Roman and Greek cultures (see
Hippodamus of Miletus).
▪ European medieval cities often, and often erroneously,
regarded as exemplars of un-designed or organic city
development. There are many examples of considered urban
design in the middle Ages.

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➢ Why is Urban Design Needed?
▪ Design can help enhance a city’s advantages: physical needs of
citizens; safety, security and protection; an environment free
of pollution, noise, accidents, and crime; a conducive social
environment ..a sense of community; an appropriate image
and prestige; creativity and self-expression in neighborhoods;
aesthetically pleasantness as a place of culture and a work of
art.
▪ Design can help diminish a city’s disadvantages: containment of
size & population; the obligation to travel; social
stratification

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➢ Urban Design considers the totality of the physical
environment

✓ People

✓ Planning

✓ Urban Design

✓ Architecture

"First life, then spaces, then buildings – the other way around
never works.” -Jan Gehl, Professor Urban Design, School of
Architecture Copenhagen, Denmarkaround never works.”

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➢ Criteria for Urban Design:
What may dictate an urban design undertaking?
✓ Appeal (…how places look….)

✓ Function …(how places work…);

✓ Quality of urban areas; (ambience)

✓ Community well-being: Vitality; safety;

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 Role of urban design
1. Description: character of place

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2. Imagination/Clarification…legibility of function/form

The use of imagery/iconic design;

different materials and fabrics for
different circulation areas, use of
pedestrian/street furniture, and
signage.
0020sm

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3. Negotiation: among conflicting interests; space
contestation

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4. Visualization: scenarios-building; simulation; foresight
balmori_p4

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5. Correction/ reconstruction: defects/malfunctions;
destruction (hazards: fires, earthquakes, flooding, tsunamis,
hurricanes, erosion,/landslides, glaciers etc)

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6. Mitigation:
(e.g. disaster preparedness, crime prevention)

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7. Prescription:
(Show the way out of situations- sprawl, land use conflict, pollution
etc)

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8. Prowess:
(celebration of civic excellence (high-cost projects)

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 ➢ Objectives of Urban Design
❖ Aesthetics: Strong Visual Impact
❖ Development: New Investment. Employment opportunities
❖ Functional Efficiency
❖ Improved Environmental conditions
❖ Safety ( Safer Cities Program)
❖ Guardianship and Space standards
❖ Technical Solutions to unique problems
❖ Cultural Identity and symbolism
❖ Community Integration

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➢Levels/Scale of Urban design:
Macro: City-wide Meso: Zone/District/Fragment Micro: Object English
Partnerships. 2000)

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Figure 1: Line of sight from national level to street level

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
‫سوپاس بۆ گوهداریێ‬

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