LIS 103 Reviewer

LESSON NO.
1:INTRODUCTION
Information- Refers to the facts and opinions received and provided every day. It is the basis of
life and an irreplaceable part of our daily day-to-day practices.Informations need to be collected,
stored ,managed, organized, classified, stored and retrieved so that it can be used for the
required purposes.
Information processing- the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and

dissemination of information. In recent years this term has been often applied to
computer-based operations specifically.
-Information to be of use must be disseminated or else it is rendered useless.
Information practice- can be simply thought of as the guidelines that one needs to follow while
collecting and using information. Information practice simply states that the information must be
collected by lawful means and from sources that are verifiable.
Information processing in Libraries
Information processing makes a library more efficient as it reduces confusion and error. Before
the majority of the tasks at the library were done manually, they now are computerized as
librarians enter information on its members, books, and other sources of information they have
there in order to make searching easier and more efficient as they can find out.
Uses of information Processing:

1. Library members- whenever a new member joins the library and receives a library
card.Where members go to check out books and study that lets the library know who
borrowed what book and when.
2. Overdue- can also check which books are overdue and whether any fines are due.This
information would be obtained from a database and an output would be obtained on the
summary of results of the searches.
3. Checking stocks- used to determine whether a certain book is in stock as the librarian
inputs the name of the particular book.
4. Search- one can search through the library’s database under that topic of the book.
Four phases of Information Cycle
1. Input refers to any data or facts that are collected from external sources.
2. The data is then processed or analyzed to convert it into meaningful information.
3. The meaning information is the output that the end user uses.The information obtained
can be used in a variety of applications depending on the needs of the information user.
4. Once the data has been converted to information, the information needs to be stored for
retrieval and use at a later stage.
Basic Background Information

Union Catalog- Library catalogs that show the holdings of several libraries or collections.
Ex. WorldCat
Library Catalog-A type of bibliographic file, but all its records pertain to items in one or more
libraries and carry information on where the items can be found.Considered multiple access files
in that they offer many ways to retrieve a particular record can be by author, title, subject, and
other characteristics.
Bibliographic Control- the operations by which recorded information is organized or arranged

according to established standards and thereby made readily identifiable and retrieved.
Bibliographic Files- the most common tool to be used in bibliographic control, a bibliographic file
is a collection of bibliographic records.In an online environment, these files may be called a
bibliographic database.
Shelflist- is a copy of the bibliographic file. It consists of an array of duplicates of main entries
arranged in shelf order.It may contain information beyond basic bibliographic content, such as
acquisition notes and number of copies owned.
Bibliographic Record is the basic cataloging data includes:

❖ Classification data or class number
❖ Descriptive data(Areas of Cataloging)
❖ Subject cataloging or subject headings
Catalog- the bibliographic files representing the library’s holdings.
Bibliographic Record- a record containing details with regards to identification, physical and
other characteristics and subject access information of bibliographic items.
Some common controls:

❖ Indexing
❖ Classification
❖ Descriptive and Subject Cataloging
Documents- are basically written, drawn, presented, or recorded representations of thoughts.It
is the basic unit that holds information of any kind.It is in fact the primary source of information
wherein information can be collected or retrieved from. Traditionally is written or printed in paper
but now can be digitally referred to as a textual file or commonly called as Digital documents
that is created to store, create, use, and retrieve via a computer.
Human and Computer Information Processing

Human Information Processing- has to do with how people receive messages, it is a critical
topic in communication study.Message reception consists of paying attention to particular
messages in the environment and then using them as a guide to behavior. This is a very active
process that consists of three separate but relative activities; Informations selection,
Interpretation, and retention.
Information Selection:
Human operates in an environment that is filled with signals of various kinds.These may be in
the form of:
❖ Sight(Visual cues)
❖ Sound(Auditory cues)
❖ Touch(tactile cues)
❖ Taste(Gustatory cues)
❖ Smell(Olfactory cues
Information Interpretation- Interpretation costist of attaching meaning to the message to which

individuals selectively attend. Whenever people take notes of any message they make their own
interpretation.
Information retention- retention or memory plays an indispensable role in selection and

interpretation.
LESSON NO. 2:INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
Concept of Information Retrieval
Information Retrieval- concerned with all the activities related to the organization of processing
of, and accessing to, information of all forms and formats.
Information Retrieval System- designed to retrieve the documents or information required by the
user community.It should make the right information available to the right user. Information
Retrieval system aims to collect and organize information in one or more subject areas in order
to provide it to the user as soon as it is asked for.
Types of Information Retrieval System:

1. Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) -provides facilities for library users to carry
out online catalogue searches, and then check the availability of the item required.
2. Online Databases- provides remote access to a variety of users.
3. Digital Libraries and Web-based Information Services- that can be accessed
remotely through a web interface.
4. Web search engines- that are designed to provide access to vast amounts of web
information resources.
Functions of Information Retrieval Systems:
❖ To identify the information(sources) relevant to the areas of interest of the target users
community
❖ To analyze the contents of the sources(documents)
❖ To represent the contents of analyzed sources in a way that matches users queries.
❖ To analyze users queries and represent them in a form that will be suitable for matching
the database
❖ To match the search statement with the stored database
❖ To retrieve relevant information
For effective and reliable information retrieval system must have provision for:
❖ Prompt dissemination of information
❖ Filtering of information
❖ Providing the right amount of information at the right time
❖ Active switching of information
❖ Receiving information in the desired form
❖ Browsing
❖ Getting information in an economical way
❖ Current literature
❖ Providing access to other information systems
❖ Interpersonal communication
Information Retrieval Methods
Cataloguing and metadata

Classification- different systematic schemes of library classification that become a unique tool
for organizing materials on the shelves have been developed to aid the process of organizing
library materials systematically and make for easy retrieval of information materials.
Can be categorized by:

❖ Author
❖ Title
❖ Subject
Metadata- refers to “data about data”. Structured information that allows someone to identify,
locate, and retrieve resources.
Indexing- designed to assist in the retrieval of documents operate by assigning index terms to
the analyzed subject of each document either manually or automatically.
Abstracting- abstract as a brief but accurate representation of the contents of a document and
he opines that an abstract is different from an extract, an annotation or summary.
Users of Information Retrieval Methods
The user is the focal point of all information retrieval systems because the sole objective of any
information storage and retrieval is to transfer information from the source to the user.This
makes it very necessary that the information manager should have an understanding of the
nature and number of user, their activities.
Users may be limited by the organization they work for, by the nature of their work or profession,
by age, sex, and other social groups. On the other hand user categories may be identified by
the nature of the libraries they use:
For an Academic library - the primary users are students, teachers, researchers,
administrators, etc.
For Special or Research Libraries - the primary users may be categorized as researchers,
planners, policymakers, scientists and so on.
In the Public Library environment - anyone can be a user (members of general public)
children, students, housewives, the literate, neo-literate, etc.
Information seeking behavior of users
Some of the general points that affect the information seeking behavior of the users are:
❖ The users awareness of and ability to access other sources of information

❖ The users relationship with information unit concerned
❖ The information units ease of accessibility
❖ The time available to the user for consulting information systems
❖ The amount of competition that exist in the users field of activities
❖ The user past experience or knowledge
❖ How easily the user gets on with other people
❖ How friendly, knowledgeable, and efficient are the members of the information unit
❖ The various products and services of the information

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LESSON NO.

Information processing- the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and

Information processing in Libraries

Uses of information Processing:

Four phases of Information Cycle

Basic Background Information

Bibliographic Control- the operations by which recorded information is organized or arranged

Bibliographic Record is the basic cataloging data includes:

Catalog- the bibliographic files representing the library’s holdings.

Some common controls:

Human and Computer Information Processing

Information Interpretation- Interpretation costist of attaching meaning to the message to which

Information retention- retention or memory plays an indispensable role in selection and

LESSON NO. 2:INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

Concept of Information Retrieval

Types of Information Retrieval System:

Information Retrieval Methods

Cataloguing and metadata

Can be categorized by:

Information seeking behavior of users

❖ The users awareness of and ability to access other sources of information

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