O-Level History Notes by M Saad Aamir

O-Level History Notes By Muhammad Zarjaan Shahid
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O-LEVEL HISTORY OF PAKISTAN

NOTES
Syllabus Code: 2059/01
Section 1
By: Muhammad Zarjaan Shahid
Email: zarjaanshahid@gmail.com
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Contents
Section 1
Topic 1: Decline of Mughals -------------------------------------------------------- Page 5
Topic 2: East India Company (EIC) and British Govt --------------------------- Page 8
Topic 3: War of Independence 1857 ------------------------------------------------ Page 25
Topic 4: Reformers -------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 28
Topic 5: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ----------------------------------------------------- Page 35
Topic 6: Languages of Pakistan ----------------------------------------------------- Page 40
Section 3
Topic 1: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto --------------------------------------------------------- Page 45
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Section 1
Topic 1: Decline of Mughals
Summary:
• Weak, corrupt and luxury loving successors after Aurangzeb
• Infighting, for throne, mainly between 4 sons of Shah Jahan, (Dara Shikoh,
Murad, Aurangzeb, Shah Shuja)
• Some Mansabdars (local administers) declared themselves the rulers
• Very Vast Empire
• Hence hard to administer and manage
• Internal fights
• Foreign Invaders (Nadir Shah from Persia and Ahmad Shah Abdali from
Afghanistan)
• Aurangzeb’s policies, which were usually strict towards non-Muslims
• Arrival of Europeans (Dutch, French and British) Aurangzeb
• British outstated other Europeans
• British started monopoly on trade
• British started conquering different areas
• Mughals didn’t know modern science knowledge and technology
• British had modern weapons and technology
• Clever techniques of war used by British
• Very high military expenses
Reasons for Europeans attraction towards India:

• Very Wealthy Subcontinent
• Sea routes and long coastlines having seaports
• India was called “Golden Sparrow”
• Full of resources
• Mughals welcomed foreign traders
Flag of France, Germany and Britain
British conquering India (Reasons):
Simplistic statement: The Indians were weak and luxury loving while British were in strength
Indian Weaknesses:
• Indians were not united

• Religious disparities
• Different languages
• No uniting force
• Luxury loving, lazy, inefficient successors of Mughals British Flag
• No focus of British affairs
• No interest
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British Strength:
• Have modern knowledge and technology

• Superior and Modern weapons
• Clever and better war tactics
• Morally strict and focused on target
• Gained trust of Indians
• Bribery
Aurangzeb’s Policies:
• Was a strict/rigid Muslim, didn’t tolerate non-Muslims
• Destroyed a lot of Hindu Temples
• Built mosques after destroying temples, one mosque was
specific for Aurangzeb
• Reintroduced Jizya Tax (a tax on non-Muslims for their
protection)
• Banned Suttee (a Hindu custom of burning the window alive at
his husband’s cremation ceremony) A pic of performing Suttee
• Beard was compulsory, especially for Muslim men
• Forced conversions of non-Muslims into Muslims
• Whenever Aurangzeb was fasting, no one was allowed to drink or eat in his court
• Alcohol and dancing were banned
• Punishments on back biting lying
Foreign Invaders:
• In 1738, Persian leader Nadir Shah defeated Muhammad Shah's forces at Karnal,
in Battle of Karnal
• In 1747, Ahmed Shah Durrani, an Afghan general attacked Kabul, Peshawar and
Lahore, by 1749 he had gained the control of Punjab and by 1856 he added
Kashmir and Multan to his possessions. Ahmed Shah Abdali
• 1803 Shah Alam defeated by British and lose the control of Bengal and Orissa
• After War of Independence 1857 last Mughal emperor expelled and died in exile in
Rangoon
Questions from Past papers:

Q: Describe Mughal Rule.
OR
Who were Mughals? Nadir Shah
Ans:
• Founded in 1526
• Founded by Babar, first Mughal Emperor
• Expanded in 1526-1707
• Six great rulers from Babar to Aurangzeb
• Excelled in literature, music, culture, architecture (4 more points on next page)
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• Built many construction marvels. i.e. Taj Mahal in Agra

• After Aurangzeb’s death, started to decline
• Because of weak, corrupt, lazy, luxury loving, not interested rulers
• Replaced by British in 1858
Q: Describe What Marathas did.

Ans:
• Were ferocious and militant Hindu community

• Lived in Deccan, South of India
• On peak under their leader Shivaji
• Shivaji laid foundation of Marathan Empire in 1960s
• Aurangzeb fought against them for 25 years but failed to crush them
• They defeated huge Mughal Army outside Delhi in 1723, and occupied it in 1737
• Shah Wali Ullah called Ahad Shah Abdali of Afghanistan to defeat Marathas
• Abdali defeated them in the third battle of Panipat, in 1761
Q: Who was Shivaji?

Ans:
• Was ferocious Marathan fighter, ruler, and founder of Marathan Empire
• Marathan Empire in Southern India, Bijapur and Deccan
• Was crowned Chhatrapati (Monarch)
• Was trained with guerrilla warfare and many military tactics
• Revived old Hindu traditions and Customs
• Fought Mughals from 1657 to 1668
• Was arrested by Aurangzeb’s army in 1665
• Imprisoned in Agra Shivaji
• But soon he escaped cleverly
• Then established in Deccan
• Greatly contributed in strengthening the Marathan Empire
• Was defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 3rd Battle of Panipat, in 1761, but not killed
• Died in 1680
Q: What were Aurangzeb’s religious policies?

Ans:
• He earned hostility and opposition by non-Muslims due to strict policies towards them
• Reintroduced Jizya Tax, a tax which was levied on non-Muslims, it was abolished by Akbar
• Destroyed some Hindu Temples
• Banned Suttee, a Hindu custom of burning the widow alive on her husband’s cremation ceremony
• A limit of beard length for Muslims
• Forced conversions of non-Muslims to Islam
• Showed strictness in enforcing Islamic Laws
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Q: Who was Ahmad Shah Durrani?

Ans:
• Also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali
• Skilled Afghan Commander
• Born in Herat, Afghanistan, in 1722
• Led 10 invasions into Northern India from 1747 to 1769
• Including 3 attacks om Punjab between 1747 and 1753
• These invasions gradually weakened the Mughal Empire
• Defeated Marathas in 3rd Battle of Panipat in 1761 Ahmed Shah Abdali
• Died in 1772 in Kandhar, Afghanistan
Topic 2: EIC (EAST INDIA COMPANY) and British

Government
EIC (East India Company):
• A trading company
• Was granted charter of trading rights in 1600
• Permitted to trade by Queen Elizabeth I
• First ship landed in Surat, a southern Indian town, in 1608
• Granted permission to trade in India, by Emperor Jahangir, in 1612
• Did trade of cotton, jute, fabrics, and spices
• Began to earn huge profits
• Moved its headquarters to Mumbai/Bombay, in 1664
• Gradually, began to acquire military power, during 18th century Queen Elizabeth I
• Abolished by British Govt, in 1858
British Govt replacing EIC:

• Various steps taken by British Govt
• Restricted EIC powers
• 1770 onwards, after reports of misgovernance and corruption in Bengal
• In 1773, The Regulating Act: EIC now accountable before British Parliament
• EIC had to provide a detailed reports of its activities in Parliament
• Governor of Bengal, Warren Hastings, promoted to Governor-General, now had authority to
“superintend and control” the governor of Bombay and Madras
• Supreme Court was setup in Calcutta
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Pitts India Act, 1784:

• British Govt had direct control of Indian possessions
• More powers for Governor-General:
1. Could now supersede the administration of Bombay and Madras
2. 3 presidents under his control
3. A Post of Commander-In-Chief of the armed forces, under his controls
4. etc.
• EIC lost its most powers, though it continued trading activities
• In fact, better governance of India combinedly by EIC and British Govt
• Later, police force and civil services, too
• By 19th century, powers of EIC further limited
• 1858, EIC fully Abolished
Reasons for EIC replacement by British Govt:

• Reports of misgovernance and corruption, especially in Bengal
• Financial embezzlement
• British Govt had to act in time to control this
• India was very large country: hence its affairs could not be given permanently in the hands of a trading
company
• India had to be a “Jewel in the Crown”, a matter of prestige
• Threats of Russian attacks through Afghanistan
• Had to secure the North-Western borders of India, from Russian Attacks, through Afghanistan
• A regular British Army was needed to be stationed at NW borders
Battles:
1st Anglo-Mysore War:
• Timeline: 1767-1769
• Causes of the war:
➢ Growing British influence in South India.
➢ Tensions between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of
Mysore under Sultan Tipu Sultan's father, Hyder Ali.
➢ British expansionist policies and alliances with rival states.
➢ Hyder Ali's military strength and attempts to counter British power.
➢ British support for the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad against Mysore.
• Fought Between:
➢ Hyder Ali: Sultan of Mysore and military leader.
➢ British East India Company: Represented British interests in India.
➢ Marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad: Local powers involved in the conflict.
• British fought while Marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad helped him
• Major Events:
➢ Initial Conflicts (1767): Skirmishes begin as Hyder Ali attacks British trading posts.
➢ Battle of Chengama (1767): Hyder Ali wins against British forces, showcasing his
military prowess.
(Continued on next page)

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➢ British Strategies: British attempt to gain support from local rulers while launching
several expeditions against Mysore.
• Other small battles fought during 1st Anglo-Mysore War:
➢ Battle of Wandiwash (1760): Not a direct battle of the war, but it set the context of
British territorial ambitions.
➢ Battle of Arcot (1765): Hyder Ali's forces face off against the British, leading to
significant engagements.
➢ Siege of Trichinopoly (1768): Major siege conducted by Hyder Ali, illustrating the
intensity of the conflict.
2nd Anglo Mysore War:

• Timeline: 1780–1784
• Fought between: Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, against British (EIC)
• Marathas and Nizams of Hyderabad were allies of British
• Causes of the War:
➢ British Non-cooperation: The British did not provide the promised assistance to
Hyder Ali during his war against the Marathas, which led to mistrust and eventual
conflict.
➢ Colonial Rivalry: France, Britain's colonial rival, supported Mysore. This deepened
British suspicions of Hyder Ali and heightened tensions.
➢ Expansionist Ambitions: Both the British and Mysore sought to expand their
influence in South India, leading to a clash of interests.
➢ Anglo-French Rivalry: The larger conflict between Britain and France in Europe
also influenced their colonial wars. Mysore was aligned with France, Britain's chief
rival.
• Events:
➢ Hyder Ali's Early Victories (1780): In 1780, Hyder Ali launched a surprise attack
on the Carnatic, a region controlled by the British. His forces achieved several early
victories. At the Battle of Pollilur (September 1780), Hyder Ali decisively defeated
British forces under Colonel Baillie. This was a significant setback for the British.
➢ British Response: After the defeat at Pollilur, the British regrouped under Sir Eyre
Coote, an experienced military commander. Coote led several campaigns against
Hyder Ali, but the war was mostly fought to a stalemate, with both sides winning and
losing key engagements. Key battles include the Battle of Porto Novo (1781), where
Coote defeated Hyder Ali, and the Battle of Sholinghur (1781)
➢ Death of Hyder Ali (1782): Hyder Ali died in December 1782. His son Tipu Sultan
succeeded him as the ruler of Mysore and continued the war against the British with
renewed Vigor
Haider Ali ➢ Tipu Sultan's Campaigns: Tipu Sultan was a skilled commander and posed a
serious threat to British interests. He conducted successful operations against
British forces and their allies. In 1783, Tipu captured Bednore and Mangalore, two
key strategic locations.
➢ Diplomatic and Naval Aspects: France supported Mysore during the war by
sending troops and naval forces to fight against the British. French naval fleets
➢
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fought several battles against the British in Indian waters, though they did not achieve
significant success. However, the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the American
War of Independence, reduced French support for Mysore, weakening Tipu's position.
• Treaty of Mangalore (1784): After years of back-and-forth fighting, both sides were exhausted
and sought peace. The Second Anglo-Mysore War ended with the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.
The key points of the treaty were:
➢ Return of Captured Territories: Both sides agreed to restore each other's

conquered territories.
➢ Mutual Exchange of Prisoners: All prisoners of war were to be released and

returned to their respective sides.
➢ Restoration of Status Quo Ante Bellum: Both Mysore and the British returned to
their pre-war boundaries, with no major territorial changes.
• Significance of Treaty of Mangalore:

➢ The Treaty of Mangalore is considered one of the few instances where an Indian
ruler dictated terms to the British. It was seen as a victory for Mysore, as Tipu Sultan
managed to secure favourable terms.
➢ The Second Anglo-Mysore War solidified Tipu Sultan's reputation as a formidable
adversary to British colonial rule.
➢ The peace, however, was short-lived, as the British continued their expansionist
ambitions in India. The rivalry between Mysore and the British ultimately led to the
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792) and the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799),
culminating in Tipu Sultan’s death and the fall of Mysore.
• Key Figures:
➢ Hyder Ali: Sultan of Mysore, father of Tipu Sultan, and a brilliant military leader. He
initiated the war but died in 1782.
➢ Tipu Sultan: Known as the "Tiger of Mysore," he took over after Hyder Ali's death
and continued to fight the British until the Treaty of Mangalore.
➢ Sir Eyre Coote: The British commander who led the British counteroffensive and
achieved some successes, though the war ended in a stalemate.
➢ Governor Warren Hastings: The Governor-General of India at the time, he
oversaw British policy during the war.
Sir Eyre Coote
3rd Anglo-Mysore War:

• Timeline: 1789–1792

➢ Territorial Expansion: The British East India Company sought to expand its
territories in southern India, particularly after the weakened status of Mysore
following previous conflicts.
➢ Tipu Sultan's Hostility: Tipu Sultan's anti-British stance and his attempts to forge
alliances with other regional powers, including the French, escalated tensions.
➢ Alliance with Marathas and Nizam: The British formed alliances with the Maratha
Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad to counter the threat posed by Mysore.

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➢ Crisis in Carnatic: The situation in the Carnatic region further exacerbated the
conflict, as disputes over territorial claims and influence brought the British and
Mysore into direct confrontation.
• Events of the War:
➢ Declaration of War (1789): The war officially began in 1789 when Tipu
Sultan launched an attack on the British-held territory in the Carnatic,
following an alliance with the Marathas.
➢ Initial British Campaigns: The British forces, under Lord Cornwallis,
launched multiple campaigns against Mysore. They captured Bangalore in
1791 after a fierce battle.
➢ Guerrilla Warfare: Tipu Sultan employed guerrilla tactics, utilizing the
difficult terrain and his knowledge of the local landscape to launch surprise
attacks against British supply lines and outposts.
➢ Siege of Seringapatam (1791-1792): The British laid siege to Tipu Sultan's
capital, Seringapatam, starting in 1791. The siege was marked by intense
fighting and substantial casualties on both sides.
➢ Fall of Seringapatam: In February 1792, the British forces breached the
defences of Seringapatam. Tipu Sultan's strong resistance could not prevent
the British from capturing the city.
➢ Tipu Sultan’s Defeat: Following the fall of Seringapatam, Tipu Sultan was
forced to negotiate. The British captured him, leading to a significant defeat
for Mysore.
• Treaty of Seringapatam (March 1792): The Third Anglo-Mysore War concluded with the
Treaty of Seringapatam in March 1792. The key terms of the treaty included:
➢ Territorial Losses for Mysore: Mysore had to cede significant territories,

including Mangalore, Coorg, and parts of the Carnatic, to the British and their
allies.
➢ War Indemnity: Tipu Sultan was required to pay a substantial indemnity of 3 crore
rupees to the British as compensation for the war.
➢ Release of Hostages: The treaty also mandated the release of British prisoners
held by Tipu Sultan.
➢ Political Restructuring: The British reinstalled the Wadiyar dynasty in Mysore,
albeit under their supervision, effectively reducing the kingdom to a subordinate
state.
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4th Anglo-Mysore War:

• Timeline: February 1799 - May 4, 1799
• Background:
➢ The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was the final conflict between Tipu Sultan and the
British East India Company.
➢ Tipu Sultan, after losing territories in the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1792), sought
alliances with Napoleon Bonaparte and the French.
➢ The British saw this as a direct threat to their dominance in southern India.
➢ Tipu Sultan’s Alliance with the French: Tipu Sultan attempted to form an
alliance with Napoleon Bonaparte and the French, who were seeking influence in
India.
➢ British Concerns: The British East India Company saw this French connection as
a threat to their dominance in southern India.
➢ Violation of the Treaty of Seringapatam: Tipu Sultan allegedly violated the
terms of the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) by building alliances and militarizing.
• Events:
• British Coalition Formation:
➢ The British formed a coalition with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to
defeat Tipu Sultan.
➢ Lord Wellesley’s policy of Subsidiary Alliances brought Indian states under British
control.
• British Campaign Begins (February 1799):
➢ British forces, led by General George Harris, marched towards Seringapatam,
Tipu Sultan’s capital.
➢ Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) also participated in the campaign.
• Siege of Seringapatam (March-May 1799):
➢ The British besieged Seringapatam, cutting off supplies and launching a series of
bombardments.
➢ Tipu Sultan fiercely defended the city with his army, known for its use of rockets
and innovative tactics.
• Death of Tipu Sultan (May 4, 1799):
➢ On May 4, 1799, during the final British assault, Tipu Sultan was killed defending
the city.
➢ His death marked the end of Mysore’s resistance and the collapse of the kingdom.
• Aftermath:
➢ Mysore was divided among the British, the Nizam, and the Marathas.
➢ Krishnaraja Wadiyar III was installed as a puppet ruler by the British.
➢ Mysore effectively became a princely state under British control, losing its
independence.
• Results:
➢ The British gained full control of southern India and further consolidated their power
on the subcontinent.
➢ French influence in India was significantly reduced, and Mysore was no longer a
major power.
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Battle of Plassey:
• Timeline: June 23, 1757 - June 23, 1757
• Background:
➢ The Battle of Plassey was fought between the British East India Company, led by
Robert Clive, and Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah of Bengal.
➢ Tensions arose due to British interference in Bengal’s politics and Siraj-ud-Daulah’s

capture of Fort William in Calcutta (June 1756), resulting in the Black Hole of
Calcutta incident.
• Cause of the Battle:
➢ British ambitions to control Bengal’s wealth and avenge the Black Hole of Calcutta
incident led to war.
➢ Mir Jafar, a commander in Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army, conspired with the British and
promised to betray the Nawab during the battle in exchange for the position of Nawab.
• Events of the Battle:
➢ June 23, 1757: The battle took place near the village of Plassey, on the banks of the
Bhagirathi River.
➢ British forces, led by Robert Clive, comprised about 3,000 soldiers, including British
regulars and Sepoys (Indian soldiers).
➢ Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army consisted of 50,000 troops, including cavalry, infantry, and

artillery, giving him a numerical advantage.
➢ The battle began with an exchange of cannon fire between the two sides.
➢ Heavy rain occurred during the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah’s troops, unprepared for the
weather, failed to protect their artillery and gunpowder, making their cannons ineffective.
Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah
➢ The British, however, kept their equipment dry and continued their artillery fire.
➢ Mir Jafar, who was supposed to lead a key contingent of Siraj-ud-Daulah’s forces,
remained inactive, betraying the Nawab as agreed with the British.
➢ As Siraj-ud-Daulah saw his forces faltering due to the betrayal by Mir Jafar, he fled the
battlefield, leaving his troops to surrender or retreat.
• Key Figures:
1. Siraj-ud-Daulah:
➢ Nawab of Bengal at the time of the battle.
➢ Opposed British influence in Bengal and attacked Calcutta in 1756.
➢ Fled the battlefield after realizing the betrayal and was later captured and killed.
2. Robert Clive:
➢ Leader of the British East India Company’s forces during the battle.

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➢ Mastermind behind the British strategy and alliance with Mir Jafar, which secured
victory.
➢ Clive's leadership and cunning diplomacy marked a turning point in British colonial
ambitions.
3. Mir Jafar:
➢ Commander in Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army.
➢ Secretly aligned with the British and agreed to betray Siraj-ud-Daulah in exchange for
being made Nawab of Bengal after the battle.
➢ His betrayal was the crucial factor that led to Siraj-ud-Daulah’s defeat.
4. Omichund:
➢ A wealthy merchant who acted as a go-between for the British and Indian factions.
➢ He was used by the British in their negotiations with Mir Jafar, although he was later
deceived by the British during the final stages of the plan.
• The Betrayer:
➢ Mir Jafar, a commander in Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army, played a crucial role as the betrayer.
➢ He secretly negotiated with the British, promising to withhold his troops during the battle.
➢ When the battle began, Mir Jafar’s forces remained inactive, allowing the British to
outmaneuver Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army.
➢ After the British victory, Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab of Bengal, under
British control.
Mir Jaffar
• Outcome:
➢ Siraj-ud-Daulah was later captured and executed by Mir Jafar’s men.
➢ The British installed Mir Jafar as the new Nawab, but he acted as a puppet, allowing the
British East India Company to control Bengal’s resources.
➢ Bengal’s wealth, particularly its textiles and revenue, financed British expansion in India.
• Consequences:
➢ The British victory at Plassey marked the start of British dominance in India.
➢ Bengal became the first region under significant British control, laying the foundation for
the British Empire in India.
➢ The defeat of Siraj-ud-Daulah demonstrated the power of British military strategy,

alliances, and political manipulation.
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Battle of Buxar:
• Timeline: October 22, 1764 - October 22, 1764
• Background:
➢ The Battle of Buxar was fought on October 22, 1764, between the forces of the British
East India Company and a coalition of Indian rulers.
➢ This battle took place after the Battle of Plassey (1757), where the British had already
established significant control over Bengal.
➢ The main issue arose over the exploitation of Bengal’s resources and the rulers' desire to
regain independence from British influence.

➢ Following the Treaty of Allahabad (1765), the British East India Company imposed heavy
taxes and monopolized trade in Bengal.
➢ The Indian rulers, particularly Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Oudh) and Mir Qasim (Nawab
of Bengal), opposed British exploitation and formed an alliance with the Mughal Emperor
Shah Alam II.
➢ Mir Qasim was frustrated with British interference and their economic policies, leading to
rising tensions.
➢ The Indian coalition sought to reclaim lost territories and remove British control from the
region.

➢ October 22, 1764: The battle took place near Buxar, on the banks of the Ganges River.
➢ The British forces, under Hector Munro, numbered around 7,000 troops, while the Indian
coalition fielded a combined army of over 40,000 troops.
➢ Mir Qasim, who had been the Nawab of Bengal before being replaced by Mir Jafar,
aligned with Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh, and Shah Alam II, the Mughal
Emperor.
➢ Despite the numerical advantage of the Indian coalition, their forces lacked coordination
and were poorly led.
➢ The British used superior military tactics, including disciplined infantry formations and
effective use of artillery.
➢ The Indian coalition suffered from poor communication and lack of unity between
commanders.
➢ The British troops, under Hector Munro, launched a decisive infantry and artillery assault,
breaking the coalition’s lines.
➢ Mir Qasim fled the battlefield, and the combined forces of Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah
Alam II were defeated.
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• Key Figures:
1. Hector Munro:
➢ Commander of the British East India Company’s forces.
➢ Played a crucial role in leading the British to victory through

superior military tactics.
2. Mir Qasim:
Hector Munro
➢ Former Nawab of Bengal.
➢ Formed an alliance with Indian rulers to oppose British rule but fled the battlefield when
defeat became imminent.
3. Shuja-ud-Daulah:
➢ Nawab of Awadh.
➢ One of the key figures in the Indian coalition, but he could not stand
up to the British forces and eventually surrendered.
4. Shah Alam II:

➢ Last Mughal Emperor.
➢ Aligned with the Indian coalition to restore Mughal authority but

ultimately surrendered to the British after the defeat.
5. Mir Jafar:
Shah Alam II
➢ The puppet Nawab of Bengal, installed by the British after Plassey.
➢ His controversial appointment continued to cause tensions in Bengal, as he was used

by the British to extract revenue.
• The Betrayer:
➢ Mir Qasim, initially an ally of the British, turned against them when he saw how they were
exploiting Bengal.
➢ He is often seen as a betrayer to both the British and his allies in the coalition, as he fled
the battlefield at a critical moment during the Battle of Buxar, leading to a crushing defeat
for the Indian forces.
• Outcome:
➢ The British secured a decisive victory, establishing further dominance in India.
➢ Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam II were forced to sign treaties acknowledging British
supremacy.
➢ The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) followed the battle, in which Shah Alam II granted the
British Diwani rights (the right to collect taxes) in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
➢ The British now had control over Bengal’s revenue, securing significant economic and
political power in the region.
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• Consequences:
➢ The British East India Company now had effective control over the revenue of Bengal,
solidifying its power in India.
➢ The Mughal Empire lost further authority, with Shah Alam II becoming a puppet ruler under
British influence.
➢ The Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah, also became a vassal state of the British, allowing
them to consolidate power in northern India.
➢ The victory at Buxar, along with the earlier Battle of Plassey, laid the foundation for British rule
in India, eventually leading to the establishment of the British Raj.
Battle of Panipat:
• Timeline: January 14, 1761 - January 14, 1761 (Just one day Battle)
• Background:
➢ The Third Battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761, near the town of Panipat
(north of Delhi).
➢ This battle was between the Maratha Empire and the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali
(Durrani Empire), who sought to reassert Afghan control over northern India.
➢ The Marathas, after expanding their empire in northern India, sought to replace the Mughal
Empire as the dominant power in the region.
➢ Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to regain control over northern India, which had been under the
influence of the Marathas, and to protect Islamic interests in the region.
➢ The Marathas had expanded their influence and had taken control of several Mughal
territories, challenging Abdali's authority.
➢ The battle was largely triggered by the Maratha’s ambition to dominate northern India and
the need to check the growing influence of Afghan forces under Ahmad Shah Abdali.
➢ Religious tensions between the Hindu Marathas and the Muslim forces of Abdali also
played a part, although the conflict was primarily political and territorial.
➢ January 14, 1761: The Third Battle of Panipat began early in the morning. Both armies faced
each other near Panipat.
➢ Strength: The Marathas, led by Sadashivrao Bhau, had around 45,000 troops, while Ahmad
Shah Abdali commanded around 60,000 troops.
➢ Artillery warfare: The battle saw extensive use of artillery, especially by the Marathas.
However, Abdali’s forces had superior artillery and used cavalry more effectively.

➢ Mid-battle losses: The Marathas struggled with supplies and logistics, as their camp was far
from their homeland, which weakened their effectiveness.
➢ Treachery and desertion: The Maratha forces were betrayed by Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab
of Awadh, who withdrew his support. Additionally, some local allies deserted the Marathas.
➢ Decisive assault: Ahmad Shah Abdali launched a final cavalry charge late in the afternoon,
which overwhelmed the Maratha infantry, causing panic and chaos.
➢ Sadashiv Rao Bhau’s death: The Maratha commander, Sadashiv Rao Bhau, was killed in the
final moments of the battle.
➢ Massacre: Following the Maratha defeat, Abdali’s forces carried out a massacre, killing a large
number of Maratha soldiers and civilians.
• Key Figures:
1. Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani Empire):
➢ The Afghan ruler, also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani.
➢ Led the Afghan forces to victory, reasserting Afghan control over northern India.
2. Sadashiv Rao Bhau:
➢ The Maratha commander and key leader during the battle.
➢ His death marked the collapse of Maratha resistance on the battlefield.
3. Shuja-ud-Daulah:
➢ Nawab of Awadh, initially an ally of the Marathas, but later withdrew his support,
contributing to their defeat.
4. Ibrahim Khan Gardi:
➢ Commander of the Maratha artillery, known for his disciplined use of artillery in the
battle.
➢ Despite his efforts, he was captured and killed after the battle.
• The Betrayer:
➢ Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh, initially allied with the Marathas but withdrew his
support during the battle.
➢ His desertion was one of the key factors in the Maratha defeat, as his forces could have
provided much-needed support on the battlefield.
• Outcome:
➢ The Maratha Empire suffered a devastating defeat. Their forces were decimated, and many of
their leaders were killed.
➢ Ahmad Shah Abdali successfully reasserted Afghan control over northern India, though he did
not stay to consolidate his power.

➢ This battle marked the end of Maratha dominance in northern India, although they continued
to remain powerful in the south.
➢ The Mughal Empire continued its decline, with the Marathas no longer able to replace them as
the dominant power in the north.
➢ The Afghan influence in northern India, however, was short-lived, as Abdali soon withdrew his
forces.
• Consequences:
➢ The Maratha Empire was significantly weakened, leading to their inability to control northern
India for the next several decades.
➢ Northern India fell into political instability, which later made it easier for the British East India
Company to expand its influence.
➢ The battle marked a turning point in Indian history, with the eventual rise of British power and
the decline of both Afghan and Maratha dominance.
Anglo-Maratha Wars:
• Timeline
➢ Start: 1775 (First Anglo-Maratha War)
➢ End: 1818 (Third Anglo-Maratha War)
• Background:
➢ Conflicts between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire.
➢ Driven by British territorial ambitions and Maratha resistance.
➢ Four wars, ultimately leading to the fall of the Maratha Empire.
➢ British desire to expand control in India.
➢ Internal divisions within the Maratha Empire.
➢ Alliances between the British and certain Maratha factions.
• Events:
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)
➢ 1775: British supported Raghunath Rao in a Maratha succession dispute.

➢ 1779: British defeated at the Battle of Wadgaon.
➢ 1782: Treaty of Salbai ended the war, restoring the status quo.
2. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)
➢ 1802: Peshwa Baji Rao II signed the Treaty of Bassein with the British, angering other
Maratha chiefs.
➢ 1803: British won the Battle of Assaye under General Arthur Wellesley.
➢ 1805: War concluded with the Treaty of Deogaon.
- 20 -
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818)
➢ 1817: British launched campaigns to subdue remaining Maratha states.
➢ 1818: Marathas were defeated, leading to the dissolution of the Maratha Empire.
• Key Figures:
➢ Raghunath Rao (Raghoba): Maratha leader during the First War.
➢ Peshwa Baji Rao II: Maratha Peshwa during the Second and Third Wars.
➢ Arthur Wellesley: British general in the Second War.
➢ Mahadji Shinde (Scindia): Important Maratha leader during the First War.
• Outcome:
➢ Complete defeat of the Maratha Empire in the Third War (1818).
➢ British East India Company gained control of India.
➢ The Maratha Confederacy was dissolved, and the British consolidated their rule.
• Key Events
➢ 1775: Start of the First Anglo-Maratha War.
➢ 1782: Treaty of Salbai ended the First War.
➢ 1803: British victory at the Battle of Assaye.
➢ 1805: Treaty of Deogaon ended the Second War.
➢ 1817–1818: Final defeat of the Marathas in the Third War.
Questions from Past Papers:

Q: What was EIC? [4]
Ans:
• A trading company
• Was granted charter of trading rights in 1600
• Permitted to trade by Queen Elizabeth I
• First ship landed in Surat, a southern Indian town, in 1608
• Granted permission to trade in India, by Emperor Jahangir, in 1612
• Did trade of cotton, jute, fabrics, and spices Queen Elizabeth I
• Began to earn huge profits
• Moved its headquarters to Mumbai/Bombay, in 1664
• Gradually, began to acquire military power, during 18th century
• Abolished by British Govt, in 1858
Emperor Jahangir
- 21 -
Q: What was Industrial Revolution? [4]

Ans:
• A process of Industrialization of Europe
• England was its first and greatest beneficiary
• Factories began to produce goods in bulks, in 1780s, in selected towns of England
• Development of steam engines, to power machinery, railways, and steamships
• Resulted in the growth of rich business community in England
• Changed the landscape of towns of England
• Positively changed the lifestyle of people on England
Q: Who was Robert Clive? [4]

Ans:
• Was hired as a clerk by EIC
• Soon joined the company army
• Earned fame as a brilliant military commander
• In 1751, gained first victory by defeating Nawab of Carnatic/Karnataka in the Battle
of Arcot
• In June 1757, defeated Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah in the Battle pf Plassey
• Became the Governor of Bengal
• Next victories were Battle of Pondicherry against French, in 1761, and Battle of
Robert Clive
Buxar against Indians in 1764
• Faced trial in England, and though quitted
• Committed suicide in 1774
Q: What was Black Hole Tragedy? [4]

Ans:
• Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah decided to punish British
• Because British started fortifying themselves at important posts of Calcutta
• This was a violation of treaty with the Nawab
• French encouraged the Nawab
• Nawab seized the company’s Fort William in June 1756
• Locked up 64 captured British residents in a small room, the room was like a dungeon
• Next morning, 23 residents were found dead
• This was used as an excuse by Robert Clive to attack the Nawab and his army
• Clive’s army defeated Nawab and his army
• Nawab killed in Battle of Plassey in 1757
Q: Describe the Battle of Plassey? [4]

Ans:
• Fought in 1757
• French encouraged Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah of Bengal to attack the EIC base in Calcutta
• Nawab captured the city
• Clive reached with his army of 3000 soldiers
Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula
- 22 -
• Clive had bribed Mir Jaffar, who was one of the key commanders of Nawab
• Defeated Nawab’s army of 18000
• Killed Nawab in 1757, In Battle of Plassey
• Mir Jaffar was made the Nawab as a reward for turning against Siraj-ud-Daulah and supporting Clive
Q: Who was Mir Qasim? [4]

Ans:
• Succeeded Mir Jaffar as the new Governor of Bengal, in 1760

• Cooperated with EIC in confiscating wealth and land of Bengali people
• After some years, he felt uncomfortable with the company’s increasing demands
• Tried to stop the British influence
• In 1764, he raised a combined army with the help of Mughal king, Shah Alam and the ruler of Oudh,
Shuja-ud-Daulah
• Clive defeated this huge army with his traditional clever war tactics
Q: Who was Tipu Sultan? [4]

Ans:
• Was sultan of Mysore, in southern India from 1782 to 1799
• Son of Haider Ali
• Was a formidable enemy of British (EIC)
• EIC called him “The Monster of Mysore”
• Was assisted by French and defeated British in the 2 nd Anglo-Mysore War
• He forced British to accept the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784
• Lord Wellesley’s army defeated and killed him in the 4th Anglo-Mysore War, in his
Fort of Seringapatam, in 1799 Tipu Sultan
Q: Who was Haider Ali? [4]

Ans:
• Hyder Ali was born in 1722 in Kolar, Karnataka, and rose from humble beginnings.
• He gained prominence as a military commander before usurping the Mysore throne in
1761.
• He opposed British expansion, leading to the First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769)
with a favourable treaty.
• Hyder Ali modernized his army, utilizing artillery and rocket technology in warfare.
• He achieved significant victories against the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War
Haider Ali
(1780-1784).
• Notable victories included the decisive Battle of Pollilur in 1780.
• His legacy continued through his son, Tipu Sultan, who further resisted British colonization.
- 23 -
Q: Who was Lord Wellesley? [4]

Ans:
• Succeeded Lord Cornwallis as the Governor General of India
• Expanded British influence in India
• Introduced Subsidiary Alliances, which helped to increase British influence in India
• Local rulers allowed to rule while British troops protected them
• But rulers could not make any other alliance
• Rulers of Hyderabad, Oudh and Maratha Peshawar were the first ones to accept
subsidiary alliances Lord Wellesley
Q: Describe how Lord Wellesley got rid of Tipu Sultan? [4]

Ans:
• Didn’t let the Tipu to get the help from French and Nizam of Hyderabad
• First, Lord Wellesley captured the Mysore, and then killed Tipu Sultan, in the 4 th Anglo-Mysore War in
May 1799
• Also captured Seringapatam
• British army was assisted by the Nizams and the Marathas
• Thus, several parts of Southern India came under British control
Q: What were the Anglo-Mysore Wars? [4]

Ans:
• Four wars fought between British (EIC) and the rulers of Mysore, Tipu Sultan and his father Haider Ali
• Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad helped British
• Fought from 1769 to 1799
• Last war in 1799, the 4th Anglo-Mysore War, marked the end of the rule of Tipu Sultan and Haider Ali
• Tipu Sultan was killed in the 4th war, in his Fort of Seringapatam
• These victories gave British the control of huge territories of Southern India
Q: What was Doctrine of Lapse? [4]

Ans:
• Introduced in 1852
• By Governor-General Lord Dalhousie
• It stated that if a state ruler died without a natural/male heir, EIC would annex the state
• Indian Rulers resented/opposed this policy greatly
• Opposed especially when it was misused to take the state of Oudh, in 1856, at the Lord Dalhousie
death of its Nawab
- 24 -
Topic 3: War of Independence - 1857

Causes of War:
1. Political:
• Annexation Policy of EIC, such as Doctrine of Lapse by Lord Dalhousie 1852,
Capture of Oudh etc.
• Local rulers felt insecure and considered British as greedy land grabbers
• Disrespect of Mughal Rule, e.g. shifting the royal family from Red Fort to Qutub
Saheb by Dalhousie
• Negligible share of Indian in Civil Services
• English replaced Persian as Court language
Lord Dalhousie • Resentment of Indians to such policies
2. Cultural (Religious + Social):

• Dominating British Culture
• Arrogant attitude towards Indians
• Introduction of roads, railways, and telecommunication was unacceptable to many
Indians
• Role of Christian Missionaries, i.e. preaching and missionary schools, Indians felt
Christian Missionary School their religious interests insecure and threatened
3. Economic:
• Indian resources were used by British factories and industries
• Local industry declined
• Huge profits earned by British
• Indian resources transported to Britain
4. Military:
• Greased Cartridges, made of fat of cow and pig, used
for 1853 Enfield Rifles
• Indians worked as only sepoys and sawars (cavalry) in
Greased Cartridges British army
• Lower ranked military jobs to Indians
• Insulting attitude of British Officers towards Indians
• Overseas journeys were/are not allowed in Hinduism
• Fear of forcible conversions into Christianity
• Indian troops in Afghanistan< resented especially by Indians
Causes of Failure:
1. Lack of Unity:
• Different sects were formed
• Different Religions
• Different traditions
• Hindus and Muslims were not united
- 25 -
• Most princes not willing to restore Mughal rule

• Princes wanted restoration of just their feudal powers, i.e. Kashmir Religions in Indian
Sub-Continent
2. Lack of support by many provinces

• Revolt was not supported by Punjab and Sindh
• Conquered by troops from Bengal and Central India
• Punjab and Sindh didn’t support these provinces
3. Lack of Planning and Aims:

• Hastily organized efforts
• No prior panning
• No co-ordination
• No common goal
• Easily overpowered by British
• No national patriotism
4. British Strengths:
• Highly disciplined British Army
• Very experienced Generals and Commanders
• Modern fighting techniques
• Modern weapons which easily overcame Indian orthodox arsenal
• British had control over many areas
• British had diplomatic skills
Effects of the War:

• End of Mughal Rule
• Strict punishments for Royal Family
• Establishment of British rule
• India became a British Colony
• Harsh penalties for rebels, especially the Muslims
• Public Hangings
• Stitching the dead in pigskin
• Respectable posts denied for Rebels Public Hanging
• British changed their policies, no further annexations, no interference with religious beliefs etc.
• Gradual political wakening of Indians, hence formed INC in 1885
• British adopted measures to win Indian Confidence, 1877 Queen of England became
Emperess of India
Reasons of British Success:

1. Indian Weaknesses:
• Disunity among various groups and sects
• Mughal rule was in the process of decline
• No uniting force
• No common goal
• Some local rules sought for British help
• Indians had past pride
- 26 -
2. British Strengths:
• Modern and advanced technology
• Industrial Revolution
• Rich
• Strong confidence
• Were united
• Strong sense of Patriotism
• Political progress in India

Q: Describe the Events of War of Independence? [4]
Ans:
• In March 1857, an Indian sepoy Mangal Panday, after he had defied his officers and fought against
British
• In May 1857, sepoys in Meerut refused to touch new greased cartridges, made up of fat of cow and pig
• These sepoys were court-martialed and jailed
• But their fellows freed them
• They killed several British Officers in Meerut
• Soon. They captured many cities in northern and central India
• British began to recapture these cities
• Finally, the war ended in June 1858
Q: Who was Lakshmibai/Rani of Jhansi? [4]

Ans:
• Name was Lakshmibai

• Was the queen of Nort-Indian state of Jhansi
• Her relations with British got strained when British regained control of Lucknow
• She led rebel sepoys
• Was assisted by another Indian General Tatya Topi
• British attacked Jhansi, in March 1858, led by Major Hugh Rose
• She was killed in her last battle, in June 1858
Lakshmibai
Q: What happened at the Battle of Kanpur? [4]
Ans:
• In November-December
• Rebels Led by Nana Sahib Peshwa
• Captured Kanpur, near Lucknow
• Captured it for 3 weeks
• Killed several British officers
• Slaughtered about 300 women and children
• Also kept some women and children as captives
• British reinforcement arrived and recaptured the city
• Nana Sahib escaped
• Captured rebels were given horrible punishments in revenge
- 27 -
Q: Who was Mangal Panday? [4]

Ans:
• Was a famous Indian sepoy in Bengal native infantry of EIC

• He defied his British Officers, in March 1857
• Mobilized many rebels for the 1857 war
• Attacked and wounded British Gen. Baugh and then another officer Hewson
• Gen. Hearsey, a skilled officer, immediately controlled the situation
• Mangal Panday was trialed and executed on 8th April 1857
Mangal Panday
Topic 4: Reformers
Shah Wali Ullah (1703-1762):
1. Introduction:
• Real name was Qutub-ud-Din
• Born in 1703, in Delhi
• Was a famous Reformer
• Mainly worked on religious aspects
• Worked as religious advisor of Aurangzeb
• Went to Arabia in 1724
• Strongly influenced by Sheikh Abu Tahir bin Ibrahim
• Also took Sheikh’s studentship
• Decided to reform the Muslim society in India
• Wrote 51 books Shah Wali Ullah
• Translated Holy Quran into Persian language
• Tried to promote unity among the Muslims
• Died in 1762
2. Beliefs/Reasons for Work:

• Observed the Decline of Mughal Empire
• Deplorable (shameful) conditions of Indian Muslims
• Thought that Muslims were disunited
• Muslims were divided into sectarian group, hence wrote a book to unite them
• Muslims neglected the Basic Islamic teachings, and didn’t practice them with true heart
• Muslims should understand true beliefs of Quran and Sunnah
• Growing influence of un-Islamic elements in social, economic, political, and personal matters of
personal life
• Thought that invaders were attacking Mughal rule continuously and slowly destroying it
- 28 -
3. Works/Achievements/Services:
• Presented himself as a role model for Muslims
• Translated the Holy Quran into Persian language, so people
could easily understand Quran’s true teachings, later his sons
translated Quran into Urdu
• Wrote 51 books, in several languages, such as Arabian, Persian
and Urdu, e.g. Hujjat-Ullah-Al-Baligha and Izalat-Ul-Akhfa
• Tried to remove differences between Muslims, and to remove
sects, so he wrote a book in which he gave the biographies of
first four rightly guided caliphs, mainly to remove disparities between Madrassa-e-Rahimya
Shia and Sunni Muslims
• Urged Muslims to be honest and emphasize of Ijtihad (rational thinking in
Islam to resolve modern issues)
• Served as a teacher in Madrassa-e-Rahimya
• Did a lot of work on Madrassa-e-Rahimya, which was started by his
father
• Wrote a letter to Ahmed Shah Abdali, an Afghan commander, to come
and defeat Marathas, who were a main reason in the decline of Mughals
• Then Abdali defeated Marathas in the 3rd Battle of Panipat, in 1761
4. Importance of his work: Hujjat-Ullah-Al-Baligha

• First Muslim thinker, who reformed and revived Islam
• Analyzed the real reason for Muslims decline, which was the negligence of true Islamic teachings
and implementation of the teachings in real life
• His translation of Quran in Persian allowed Muslims to approach and organize the Quran’s basic
and true teachings
• Madrassa-e-Rahimya now worked as a main Islamic institution, and many future reformers had
studied from it
• His worked survived through his followers
• He, however could not completely stop, but slowed the decline of Mughals, by calling Ahmed
Shah Abdali to defeat Maratha
• Also highlighted the importance and need of Jihad to save Muslims at a critical time
Questions from Past Papers
Q: Who was Shah Wali Ullah? [4]

Ans:
• Real name was Qutub-ud-Din

• Born in 1703, in Delhi
• Was a famous Reformer
• Mainly worked on religious aspects
• Worked as religious advisor of Aurangzeb
• Went to Arabia in 1724
• Strongly influenced by Sheikh Abu Tahir bin Ibrahim
• Also took Sheikh’s studentship Shah Wali Ullah
• Decided to reform the Muslim society in India
• Wrote 51 books

• Translated Holy Quran into Persian language

• Tried to promote unity among the Muslims
• Died in 1762
Q: Describe the services/achievements of Shah Wali Ullah? [4]

Ans:
• Presented himself as a role model for Muslims

• Translated the Holy Quran into Persian language, so people could easily understand Quran’s true
teachings, later his sons translated Quran into Urdu
• Wrote 51 books, in several languages, such as Arabian, Persian and Urdu, e.g. Hujjat-Ullah-Al-Baligha
and Izalat-Ul-Akhfa
• Tried to remove differences between Muslims, and to remove sects, so he wrote a book in which he
gave the biographies of first four rightly guided caliphs, mainly to remove disparities between Shia and
Sunni Muslims
• Urged Muslims to be honest and emphasize of Ijtihad (rational thinking in Islam to resolve modern issues)
• Served as a teacher in Madrassa-e-Rahimya
• Did a lot of work on Madrassa-e-Rahimya, which was started by his father
• Wrote a letter to Ahmed Shah Abdali, an Afghan commander, to come and defeat Marathas, who were
a main reason in the decline of Mughals
• Then Abdali defeated Marathas in the 3rd Battle of Panipat, in 1761
Q: What was Madrassa-e-Rahimya? [4]

Ans:
• Was a religious seminary/institution

• Established in 1718
• Established by Shah Abdur Rahman, father of Shah Wali Ullah
• Further improved by Shah Wali Ullah
• Played a significant role in promotion of Islamic Education
• Contributed very much to traditional Islamic teachings
• Intellectual approach according to its time
• Many future Muslim leaders and reformers studied from Madrassa-e-Rahimya, i.e. Tipu Sultan, Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan
- 30 -
Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi:

• Introduction:
➢ Born in 1786
➢ In Rae Bareli, near Lucknow
➢ Was from Syed family
➢ His father died in 1806
➢ Studied at Madrassa-e-Rahimya, under sons of Shah Wali Ullah
➢ In 1810, joined the army of Amir Khan, a pathan leader, learned military skills
➢ Came to Delhi in 1817
➢ Went to Arabia, 1821-1823 Syed Ahmad Shaheed
➢ Strongly influenced by Sheikh Abdul Wahab, founder of Wahabi Movement Barelvi
➢ In 1823, Started Jihad Movement, against Sikhs of Punjab
➢ In 1831, Battle against Sikh forces in Balakot (Abbottabad), last battle, defeated and killed with
most of his Mujahedeen (volunteer soldiers)
• Beliefs/Reasons for his work:

➢ Wanted freedom for Indian Muslims
➢ Thought for, and started Jihad Movement (armed struggle)
➢ Mainly, wanted to restore Muslim rule in India
➢ Wanted to eradicate/ remove non-Muslim elements from India
➢ Intellectual and spiritual revival of Islam
➢ Wanted to end evils and corruptions in Islamic community
➢ Stronger Sikh rule in Punjab, and gradual weakening of Mughal Rule
➢ Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler in Punjab, was tyrant and harsh towards Muslims
➢ Ranjit made the living of Muslims very hard
➢ Ranjit had banned Islam, congregational prayers and much much more
➢ Ranjit used Badshahi Mosques as a stable of horses for his army
• Works/Services/Achievements/Events:
➢ Influenced thousands of Muslims, while he was returning from Arabia, in 1821
➢ Urged them for Jihad
➢ In 1823, reached India, ready for Jihad
➢ Raised a team of Mujahideen (volunteer soldiers)
➢ Extensive tours of Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Rajasthan, even Afghanistan
➢ In 1826, set his headquarters near Peshawar
➢ Sent an ultimatum to Ranjit Singh to grant liberty and freedom to Muslims
➢ Ranjit dismissed
➢ 1st fight at Okara
➢ 2nd fight near Hazro
➢ Defeated Sikhs
➢ More Mujahideen joined, finally army was of 80,000 Mujahideen
➢ Then troops disagreed to fight, because of many disparities and varying cultural background
➢ Then he was declared as the Imam (leader), in 1827
➢ Got religious and political authorities to unify Muslims
➢ Yar Muhammad Khan, a local pathan tribal leader, was bribed by Sikhs
➢ Yar Muhammad Khan started to leak secret info to Sikhs
➢ Yar Muhammad Khan also tried to assassinate Ahmad Shaheed
➢ He ran away/deserted when Syed Ahmad Shaheed was to attack him
➢ Shifted headquarters to Panjtrar, in Kashmir

➢ Brother of Yar Muhammad, Sultan Khan turned against Ahmad Shaheed, shifted to Balakot, to
attack Ahmad Shaheed’s headquarters
➢ Surprise attack by a huge Sikh army at Balakot, in 1831
➢ Syed Ahmad Shaheed defeated and killed in 1863 by British
• Importance of his work:

➢ Showed the importance of armed struggle (Jihad) to Muslims
➢ Tried to liberate Muslims
➢ Made Muslims urged to get out of non-Muslim tyranny
➢ Showed the importance religious and spiritual freedom to Muslims
➢ Source of inspiration and unification to Muslims
➢ Tried to remove sectarian groups, because the Mujahideen army consisted of volunteers from
many sects, but worked together
➢ His Jihad Movement was a fore-runner of Pakistan Movement
• Reasons of the failure of Jihad Movement:

➢ Loss of local support, because pathan tribal chiefs were bribed by Sikhs
➢ Lack of professional and efficient army, mostly the volunteers (Mujahideen) were normal people
from various cultural walks, hence not trained for fighting
➢ Mostly volunteers had to return to their daily routine, as some were teachers, students, and etc.
➢ Hence, was not able to fight for longer periods
➢ Mujahideen (volunteers) were from different sects, so Syed Ahmad Shaheed had to unite them
➢ Sikhs caught the opportunity of this sectarian dividing

Q: Who was Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi? [4]
Ans:
• Born in 1786
• In Rae Bareli, near Lucknow
• Was from Syed family
• His father died in 1806
• Studied at Madrassa-e-Rahimya, under sons of Shah Wali Ullah
• In 1810, joined the army of Amir Khan, a pathan leader, learned military skills
• Came to Delhi in 1817
• Went to Arabia, 1821-1823
Syed Ahmad Shaheed
• Strongly influenced by Sheikh Abdul Wahab, founder of Wahabi Movement
Barelvi
• In 1823, Started Jihad Movement, against Sikhs of Punjab
• In 1831, Battle against Sikh forces in Balakot (Abbottabad), last battle, defeated and killed with most of
his Mujahedeen (volunteer soldiers)
Q: Describe the Jihad Movement? [4]

Ans:
• Founded by SASB
• To liberate Muslims
• To free them from the tyranny of Ranjit Singh, a Sikh ruler
• Ranjit was very harsh toward Muslims, didn’t let them to pray in congregation, to give Azan, etc.
• SASB raised an army volunteer (Mujahideen)

- 32 -
• Defeated Sikhs in various numbers of Battle from 1826 to 1830

• Defeated and killed in the Battle of Balakot, in 1831
• Movement continued till 1860s
Haji Shariat Ullah:

1. Introduction:
• Born in 1781
• Born in Faridpur, in East Bengal
• Belonged to a poor family
• Witnessed poor farmers in the British rule, in the Bengal
• Farmers and Bengalis were being exploited by zamindars (rich land
owners)
• In 1799, he left for Arabia for Pilgrimage
• Was strongly influenced by, and took the studentship of Sheikh
Muhammad Abdul Wahab, who was the founder of Wahabi Movement Haji Shariat Ullah
• Spent 20 years in Arabia
• Decided a mission for Bengali Muslims, tried to improve the Muslim conditions in Bengal
• Started Faraizi Movement, in which he asked Muslims to fulfil the obligations in Islam, in order
to have a good and Islamic lifestyle and good financial conditions
• Arrested, and then died in 1840
• Faraizi Movement continued by his son, Mohsin-ud-Din till 1857
2. Beliefs/Reasons for his work:

• Started Faraizi Movement to counter British harsh policies, and zamindars
• Both British and Zamindars were anti-Muslims
• Muslims were usually the poor farmers, mostly in Bengal, but Hindus were having better
lifestyle and finance
• Wanted to declare Bengal as Dar-ul-Harb (land under enemy rule)
• Eid Prayers and were also banned
• Tried to mobilize Muslims against Hindus and British
• Also thought that Jihad was needed for to achieve desired goals of improving the poor Muslims
conditions, especially in the Bengal
• He thought that poor and miserable conditions of Muslims are because of negligence in Islamic
Faraiz (obligations)
• Muslims should get rid on un-Islamic practices they had adopted
3. Importance of his work:

• Gave hope, and encouraged the Muslims, who were demoralized and oppressed by British
• Spiritual revival of Muslims, hence Islam
• Helped Muslims to feel internal energy for their freedom and to get rid of poverty
• Muslims began to abandon un-Islamic practices, superstitions and elements
• Caused political uprising and awakened the Muslims of Bengal to pursue their rights politically
• Muslims didn’t obey the greedy zamindars
• Muslims opposed the oppressive policies of British
• Muslims began to improve their socio-economic conditions
• Faraizi Movement was one of the root cause of Partition of Bengal and the Pakistan Movement
- 33 -

Q: Who was Haji Shariat Ullah? [4]
Ans:
• Born in 1781
• Born in Faridpur, in East Bengal
• Belonged to a poor family
• Witnessed poor farmers in the British rule, in the Bengal
• Farmers and Bengalis were being exploited by zamindars (rich land owners)
• In 1799, he left for Arabia for Pilgrimage
• Was strongly influenced by, and took the studentship of Sheikh Muhammad Abdul
Wahab, who was the founder of Wahabi Movement
• Spent 20 years in Arabia
• Decided a mission for Bengali Muslims, tried to improve the Muslim conditions in Haji Shariat Ullah
Bengal
• Started Faraizi Movement, in which he asked Muslims to fulfil the obligations in Islam, in order to have
a good and Islamic lifestyle and good financial conditions
• Arrested, and then died in 1840
• Faraizi Movement continued by his son, Mohsin-ud-Din till 1857
Q: What was Faraizi Movement? [4]

Ans:
• Started by Haji Shariat Ullah

• In Bengal, most focus on East Bengal
• Advised Muslims to fulfil their Islamic obligations (Faraiz)
• So, Muslims could restore their past pride, and get freedom, and get rid of poverty
• He emphasized on praying on past sins
• Urged Muslims to lead a righteous and Islamic life
• So, Muslims could restore their socio-economic and religious conditions
• After Haji’s death in 1840, Movement was continued by his Mohsin-ud-Din, aka Dau Mian
Q: Who were Zamindars?

Ans:
• Urdu word for rich land owners

• Often acted as tax collectors too
• After Aurangzeb’s death, they gradually became autonomous, and refused to send taxes to Central
Government
• Also kept their own armies
• They oppressed Muslims from 1800 onwards, especially in the East Bengal
• They imposed a special tax on Muslim men who kept beard
• Both Haji Shariat Ullah and Titu Mir tried to organize poor Muslims against them
- 34 -
Q: Who was Titu Mir? [4]

Ans:
• A Muslim reformer
• Disciple of Syed Ahmad Shaheed
• Real name was Mir Nisar Ali
• Worked for the revival of Islam in West Bengal during the 1800s
• Worried over the miserable conditions of the Bengali Muslims
• Opposed the tax imposed on keeping beard
• Established his own rule in Narkelbaria, near Calcutta
• Raised his own Army
• British defeated and killed him in a battle in 1831 Titu Mir
Topic 5: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Introduction:
• From a respectable family
• From Delhi
• In 1838, started a career in the legal system, but later, by the hard work,
became a judge in 1846
• Wrote “Athar-us-Sanadeed” in 1846
• Became Chief Judge in 1857
• Saved lives of some European families
• But refused the reward for this favor
• His image was enhanced in front of British
• Unpopular in Muslims, especially he Ulemas, because of his favors for British
• Became Chief Justice in Muradabad, Ghazipur
• In 1876, retired in Aligarh
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
• Dedicated to the Aligarh Movement/Muslim renaissance, till his death
• Died in 1898, in Aligarh
Beliefs:
• Worried on the poor conditions of Muslims
• Deterioration since the decline of Mughals
• Most blames were pit on Muslims
• British denied better and respectable jobs for Muslims
• Also implemented tough measures
• He believed that Muslims should: From a respectable family
• From Delhi
• In 1838, started a career in the legal system, but later, by the hard work, became a judge in 1846
• But refused the reward for this favor


Beliefs:
• Worried on the poor conditions of Muslims
• Deterioration since the decline of Mughals
• Most blames were pit on Muslims
• British denied better and respectable jobs for Muslims
• British also implemented tough measures
• Sir Syed believed that:
1. Befriend with the British, as they ruled India
2. Acquire modern education and technology, to compete with Hindus, and to
improve their socio-economic and political conditions, and to get better jobs
3. Not join politics, because Hindus were politically active by 1870s, hey could
exploit Muslims in agitational Politics
Works/Services/Achievements:
1. Improve relations with British:
• Why/Reasons:
➢ To improve socio-economic conditions of Muslims
➢ It was vital to befriend with British
➢ British had put all blame of War of Independence on the Muslims
➢ British replaced Muslim ruler too
➢ Muslims thought that British were invaders
➢ Muslims thought that British were replacing the Islam with Christianity
➢ Many Muslims rejected the Western culture
➢ Remained hostile and defiant towards Muslims
• Details:
(i) Convinced the British by:
➢ Writing books
➢ Articles
➢ Pamphlets
➢ E.g. The Loyal Muhammadans of India, Essays on the causes of Indian Revolt
➢ Used the word “Nadarath”
➢ Muslims didn’t use it to insult British
➢ It was a word from Arabic language, from the word “Nasir”, meaning “helper”
(ii) Convinced the Muslims by:
➢ Improved his image as a sincere Muslim
➢ Corrected errors in the book of Sir William Muir about the Holy Prophet
➢ Highlighted similarities between Islam and Christianity
➢ Tried to reduce gaps between British and Muslims
➢ Wrote “Tabayin-al-Kalam”, a commentary on the Bible
➢ Founded “British Indian Association”, to bring closer the Muslims and British
- 36 -
• Results/Importance:
➢ Efforts of Syed Ahmad were helpful in future
➢ Success of Simla Delegation
2. Educational Services:
• Why/Reasons:
➢ Muslims were not interested in Modern British education
➢ Hindus excelled in literacy and acquired modern education
➢ By 1871, there were only 92 Muslims in the Government services against 711 Hindus
➢ Hindus were reviving their religion
➢ They were fully aware of the need of Modern education
➢ Hindus showed little respect to Muslims
• Details:
➢ Told Muslims that Quran orders the Muslims to acquire knowledge, from first revelation
➢ Issued “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq”, to teach Muslims to be intellectual and follow Islamic
discipline
➢ In 1863, started the Scientific Society in Ghazipur
➢ Translations of modern scientific writings into Persian and Urdu
➢ In 1866, another school in Muradabad
➢ In 1864, another school in Ghazipur
➢ In 1869, visited England, observed Oxford and
Cambridge universities and dreamed for similar
institutions in Indian sub-continent for Muslims
➢ Started a fund-raising campaign after his return
➢ In May 1875, Muhammadan Anglo Oriental (MAO) Muhammadan Anglo Oriental
school started in Aligarh University Aligarh
➢ MAO school became a college in 1876
➢ Then became a university in 1920
➢ Named Aligarh University
➢ Offered modern and Islamic education
➢ Acted as a nursery for many future leaders
➢ In 1886, held Muhammadan Educational Conference (MEC), to improve educational
standard of Muslims
➢ Gradual increase and improvement in educational, socio-economic, and religious status
of Muslims
➢ MAO became a breeding ground for Muslim leaders
➢ MEC served as a political platform for education All India Muslim League (AIML)
founded in its 20th session, in 1906
3. Political Services:
• INC Politics:
➢ In 1885, INC was formed to represent all Indians
➢ But actually, it started to work for Hindus mostly
➢ Became a Hindu Dominant Party
➢ Sir Syed advised Muslims not to do politics with INC
➢ Politics with INC would engage agitational politics and damage Muslims’ relations with
British

➢ INC demanded:
(i) Joint electorates for the council election, democratic pattern of
England
Sir Syed opposed this because Hindus were more in population
(ii) Competitive exams for civil services in India
Sir Syed opposed this because there was a big disparity of education
between Hindus and Muslims
(iii) In 1867, Hindus demanded Hindi as official language, replacing Urdu
Sir Syed opposed this because Urdu had an Arabic and Persian script
and its association with Muslims, Hindi reflected the ruling of Hindus in future
➢ To counter the INC politics, Sir Syed founded United Patriotic Alliance in 1893, later
became Muhammadan Defense Association
➢ Founded Two Nation Theory
➢ Predicted the separation of Hindus and Muslims in future, after the language controversy,
and demands of INC
➢ Two Nation Theory gradually became valid, was the root of Pakistan Movement in 1940s

Q: Who was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan? [4]
Ans:
• From a respectable family

• From Delhi
• In 1838, started a career in the legal system, but later, by the hard work,
became a judge in 1846
• But refused the reward for this favor Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Q: What was Aligarh Movement? [4]

Ans:
• Efforts of Sir Syed and his colleagues

• For socio-economic and political uplift of Indian Muslims
• Sir Syed established MAO school in 1876
• MAO became a college in 1877
• MAO proved to be a nursery for future Muslim leaders
(Continued in next page)

- 38 -
• Roots of Pakistan Movement were laid

• His Ghazipore Scientific Society translated modern scientific writings into Persian and Urdu Language
Q: What was Sir Syed’s Two Nation Theory? [4]

Ans:
• Sir Syed’s opposition demands became known as Two Nation Theory

• Opposed Hindu demand of Hindi as official language of India
• Opposed the Hindu demand of Joint electorate based elections
• Opposed the idea of competitive exams for civil services, because Hindus were more literate
• Proposed a quota system for civil services
• Proposed separate electorates
• Observed that Hindus and Muslims can never live together
• Predicted the separation, which happened in future
Q: What was INC? [4]

Ans:
• A political organization/party
• Founded by Sir A.O Hume and Sir Henry Cotton
• Founded in 1885
• Was to represent all communities in India
• But it was more focused for Hindu majority
• In 1920, under the leadership of Gandhi, became more organized
• Jinnah joined joined it in 1906
• Jinnah felt disappointed by its Hindu agendas
• Jinnah left it in 1920
- 39 -
Topic 6: Languages of Pakistan

1. Urdu
• Reasons for choosing Urdu as the National Language:
➢ Long association with the Muslims of sub-continent
➢ Official language in the Sultans of Delhi and Mughal period
➢ Also used as the Court language
➢ Mixture of many languages, i.e. Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Saraiki etc.
➢ A uniting force for Muslims
➢ Language of armies
➢ Rich literature, mostly in 13th century
➢ Famous poets are Amir Khusrau, Mir Taqi Mir, Mirza Ghalib, Bahadur Shah Zafar and Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan
➢ Was strongly promoted by Aligarh University
➢ Also, the language of Two Nation Theory
➢ Was understood by most people
➢ Promoted by many schools and colleges
➢ Courses are available
➢ Degrees such as PhD, MPhil, Masters
➢ Awards are given
➢ Language of Media
➢ Sufism
• Efforts of the Govt to promote Urdu:

➢ Declared as the National Language of Pakistan
➢ Also declared the official language in 1973 Constitution
➢ Medium of Education in most school and colleges
➢ Promoted by many schools and colleges
➢ Courses are available
➢ Awards are given
➢ Poets also use Urdu
➢ Role of newspapers, radio, TV, novels, books, magazines, poetry
➢ Special institutes such as NUML (National University of Modern Languages), Urdu Law
College, Urdu Science Colleges in Karachi
➢ Awards on best writings, e.g. civil awards, Baba-i-Urdu, Hijra Award
Regional Languages:
1. Punjabi:
• Reasons of developing it:
➢ Language of the largest and most populated province of Pakistan,
Punjab
➢ Other dialects are Saraiki, Hindko, Riasti, Derawali etc.
➢ Rich history in background
➢ Major writers are Waris Shah, Sultan Bahu, Baba Farid, Bulleh
Shah
➢ Folk romances such as Heer Ranjha, Sohni, Mahinwal, Sassi Punnu, Mirza, Sahiban etc.
➢ Language of Sufism
(Continued in next page) - 40 -

➢ Major Sufi poets were Sultan Bahu, Gulam Farid

➢ Persian script from the old Gurmukhi script
➢ In 20th century, further growth with novels, short stories and Tablo plays
➢ Major poets are Ustad Daman, Munir Niazi, Muhammad Ali Faiq (translated Holy Quran into
Punjabi)
• Govt efforts to promote Punjabi:

➢ Medium of education in many schools in Punjab
➢ Research in Punjabi
➢ Declared as the National language of Punjab
➢ Govt encourages the writers and poets
➢ Punjabi as an optional subject in many Universities and Colleges
➢ Magazines, TV, radio, novels, books, poetry etc.
➢ Translation of Holy Quran into Punjabi
➢ Religious events in Punjabi
➢ Sufism
2. Sindhi
➢ Language of the 2nd most populated province of Pakistan, Sindh
➢ Rich in vocab and literature
➢ Linked with the arrival of Islam in 8th Century
➢ Strongly influenced by Arabic
➢ Change of script from Arz-i-Nagri and Marwari to the Arabic script
➢ Major writers are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Sachal Sarmast, Makhdum Nuh and Qazi Qazan
➢ There was a fear in the Sindhi people, this was because of exodus of educated Sindhi
Hindus and arrival of Urdu-speaking Muslims, in 1947
➢ Sufism
• Govt efforts to promote Sindhi:

➢ Sindh Literary Board in 1948
➢ Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Malik in 1954
➢ Samast Academy
➢ Dep. of Sindhiology in Sindh University in Jamshoro
➢ In 1972, declared as the National language of Sindh
➢ Major Writers are Sheikh Ayaz, Amir Jalil etc.
➢ Newspaper, radio (Karachi Centre), TV novels, books etc.
➢ Sindhi books were translated into Urdu A Radio Centre in
➢ Awards and prizes Karachi
3. Pushto
➢ Language of 3rd most populated province of Pakistan, Khyber
Pakhtun Khwa (KPK)
➢ Located at a tragic location, at Pak-Afghan Border
➢ Rich background with Sufi writing
➢ Major writers are Bayazid Ansari, Hazrat Mian Umar, Khushal Khan Khattak, Rahman Baba,
➢ Role in resistance against British
➢ Islamia College in Peshawar
➢ To raise the confidence of the people of a smaller province
- 41 -
• Govt efforts to promote Pushto:

➢ Islamia College in Peshawar
➢ Peshawar University in 1950
➢ In 1954, an academy started for Pushto
➢ 1st Pushto Dictionary
➢ Post graduate courses Peshawar University
➢ Abaseen arts council for Pushto drama
➢ Peshawar radio, TV, newspapers, music plays, documentaries etc.
➢ Translations of Pushto writings into Urdu
➢ Awards and prizes, i.e. Mah-i-Nau and Adabiyat
4. Balochi
➢ Language of the largest province in area, Balochistan
➢ But smallest in terms of population
➢ Was least developed
➢ Important to assure the Balochi people that they are being paid attention
➢ Few books
➢ Few poets
➢ Major poet was Jam Darang before the independence
• Govt efforts to promote Balochi:

➢ Karachi TV and Radio Centre promoted it before establishment of Quetta
TV and Radio Centre
➢ TV programs in Balochi
➢ Balochi newspaper, magazines
➢ Balochi Literary Association
➢ Encouraged new poets such as Atta Shad, Gul Khan Niazi
➢ Translations of Balochi writings into Urdu
➢ Awards and Prizes Poetry in Balochi
Language
Q: How has the Pakistani Govt promoted the development of Urdu between 1947
and 1999? [4]
Ans:
• Declared as the National Language of Pakistan

• Also declared the official language in 1973 Constitution
• Medium of Education in most school and colleges
• Promoted by many schools and colleges
• Degrees such as PhD, MPhil, Masters
• Courses are available
• Awards are given
• Poets also use Urdu
• Role of newspapers, radio, TV, novels, books, magazines, poetry

- 42 -
• Special institutes such as NUML (National University of Modern Languages), Urdu Law College, Urdu
Science Colleges in Karachi
• Awards on best writings, e.g. civil awards, Baba-i-Urdu, Hijra Award
Q: How has the Pakistani Govt promoted the development of Punjabi since 1947?
Ans:
[4]
• Medium of education in many schools in Punjab
• Degrees such as PhD, MPhil, Masters
• Research in Punjabi
• Declared as the National language of Punjab
• Govt encourages the writers and poets
• Punjabi as an optional subject in many Universities and Colleges
• Magazines, TV, radio, novels, books, poetry etc.
• Translation of Holy Quran into Punjabi
• Religious events in Punjabi
• Sufism
Q: How has the Pakistani Govt promoted the development of Sindhi between 1947
and 1999? [4]
Ans:
• Sindh Literary Board in 1948

• Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Malik in 1954
• Samast Academy
• Dep. of Sindhiology in Sindh University in Jamshoro
• In 1972, declared as the National language of Sindh
• Major Writers are Sheikh Ayaz, Amir Jalil etc.
• Newspaper, radio (Karachi Centre), TV novels, books etc.
• Sindhi books were translated into Urdu
• Awards and prizes
Q: How has the Pakistani Govt promoted the development of Pushto between
1947 and 1999? [4]
Ans:
• Islamia College in Peshawar

• Peshawar University in 1950
• In 1954, an academy started for Pushto
• 1st Pushto Dictionary
• Post graduate courses
• Abaseen arts council for Pushto drama
• Peshawar radio, TV, newspapers, music plays, documentaries etc.
• Translations of Pushto writings into Urdu
• Awards and prizes, i.e. Mah-i-Nau and Adabiyat
- 43 -
Q: How has the Pakistani Govt promoted the development of Pushto between
1947 and 1999? [4]
Ans:
• Karachi TV and Radio Centre promoted I before establishment of Quetta TV and Radio Centre
• TV programs in Balochi
• Balochi newspaper, magazines
• Balochi Literary Association
• Encouraged new poets such as Atta Shad, Gul Khan Niazi
• Translations of Balochi writings into Urdu
• Awards and Prizes
- 44 -
Section 3
Topic 1: Ministries
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977):
Overview/Introduction:
• Birth: Born on January 5, 1928, in Larkana, British India
• Education: Studied at the University of California, Berkeley, and later at the London School of
Economics
• Political Career: Co-founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) in 1967
• Ministerial Role: Served as Pakistan's Foreign Minister from 1963 to 1966
• Prime Minister: Became the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1973
• Constitution: Instrumental in framing the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan
• Social Reforms: Introduced major social and economic reforms, including land reforms and
nationalization of key industries
• Nuclear Program: Advocated for Pakistan's nuclear program, emphasizing self-reliance
• Overthrown: Dismissed in a military coup led by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977
• Execution: Executed on April 4, 1979, after a controversial trial, leaving a lasting political legacy
• 1st civilian to impose Marshal Law
Others:
• 1 March 1972, Bhutto’s land reforms: i.e. Limits set, 150 acres for irrigation and 300 acres non
cultivable
• Talents rights increased
• No tax if 12 acres or less for irrigation (cultivable) and 25 acres or less for commercial for residence
(non-cultivable)
• Loans for Agricultural machinery
Educational Reforms:
• Higher education commission, educational loans, scholarships,
• Education made compulsory till 8th standard, but then extended till matric
• New educational board
• Distant education at Allama Iqbal University
• Private teachers made Govt teachers
• Secondary education made higher
• Primary was made secondary
Labor Law Ordinance 1975:

• Labor Courts
• 13 salaries per year (1 for bonus)
• Residence, medical care, and education of atleast one child of each laborer was made the
responsibility of the mill owner
1973 Constitution:
• Stated on 14th August 1973
• Bicameral Legislature

• Provincial Autonomy
• Direct Election
• Protection of minorities’ rights
• Solution of Qadianis/Ahmadis, declared non-Muslims
• Separate electorate
• Urdu as state language
• Democratic creation, fundamental rights were granted
• Independence of Judiciary
• Socialist flavor
FSF (Federal Security Force):

• Establishment: Formed in 1972 during Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's tenure to enhance internal security.
• Purpose: Aimed to maintain law and order and provide security for government officials and sensitive
installations.
• Structure: Comprised paramilitary personnel and operated under the Ministry of Interior.
• Deployment: Primarily deployed in urban areas and during times of civil unrest or political instability.
• Role in Politics: Involved in safeguarding political events and managing protests.
• Controversies: Faced criticism for human rights abuses and excessive use of force in some situations.
Complaints that Bhutto used it for own benefits
• Disbandment: Eventually disbanded in the late 1980s as security policies evolved.
• Legacy: Left a mixed legacy regarding its effectiveness and approach to civil liberties.
Simla Agreement:
• Signed between Bhutto and Indira Gandhi (PMs of both countries)
• Decided not to war/fight
• Both countries should respect each others’ borders
• Both countries should improve mutual relations between them
• Indira said that Pakistan should accept Bangladesh
• Bhutto said to resolve the Kashmir dispute/issue
• Conflicts sorted out after peaceful discussions
• Both countries should respect each others’ sovereignty
• Fighting army will be returned to Barracks
• 90000 Pakistani soldiers released, on 27th December, 1973
• Indian army left 6000 miles2 from the border
Political Reforms/Events:
• Decisive majority in National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies (PA) of Punjab and Sindh
• JUI and NAP parties’ alliance in NWFP and Balochistan
• In 1972, PPP and JUI coalition
• Free hands to JUI and Nap in return to support PPP in National Assembly (NA)
• Governors to be appointed with the consent of respective member of PA
• After 1 year, dismissal of Govt of NWFP and Balochistan
• Military ops against Balochi Chiefs for 5 years
• Dream of provincial autonomy shattered
• No rights of bail/detention, of suspect
• 2 more constitutional amendments:
1. April 1979: restricted press freedom
2. Ban on undesirable political parties
• 1975, unusual powers of FSF suppressing oppositions, used by Bhutto
- 46 -
Health Reforms/Issues:
• Rural Health Centers (RHCs)
• Basic Health Units (BHUs)
• New hospitals and medical colleges
• Removed brand names on medicines, to reduce prices
• New family planning schemes
• Vaccinations programs
• Compulsory for fresh doctors to serve specific time in rural area
• Improve medical care in Pakistan
• Shortage of doctors and nurses
• Reduced incomes of multi-national Medicine making companies
• Training centers for nurses and paramedic staff
Educational Reforms/Issues:
• Private schools were made Govt schools
• Private teachers were made Govt teachers
• Salaries of teachers increased
• Teachers didn’t teach from heart
• Teachers just enjoyed free salaries
• Private school owners were angry, because their schools were annexed
• HEC (Higher Education Commission
• 1st Phase: Free education till Primary
• 2nd Phase: Free education till Secondary
- 47 -
- 48 -
- 49 -
- 50 -

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O-Level History Notes By Muhammad Zarjaan Shahid

O-LEVEL HISTORY OF PAKISTAN

Topic 1: Decline of Mughals -------------------------------------------------------- Page 5

Topic 3: War of Independence 1857 ------------------------------------------------ Page 25

Topic 4: Reformers -------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 28

Topic 5: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ----------------------------------------------------- Page 35

Topic 6: Languages of Pakistan ----------------------------------------------------- Page 40

Reasons for Europeans attraction towards India:

• Indians were not united

• Have modern knowledge and technology

Questions from Past papers:

• Built many construction marvels. i.e. Taj Mahal in Agra

Q: Describe What Marathas did.

• Were ferocious and militant Hindu community

Q: Who was Shivaji?

Q: What were Aurangzeb’s religious policies?

Q: Who was Ahmad Shah Durrani?

Topic 2: EIC (EAST INDIA COMPANY) and British

British Govt replacing EIC:

Pitts India Act, 1784:

Reasons for EIC replacement by British Govt:

(Continued on next page)

2nd Anglo Mysore War:

(Continued on next page) - 10 -

➢ Return of Captured Territories: Both sides agreed to restore each other's

➢ Mutual Exchange of Prisoners: All prisoners of war were to be released and

• Significance of Treaty of Mangalore:

3rd Anglo-Mysore War:

• Causes of the War:

(Continued on next page)

• Events of the War:

➢ Territorial Losses for Mysore: Mysore had to cede significant territories,

4th Anglo-Mysore War:

➢ Tensions arose due to British interference in Bengal’s politics and Siraj-ud-Daulah’s

• Cause of the Battle:

• Events of the Battle:

➢ Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army consisted of 50,000 troops, including cavalry, infantry, and

➢ Nawab of Bengal at the time of the battle.

➢ Opposed British influence in Bengal and attacked Calcutta in 1756.

(Continued on next page)

➢ Commander in Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army.

➢ Siraj-ud-Daulah was later captured and executed by Mir Jafar’s men.

➢ The defeat of Siraj-ud-Daulah demonstrated the power of British military strategy,

• Cause of the Battle:

• Events of the Battle:

➢ Commander of the British East India Company’s forces.

➢ Played a crucial role in leading the British to victory through

4. Shah Alam II:

➢ Aligned with the Indian coalition to restore Mughal authority but

➢ His controversial appointment continued to cause tensions in Bengal, as he was used

• Cause of the Battle:

• Events of the Battle:

(Continued on next page) - 18 -

1. Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani Empire):

➢ The Afghan ruler, also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani.

2. Sadashiv Rao Bhau:

➢ The Maratha commander and key leader during the battle.

➢ His death marked the collapse of Maratha resistance on the battlefield.

4. Ibrahim Khan Gardi: