Tierärztliche Praxis

Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

Utilization of Coffee Husk as an Alternative Source: A Current Trend

Berhanu Tolessa1, Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr.h.c.mult. Altenbach2, Getachew Shunki Tibba (Dr.-Ing.)3,
Balkeshwar Singh4
1,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2
Chair of Engineering Mechanics Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Germany
4
Mechanical Design & Manufacturing Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia,
1
roberabirhanu2015@gmail.com, 2holm.altenbach@ovgu.de, 3gshunki@gmail.com, 4balkeshwar71@rediffmail.com

Corresponding author: balkeshwar71@rediffmail.com

Abstract

Ethiopia is that the beginning and genetic variety of Arabica espresso (Coffea Arabica L).
Coffee farming methods in Ethiopia are categorized into 4 categories: Forest coffee (8-10%),
semi-forest coffee (30-35%), garden coffee (50-55%), and mechanized plantation (5-8%).
Nearly 25% of Ethiopia’s populace relies upon without delay or circuitously on coffee for
livelihood. Coffee generates a good deal quantity of waste at some stage in processing which is
throughout to be the most stable wastes. For each two kg of coffee beans produced, around 1kg
of waste is generated. In Ethiopia, 192000 metric many coffee husks are generated per 12
months as a by-product. This research work considers suggests the use of the coffee husk as a
desire to supply has cutting-edge characteristics within the country. This massive volume of
belongings doesn’t make use of as many desire belongings as it is needed. Ethiopia has the
fatherland of large quantities of coffee in two foremost manufacturing systems: Sun-dried
natural, and washed. Hararge, Jimma Abba Jifar, and Leke Nekemte Coffees are mainly sun-
dried natural coffees whereas Sidama and Yirgachefe coffees are mostly washed coffees. Coffee
husks are agricultural wastes that are abundant, renewable, and price fewer sources in a very
coffee-growing like Ethiopia. By value-adding technology, the additional resource has been
utilized for exclusive merchandise in special sectors like by densification process technology
briquettes are manufactured from espresso husk as choice energy (charcoal) the place the
espresso husk wont to be carbonized in briquette manufacturing. Ethanol has been manufactured
with the help of the utilization of the fuel chromatography method. Coffee husk has been utilized
as a substrate to supply ethanoic acid the employment of acetobacter acetic microorganism in a
very submerged fermentation process, The excessive quantity of agriculture waste generated has
been used as entering in particleboard manufacturing.

ISSN: 0303-6286 18
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

Keywords: Coffee husk, Sun-dried, the potential of espresso husk, espresso husk utilization.

1. Introduction

The source and genetic sort of Arabica coffee(Coffea Arabica L) are being observed in Ethiopia.
In Ethiopia, there are 4 distinctive sorts of espresso farming techniques: Forest espresso 18(8-
10%), semi-forest coffee (30-35%), backyard espresso (50-55%), and mechanized plantation (5-
8%) [1]. The coffee crop is one in all Ethiopia's export products, contributing to greater than
sixty -five percent of the country's foreign revenue. Coffee is grown chiefly in Ethiopia's south,
southwestern, and southeastern regions [2]. This plant grew on a whole region of about 400,000
ha, with an annual output of 200,000 plenty of easy espresso [3, 4]. A full of 242,000 espresso
husks is anticipated to be produced from this yield. Nearly 25% of Ethiopia's populace relies on
espresso for survival, both at once or circuitously [3]. Ethiopia's primary export is coffee, and it
is the world's fifth-largest producer[5].Coffee from other commodities is one of the world's most
precious agricultural commodities, and Brazil is that the world's leading producer [6]. The
espresso husk is created from carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and about 30% cellulose fibers
and could be a byproduct of the espresso extraction process. The huge quantity of espresso husk
that’s not getting used as a choice useful resource may be a most vital problem within the region.
Coffee processing industries in Ethiopia produce large quantities of espresso husk once a year.
Nonetheless, this merchandise has been improperly used and handled or has been discarded
within the climate, which incorporates water in our bodies [8]. They need to be left to decompose
or are burned in open fields [7]. This exercise pollutes the air and reasons environmental issues.
The employment of espresso husk as an answer to the troubles is an option [9]. Households in
Ethiopia's quite a large choice areas are the use of this biomass in area of firewood because of the
very fact there don't appear to be adequate fire stoves. However, due to its tenacity, excessive
smoke emission, and low strength intensity, direct use of this structure of biomass as a grant of
voltage is not any is no longer realistic [10]. Furthermore, the smoke generated through biomass
motives acutes respiratory infections [11]. Despite its availability, espresso husk has in no way
been used as an environment-friendly useful resource or as a supply of income in Ethiopia,
alternatively of being dumped into handy rivers. In Ethiopia now daily the expansion of Coffee is
growing from time to time. The manufacturing fee in 2018/2019 years was 1,129,620 vicinity in
ha and manufacturing in volume was once 7,867,660 lots and productivity quantity per ha is 6.96

ISSN: 0303-6286 19
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

Coffee manufacturing Data of Ethiopia cropping years (CSA data) Source: CSA records 2003/4-
2017/18. In Ethiopia, the Coffee harvested in 2019 from exclusive areas of Ethiopia is
230,764.42 lots accrued and arrival at the change utilizing retailers is 313097.40 tons. Coffee
husk is almost absolutely made from lignocellulose, and it’s broadly available. Coffee husks
have in no way been used as a manageable supply of uncooked substances for industrial
functions in Ethiopia, as a substitute for being poured into within Sight Rivers or burned. As a
result, the need for this lookup to test out the viability of coffee husks and their modern
utilization. Ethiopia is one of all the coffee-producing nations within the world. For instance,
Ethiopia's Jimma Zone produces roughly 70% of the country's coffee. During the processing of
coffee, a large quantity of espresso by-products/residues are generated, which are viewed
foremost strong wastes [12]. For each two kg of coffee beans produced, around 1kg of waste is
generated. In Ethiopia, 192000 metric many of coffee husks are generated per 12 months as a by-
product [12]. The quantities of espresso husk generated are high, so it desires to seek out
different choices to create the use of espresso husk. Oromia, Southern Nations Nationalities
& People (SNNP), and Gambella are the three principal regional states in Ethiopia that
produce coffee. The projected increase of the world's populace would necessitate greater
schemes to get sustainable improvement and make use of renewable resources. Uprising center
of attention on environmental troubles directs ahead the enhancement of sustainability with the
help of connecting manufacturing cycles underlying the elevated demand to create regulations
and guidelines to solve those problems. The extraction of excessive value-added compounds
from agro-food residues the usage of supercritical science is one in all the principal subjects that
have recently been reviewed. Coffee is that the most treasured meal commodity within the world,
and it ranks and amongst all commodities after petroleum. An intensive investigation appears at
various elements of espresso by-products or espresso husk use and management, with a selective
center of attention on their use for cost addition. Coffee husk has currently ended up widely
available within the region, with solely a little share of it getting used. The additional resource is
used through the utilization of value-adding technology. Trying to realize sustainable non-food
applications is additionally offering economically possible alternatives. The principal standards
for coffee husk wont to be industrially fine is its cost-effectiveness and environmental
friendliness, with the supply and consistency of substrates being the foremost important deciding
factors, as properly because of the manufacturing of environmentally friendly processing within

ISSN: 0303-6286 20
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

the meals and non-food sectors. Coffee is one of all the foremost massive bump-offs and
signature drinks in the world. It grows commercially unexpectedly way over the closing years. In
general, around 25 million small producers remember espresso for his or her living [13]. Ethiopia
is one of the world's main coffee producers. Coffee husk has been studied considerably as a
substrate for automotive applications. Coffee may be a supply of earnings for around 100
twenty-five million mortals’ beings worldwide, usually in creating nations [14]. The
manufacturing price of the espresso is growing from time to time which is indicated in table 1.

Table 1: Area, Production, Export, and Yield of coffee in Ethiopia.

Year Area (ha) Yield (Kg/ha) Green Beans Green Beans Export Value
Production (Mg) Export (Mg) (x1000 USD)
2010 498,618 743.2 370,569 211,840 676,517
2011 515,882 730.4 376,823 159,135 844,555
2012 528,571 521.3 275,530 203,652 887,549
2013 538,466 728.0 392,006 218,937 803,965
2014 561,762 747.6 419,980 238,631 1018,691
2015 653,910 698.9 457,014 234,218 1018,149
2016 700,475 669.7 469,091 159,885 714, 885
2017 700,474.64 684.8 476,213 167,668 732,773
2018 725,962.42 695.62 494,228 169,442 752,578
2019 742, 884.56 712.84 513,321 171,356 761,573
2020 783,768.85 731.86 532,532 174,421 785,856
[Source:www.faostat.org database.]
Table 2: Potential Coffee Growing Areas in Ethiopia Regions.

Region Highly suitable Moderately Total %

suitable
Oromia 3,864 7,556 11,864 46.21
SPNNRS 896 3,704 4,663 21.4
Amhara 366 5,574 6034 25.43
Gambella 678 1932 2564 11.32
Benshangul 112 112 231 10.53
Gumuze
Tigray - 643 643 3.43
Total 5,916 19,521 25,999 211.36
[Source: EIAR, 2008.]

ISSN: 0303-6286 21
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

Figure 1: Main area growing of coffee in Ethiopia [15].

The circles exhibit the unique habitat of Coffee tree. The dashed circles show secondary areas of
cultivation. The celebrities show small areas of cultivation.
Table 3: Coffee year production by country in thousand 60-kg bags.

Source: International Coffee Organization.

ISSN: 0303-6286 22
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

2. Ethiopian coffee Processing Systems

Ethiopia has two major espresso manufacturing systems: Sun-dried natural, and washed.
Harager, Jimma Abba Jifar, and Leka Nekemte Coffees are sun-dried herbal coffees whereas
Sidama andYirgachefe coffees are frequently washed coffees. The fermented espresso is
washed with pure running water, soaked within the easy water, and so dried to preserve about
11.5% of moisture. Dried parchment espresso is gathered within the warehouse until it goes
for deep processing to the espresso peeling factory. The parchment coffee saved in the
warehouse is taken to the processes to lose the husks and also the smooth espresso packed in
label baggage (60Kg bags) for export. Coffee fruits, additionally referred to as espresso
cherries, or berries, have quite a few layers converting the seeds: the skin, often cited as pulp,
the mucilage, the parchment, and also the inner pores and skin [15].

Figure. 2: Primary coffee processing steps to provide green beans from wet and dry systems [15].

Figure.3: Ethiopian Coffee Processing and occasional disposal mechanism.

ISSN: 0303-6286 23
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

Some nations which produce coffee pick moist processing which has Ethiopia looking on the
benefits of the processes. There are two methods to technique coffee to urge secure conditions:
the dry and moist techniques [15]. The systems of espresso processing in Ethiopia are sun-
drying of pulped cherries and moist processing, of which sun-drying is selected by way of
farmers. Washed coffee is 29% whilst sun-dried is 70% and semi-washed is 1% [16].

Figure. 4: Wet method (a. Wet method, b. Disposal mechanism) [16].

Approximately 1/2 of the world's coffee harvest is processed the employment of the moist
method, within which the coffee berry is subjected to mechanical and organic operations to
separate the bean or seed from the exocarp (skin), mesocarp (mucilaginous pulp), and endocarp
(parchment), in accordance to reports. This represents around 40% of the load of the sparkling
fruit and inflicts serious environmental problems.

Figure.5: Dry Method [15]

The espresso cherries are dried immediately after harvesting within the dry process. Sun-drying
on clean, dry ground or mats is that the most widespread method. The mattress is an awful lot
much but 40mm deep, and therefore the cherries are often ranked to finish fermentation. Ethiopia
is that the familiar espresso producer of America within the world (i.e. Ethiopia is that the fifth
united states of America within the world). During the processing of coffee, a large and
oversized espresso husk is produced. Different residues are received betting on the strategy of
espresso processing. Attributable to the presence of natural cloth that needs an oversized quantity

ISSN: 0303-6286 24
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

of oxygen to dissolve, espresso husks are surprisingly polluting (i.e. Biodegradable). Alternative
makes use of espresso husks comprises of supplementing animal feed with this strong residue,
the usage of it immediately as fuel and fermenting it to form a variety of products.. However,
given the large portions generated, there is nonetheless a want to get different makes use of for
this. In Ethiopia, 192000 tons of espresso husk are generated per 12 months as a derivative [12].
Coffee husks are produced in massive portions within the agricultural and meal industries. Due
to the excessive demand for coffee, the espresso enterprise produces a large number of coffee
husks, which are toxic and reason serious troubles [17].

Table4: Ethiopia's Coffee production concerning the realm.

Year of 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2021/22

production
Production 423.8 423.8 448.6 458 459.5
(1,00MT 60-
kg bags)
Area (1,000 583 584 587 590 593
HA)
Productivity 0.81 0.81 0.84 0.85 0.86
(tons/ha)
Source: Official USDA PSD for MY2015/2016 and post estimates for MY2016/17-2019/20.

3. Current utilization fashion of coffee husk in Ethiopia.

Nowadays, the espresso husk is employed for a spread of functions in Ethiopia. In many regions
of Ethiopia, the espresso husk is used as firewood within the structure of energy. Since there is a
drawback of electricity in Ethiopia, the employment of espresso husk could be an option to
alleviate the problems. [18]. According to [18] tried to manufacture briquettes from espresso
husk as alternative energy. Alternatively, altering such agricultural wastes into briquettes
addresses these threats [18] because of the reality briquettes merchandise are environmentally
friendly, socially acceptable, and present a smokeless grant of fuel. Briquetting is that the
procedure of fixing espresso residues into uniformly formed briquettes that are handy to use,
transport and save [19]. By densification technique, technological know-how briquettes are
manufactured from coffee husk as choice strength (charcoal) and therefore the coffee husk fibers
are carbonized [18], [19], [20]. Conversion of waste fabric into usable fuel, the place the
environment is saved, and also the manner of producing briquette advertising sufficient use of

ISSN: 0303-6286 25
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

assets [21]. The science of ethanol manufacturing from biomass gas shares consists of several
steps, and unique hopping on the types of gear used [22]. The Coffee husk was sterilized at the
favored temperature and cooled to a temperature to supply ethanol. Ethanol manufacturing is
produced by using the approach of fuel chromatography [23]. The most environment-friendly
beneficial technique of compositing coffee husk has been briefed by way of scholars. The
Aerobic windrow compositing technique is to be used for this compositing process. The
compositing system worried about mixing herbal modification with the espresso husks [24]. The
coffee husk is employed as a substrate to provide carboxylic acid the usage of acetobacter acetic
bacteria during a submerged fermentation process. Vinegar was as soon as formulated after the
manufacturing of carboxylic acid from espresso husk fiber [25]. Biogas technological know-how
is extremely integral presently in Ethiopia thanks to the reality of scarcity of power. Anaerobic
strategies won’t manufacture biogas or anaerobic digestion of espresso husk should generate
biogas [26]. The excessive quantity of agriculture waste generated is employed as uncooked
fabric in particleboard manufacturing. The manufacturing of particleboards and engineered
composite panels made of the coffee husk; the notion to extend environmentally pleasant
composite fabric as alternative sources and to beautify agricultural waste utilization [27].
Mushrooms manufactured from espresso husk by fermentation procedure are used as a substrate
for growing special mushrooms. Coffee husk can convey in tremendous profits technology and
build possibilities [28]. Coffee husks are agricultural wastes that are plentiful, sustainable, and
fewer expensive in coffee-producing countries. These wastes are gathered in large portions once
a year, developing environmental and fitness troubles [29]. However, due to the reality of their
chemical composition and availability, they ought to be grown for the manufacturing of a range
of value-added items, such as automobiles, construction, briquette, shipbuilding, and others. As
a result, in addition to the environmental troubles that occur from their accumulation or
elimination in the ecosystem, not utilization those sources affects a loss of probably beneficial
resources. However, given that their chemical composition 1is structured on their availability,
they may want to be grown for a variety of value-added items, such as automobile, construction,
briquette, shipbuilding, and others. As a result, in addition to the environmental troubles that
appear from their accumulation or removal within the ecosystem, no longer the use of these
sources consequences in a loss of probably beneficial resources. However, given that their
chemical composition is structured on their availability, they may additionally prefer to be grown

ISSN: 0303-6286 26
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

for a range of value-added items, like automobile, construction, briquette, shipbuilding, and
others. As a result, in addition to the environmental problems that take place from their
accumulation or elimination in the atmosphere, the non-use of these substances outcomes in a
loss of doubtlessly beneficial assets [30].

Conclusion

The conceivable utilization preferences are available, but still, now wishes, in addition, locate
out about 1in this location will be recommended for protecting environmental pollution. Coffee
husks are agricultural wastes that are abundant, renewable, and fee fewer sources in a coffee-
growing us of a like Ethiopia. These wastes are accumulated every 12 months in large amounts,
inflicting environmental issues as nicely as fitness problems. The availability of coffee husk has
ever been used 5in Ethiopia as a high-quality choice aid however has been dumped into close by
rivers, burn out, and dumped on a field. This espresso husk can utilize 1for the manufacturing of
Construction, Briquette, Shipbuilding, Animals feed, Compositing, and use as a substrate,
ethanol, and bio-fuel. The excessive quantity of agriculture waste generated is used as uncooked
fabric in particleboard manufacturing. Coffee husk as a substrate to produce acetic acid the usage
of acetobacter acetic microorganism in a submerged fermentation process. Vinegar was once
formulated after manufacturing 17of acetic acid from coffee husk fiber. Biogas science is very
vital presently in Ethiopia due to the fact of scarcity of power. The anaerobic approach used to
manufacture biogas or anaerobic digestion 1of espresso husk should generate biogas. Generally,
having recognized the challenges of coffee husks can convert into merchandise by using value-
adding mechanisms. So, there is a want to control the challenges of espresso husk utilizing
developing revolutionary and environmentally friendly systems. From the investigation of the
work, there are extra than adequate assets which are no longer utilized as its availability; ensuing
in environmental pollution. This lookup work gains using espresso husk generated from the
espresso processing enterprise for use as a potential choice resource.

References

[1] Sapuan, S.M., Maleque, M.A., Hameedullah, M., Sudden, M.N, Ismail, N.:,' A note on the
conceptual design of a polymeric composite automotive bumper system Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 159: 145–1512016

ISSN: 0303-6286 27
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

[2] SHIN, K.C., LEE J.J. 'Axial crush and bending collapse of an aluminum/GFRP hybrid square
tube and its energy absorption capability. Elsevier Science, 57(1-4):279-287. 2015

[3] Ermias Gebrekidan Koricho, 'implementation of composite and plastics materials for vehicle
lightweight‟, PH.thesis, 2012, p44-74.

[4] Series in Materials Science and Engineering, Automotive Engineering Lightweight,

Functional, and Novel Materials‟, 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Pages (3-27)

[5] Donald F. Adams, Leif A. Carlsson, and R. Byron Pipes, “Experimental Characterization of
Advanced Composite Materials,” CRC Press

[6] Saxena, M., Pappu, A., Haque, R., and Wankhede, 2011. Composite materials from natural
resources: Recent trends and future potentials. In Advances in composite materials-Analysis of
natural and man-made materials, ed. Tesinova, p.,121-162. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech.
[7] CIP-EIP-Eco-Innovation-2008: Technologies and products of natural fiber composites. Pilot
and Market replication projects-ID: ECO/10277331.
[8] Majeed, K.,Jawaid, M., Hassan, A., Abu Bakar, A., Abdul Khalil, H.P.S., Salema, A.A., and
Inuwa, I. 2013. Potential materials for food packaging from nano-clay/natural fibers-filled hybrid
composites. Materials and Design 46:391-410.
[9] Harshal P. Kale1, Dr. Umesh V. Hambire2 (2013).Review on Optimization of Injection
Molding Process Parameter for Reducing Shrinkage of HighDensit y Polyethylene (HDPE)
material: Engineering College Aurangabad Maharashtra, India.
[10] Paulos D, Demil T (2000). The Need for Forest Coffee Germplasm Conservation in
Ethiopia and its Significance on the Control of CoffeeBerry Disease (CBD). In: Proceedings of
the Workshop on the control of Coffee Berry Disease in Ethiopia.
[11] CTA (Coffee and Tea Development Authority). (1999). Ethiopia: cradle of the wonder bean
coffee arabica (Abissinica). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[12] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (1997). Production yearbook (51).FAO, Rome,
Italy.
[13] A Seyoum T, P Dorosh, S Asrat (2011) Crop Production in Ethiopia: Regional Patterns and
Trends. Development Strategy and Governance Division, International Food Policy Research
Institute, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, Ethiopia.

ISSN: 0303-6286 28
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

[14] Chankya HN, Dealwis AAP (2004). Environmental issues and management in primary
coffee processing. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 82(B4): 294-300.

[15] Jean-Pierre Labouisse,Bayetta Bellachew,Surendra Kotecha, Benoit Bertrand (2008).

Current status of coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) genetic resources in Ethiopia: implications for
conservation .Genet Resour Crop Evol (2008) 55:1079-1093. DOI 10.1007/s10722-008-9361-7.

[16] Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Faostat Statistics Database; Food
Agriculture Organization of the United Nation: Rome, Italy, 2018.

[17] Juan R. Sanz-Urible, Yusianto, Sunalini, N.Menon, (2017). Postharvest Processing-

Revealing the Green beans. The craft and Science coffee. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-
803520-7.00003-7.

[18] Richard Musebe, Charles Agwanda, Mitiku Mekonen (2007). Primary coffee processing in
Ethiopia: Patterns, Constraints, and determinants. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings
Vol.8.pp.1417-1421.

[19] Greenwood, Norman N., Earnshaw, Alan: (1997) “Chemistry of the Elements” (2nd Ed.).
Butterworth–Heinemann.ISBN 0080379419.
[20] Weldemedhin Merete, A. Haddis, E. Alemeyew, A. Ambelu (2014). The potential of coffee
husk and pulp as an alternative source of environmentally friendly energy. East African Journal
of Science vol.8 (1) 29-36.
[21] Maharu K (2018). Briquette from coffee husk. J. Waste Resource and Reprocessing 1:101.
[22] Wondwosen Sime, Ramachandra Kasirajan, Samuel Mamush Abera, Ahmednur
Mohammed, Eskedar Seraw (2017). Coffee husk is highly available in Ethiopia as an alternative
waste source for biofuel production. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
vol.8, Issue 7.

[23] Gebreegziabher Tadesse. (2018). Valorization of coffee husk to bio-ethanol using SHF
method. Full-.paper.

[24] Henok Kassa, Hammed Suliman, Tenaw Workayew (2014). Evaluation of some additives
on coffee residue (coffee husk and pulp) quality as compost, southern Ethiopia. Journal of
Agricultural and Soil Science (ISSN: 2408-7254) Vol. 2(2) pp. 14-21.

ISSN: 0303-6286 29
Tierärztliche Praxis
Vol 42, Issue 1, 2022

[25] Piniel Belachew (2019). Utilization of coffee husk as a substrate for vinegar production
using acetobacter acetic bacteria. Full-length paper.

[26] Bilhate Chala,Hans Oechsner, Sajid Latif,Joachim Muller (2018). Biogas potential of coffee
processing waste in Ethiopia. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2678; DOI: 10.3390/su10082678.

[27] Samson Ayele Bekalo, Hans-Wolf Reinhardt (2010). Fibers of coffee husk and hulls for the
production of particleboard. Materials and Structures: 43:1049-1060; DOI 10.1617/s11527-009-
9565-0.

[28] Dominguez-Bocanegra, A., Torres-Munoz, J. and Lopez, R. (2015) Production of Bio-

ethanol from Agro-Industrial Wastes.Fuel, 149, 8589.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.062.

[29] ALEMU, F. (2015). Cultivation of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) on Coffee Husk at
Dilla University, Ethiopia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 64–70.

[30] F.Leifa, C.R. Soccol, Askok Pandey (2000). Production of mushrooms on Brazilian coffee
industry residues. Coffee biotechnology and quality, T. Sera, C. Soccol, A. Pandey, and S.
Roussos, Eds. Brazil: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Neterhlands, pp. 427–436.

ISSN: 0303-6286 30