Art Appreciation - Week 1 - Week 4

ART APPRECIATION: ARTA 111 BSMT (2-Y2-7)
ART APPRECIATION: ARTA 111 ETYMOLOGY OF ART

ART comes from the Aryan root word AR which means to put together
COURSE DESCRIPTION: Art Appreciation
Latin word ARS which means skills/ability
- Art Appreciation is a three-unit course that develops students' ability to
appreciate, analyze, and critique works of art. Through interdisciplinary - cover those areas of artistic creativity -embraces the visual arts,
and multimodal approaches this course equips students with a broad literature, music and dance
knowledge of the practical, historical, philosophical, and social relevance - expresses aesthetic ideas by use of skill & imagination
of the arts in order to hone students' ability to articulate their
understanding of the arts.
DIVISION OF THE ARTS
- The course also develops students' competency in researching and
curating (selecting, organizing, and looking after the items in (a collection Visual:
or exhibition) art as well as conceptualizing, mounting, and evaluating art - arts that are primarily seen, occupies space
productions. The course aims to develop students' genuine appreciation
EXAMPLES: paintings, sculptures and architectures
for Philippine arts by providing them opportunities to explore the diversity
and richness and their rootedness in Filipino culture. Auditory:
- heard, timed arts; exist in time
INTRODUCTION: ART APPRECIATION (ARTA 111)
EXAMPLES: music and poetry
HUMANITIES
Combined/performing arts:
Humanities came from the Latin word humanus meaning refined, - combines visual & auditory elements
cultured and human.
EXAMPLES: drama & theatre, dancing, cinema & TV, opera
• study of the different cultural aspect of man, his frailties in life
and how it can be improved
• records man’s quest for answers to the fundamental questions
PURPOSES OF THE ARTS
he asks about himself and about life 1. Create beauty
Humanities are expressions of man’s feelings and thoughts 2. Provide decoration
• emphasizes dignity and worthiness of man and recognizes 3. Reveal truth
creative expressions 4. Immortalize
• aimed to shape students subjective energies (feelings, attitudes 5. Express religious values
and aspirations)
6. Record and commemorate experience
IMPORTANCE OF HUMANITIES 7. Create order & harmony
• Man needs an image of himself

• Understanding of his natures
• Necessary for the development of a complete, social man
• Provides man with a measure of his own passion & desire
• Regulate man’s behaviour
ONLINE MUSEUM The Louvre, Paris

The Louvre is the largest art museum in the world and is the most visited
INTERNATIONAL MUSEUMS
museum too, as per the 2018 Museum Index. While you may not be able
International Museum Day has been celebrated every May 18 since to fly to Paris to check it out, with or without a pandemic, you may still
1977 to recognize how museums contribute to sharing and enriching visit the Louvre’s website for a selection of its virtual tours.
cultures, and to stress the impact museums have on building PETTITE GALLERY:
understanding among people.
While museums around the world have closed down due to the
coronavirus pandemic, some remain open in the online sphere. Take part
in International Museum Day with these museums gone virtual, abroad and
in the Philippines.
Guggenheim Museum, New York

The Guggenheim Museum specializes in modern and contemporary art. NOTE: MONA LISA IS CURRENTLY EXHIBIT HERE
The building itself is an architectural landmark, with its iconic Atrium
resembling a shell and connecting the galleries. The British Museum, London
The British Museum, founded in 1753, declares that it is the first national
public museum of the world. It made over four million objects and 1.9
million images available for free on its website on April 28.
NOTE: PAPYRUS: THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF ANI
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum that covers the art and history
of the Netherlands. It houses masterpieces by art icons such as
Rembrandt and Johannes Vermeer. Appreciate the galleries of paintings Space Center Houston, Houston
and its grand and colorful interiors Space Center Houston is a leading science and space exploration
learning center. It has space artifacts and exhibits on American
spaceflight, which can be viewed on its website. Popular attractions
include the Astronaut Gallery, which houses Apollo 12, Apollo 7 and
Apollo 11 astronauts’ space suits.
Philippine museums Center for Art, New Ventures and Sustainable

Ayala Museum, Makati
Development (CANVAS), Quezon City
The Ayala Museum exhibits pre-colonial artifacts and contemporary art, CANVAS aims to “promote children’s literacy, explore national identity,
and deepen public appreciation for Philippine art, culture and the
and is known for its dioramas of Philippine history. Under renovation since
June 2019, it has maintained an online presence. Check out its collections environment,” as stated on its official website. It is known for its
on Google Arts and Culture and learn about history and art on its YouTube partnerships with and promotion of young artists.
channel.
Presidential Museum and Library, Manila The National Museum, Manila

The Presidential Museum and Library is located in Malacañang Palace and The National Museum exhibits artifacts and artwork “unique to the
looks back on the country’s presidencies. Portraits, letters and cultural heritage of the Filipino people and the natural history of the
documents of past Presidents, all the way from Emilio Aguinaldo, are Philippines,” as per its website. A virtual tour is available on the same
housed here. government website. Accessing it, though, may not be that easy, since it
requires Adobe Flash Player for viewing, generally regarded as dated by
most techies. JB
NOTE: SPOLARIUM BY JUAN LUNA – NATIONAL MUSEUM

Ateneo Art Gallery, Quezon City
The Ateneo Art Gallery is a university museum which showcases
PANPIPE:
contemporary art such as paintings, sculptures and installations. It refers - The panpipes or “pan flute” derives its name from the Greek god Pan,
to itself as “the first museum of Philippine modern art.” Take virtual tours who is often depicted holding the instrument. Panpipes, however, can be
of its floors through its website. found in many parts of the world, including South America, Oceania,
Central Europe, and Asia.
- also called syrinx, wind instrument consisting of cane pipes of different
lengths tied in a row or in a bundle held together by wax or cord
NOTE: THESE ARE JUST ADDITIONAL WALA MAN TOH SA CANVAS

Introduction and Assumptions Plato had the sharpest foresight when he discussed in
the Symposium that beauty, the object of any love, truly progresses. As
What is Art: Introduction and Assumptions one moves through life, one locates better, more beautiful objects of
desire. One can never be totally content with what is just before him.
In order to function in the complex human relationships in which we find Human beings are drawn toward what is good and ultimately beautiful.
ourselves, and to understand human existence, we use variety of vantage This lesson is about this yearning for the beautiful, the appreciation of
points. When, for example, we meet people, we usually choose several the all-consuming beauty around us, and some preliminary clarifications
vantage points from which to perceive and relate to them: we can see on assumptions that people normally hold about art.
them as organized systems of chemical components; as bundles of
interacting psychological and social experiences; as spiritual entities; a
Why Study the Humanities?
combination of these, or something else altogether. How well we perceive For as long as man existed in this planet, he has cultivated the land,
and respond requires the development of certain skills. In a sense, these altered the conditions of the fauna and the flora, in order to survive.
vantage points and skills are ways of “knowing” human reality or the Alongside these necessities, man also marked his place in the world
“human condition.” Humans have organized these ways of knowing into through his works. Through his bare hands, man constructed
categories generally called science, technology, social sciences, infrastructures that tended to his needs, like his house. He sharpened
philosophy, humanities, and fine arts. swords and spears. He employed fire in order to melt gold.
We may say that science seeks to examine reality; technology uses the The initial meaning of the word “art” has something to do with all these
discoveries of science to create tools for making life better; social craft. The word “art” comes from the ancient Latin, ars which means a
science studies people behave; philosophy helps to understand the “craft or specialized form of skill, like carpentry or blacksmithing or
meaning of life; and humanities and fine arts try to describe what kind of surgery “. Art then suggested the capacity to produce an intended result
creature we are, and how we got to be this way. Specifically, the arts try from carefully planned steps or method. When a man wants to build a
to understand the human condition by drawing upon “creative house, he plans meticulously to get to what the prototype promises and
impulses” that sometimes communicate through mysterious channels. he executes the steps to produce the said structure, then he engaged in
Very often the boundaries between science, technology, social science, art. The Ancient World did not have any conceived notion of art in the
philosophy, and the humanities and fine arts are blurred. The scientist same way that we do now. To them, art only meant using the bare hands
often defends as much as the artist on intuition to sense or imagine that to produce something that will be useful to one’s day-to-day life.
there is something to be discovered.
Ars In Medieval Latin came to mean something different. It meant “any
Art is something that is perennially around us. Some people may deny special form of book-learning, such as grammar or logic, magic, or
having to do with arts but it is indisputable that life presents us with many astrology”. It was only during the Renaissance Period that the word
forms of and opportunities for communion with the arts. A bank manager reacquired a meaning that was inherent in its ancient form of craft.
choosing what to wear together with his shirt and shoes, a politician Early Renaissance artist saw their activities merely as craftsmanship,
shuffling her music track while comfortably seated on her car looking for devoid of a whole lot of intonations that are attached to the word now.
her favorite song, a student marveling at the intricate designs of a
It was during the seventeenth century (17TH) when the problem and
medieval cathedral during his field trip, and a market vendor cheering for
idea of aesthetics, the study of beauty, began to unfold distinctly
her bet in dance competition on a noontime TV program all manifest
from the notion of technical workmanship, which was the original
concern for values that are undeniably, despite tangentially, artistic.
conception of the word “art”.
Despite the seemingly overflowing instances of arts around people, one
It was finally in the eighteenth century (18TH) when the word has
still finds the need to see more and experience more, whether consciously
evolved to distinguish between the fine arts and the useful arts. The
or unconsciously. One whose exposure to music is only limited to one
fine arts would come to mean “not delicate or highly skilled in arts,
genre finds it lacking not to have been exposed to more. One whose idea
but “beautiful arts”. This is something more akin to what is now
of cathedral is limited to the locally available ones, finds enormous joy in
considered art.
seeing other prototypes in Europe.
“The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important
means of expression developed by man”. Human history has
witnessed how man evolved not just physically but also culturally, from
cave painters to men of exquisite paintbrush users of the present.
Even if one goes back to the time before written records of man’s Florante at Laura never fails to teach high school students the beauty
civilization has appeared, he can find cases of man’s attempts of not just of love , one that is universal and pure. Ibong Adarna, another Filipino
crafting tools to live and survive but also expressing his feelings and masterpiece, has always captured the imagination of the young with
thoughts. The Galloping Wild Boar found in the cave of Altamira, Spain is its timeless lessons.
one such example. In 1879, a Spaniard and his daughter were exploring
When we recite the Psalms, we feel in communion with King David as we
a cave when they saw pictures of a wild boar, hind, and bison. According
feel one with him in his conversation with God. When we listen to a
to experts, these paintings were purported to belong to Upper
kundiman or perform folk dances, we still enjoy the way our Filipino
Paleolithic Age, several thousands of years before the current era. Pre-
ancestors whiled away their time in the past. We do not necessarily like
historic men, with their crude instruments, already showcased and
a kundiman for its original meaning. We just like it. We enjoy it. Or just as
manifested earliest attempts at recording man’s innermost interests,
one of the characters in the movie Bar Boys thought, kundiman makes
preoccupations, and thoughts.
one concentrate better.
The humanities, then, ironically, have started even before the term has
The first assumption then about the humanities is that art has been
been coined. Human persons have long been exercising what it means to
crafted by all people regardless of origin, time place, and that it
be a human long before he was even aware of his being one. The
stayed on because it is liked and enjoyed by people continuously.
humanities stand tall in bearing witness to this magnificent phenomenon.
Any human person, then, is tasked to participate, if not, totally partake in A great piece of work will never be obsolete. Some people say that
this long tradition of humanizing himself. art is art for intrinsic worth. In John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism
(1879), enjoyment in the arts belongs to a higher good, one that lies at
the opposite end of base pleasures. Art will always be present because
Basic Assumptions of the Art human beings will always express themselves and delight in these
expressions. Men will continue to use art while art persists and never
ART IS UNIVERSAL gets depleted.
Art has been created by all people at all times, in all countries and ARTS INVOLVE EXPERIENCE.
it lives because its well-liked and enjoyed. Art involves experience; there can never be appreciation of art
Literature has provided key works of art. Among the most popular ones without experience.
being taught in school are the two Greek epics, the Iliad and the
Odyssey. The Sanskrit pieces Mahabharata and Ramayana are also
staples in this field. These works, purportedly written before the beginning
of recorded history, are believed to be man’s attempt at recording
stories and tales that have been passed on, known, and sung throughout
the years. Art has always been timeless and universal, spanning
generations and continents through and through.
In every country and in every generation, there is always art.
Oftentimes, people feel that what is considered artistic are only those
which have been made long time ago. This is a misconception. Age is not
a factor in determining art. An “art is not good because it is old, but Getting this far without a satisfactory definition of art can be quite weird
old because it is good”. In the Philippines, the works of Jose Rizal and for some. For most people, art does not require a full definition. Art is
Francisco Balagtas are not being read because they are old. Otherwise, just experience. By experience, we mean the “actual doing of
works of other Filipinos who have long died would have been required in something”. When one says that he has an experience of something, he
junior high school too. The pieces mentioned are read in school and have often means that he knows what that something is about. When one
remained to be with us because they are good. They are liked and adored claims that he has experienced falling in love, getting hurt, and bouncing
because they meet our needs and desires. back, he in effect claims that he know (sometimes) endless cycle of
loving. When one asserts having experienced preparing a particular
recipe, he in fact asserts knowing how the recipe is made.
Knowing a thing is different from others what the said thing is. A radio Paul Cezanne, a French painter, painted a scene from reality
DJ dispensing advice on love when he himself has not experienced it does entitled Well and Grinding Wheel in the Forest of the Chateau Noir. The
not only really know what he is talking about. A choreographer who cannot said scene is inspired by real scene In a forest around the Chateau Noir
execute a dance step himself is a bogus. Art is always an experience. area near Aix in Cezanne’s native Provence. Comparing the two, one can
Unlike fields of knowledge that involves data, art is known by experiencing. see that Cezanne has changed some patterns and details from the way
A painter cannot produce a work of art if a chisel is foreign to him. Dudley, they were actually in the photograph. What he did is not nature. It is art.
et al, affirmed that “aII art depends on experience, and if one is to know One important characteristic of art is that it is not nature. Art is man’s
art, he must know it not as fact or information but as experience.” expression of his reception of nature. Art is man’s way of interpreting
A work of art then cannot be abstracted from actual doing, In order to nature. Art is not nature. Art is made by man, whereas nature is a
know what an artwork is, we have to sense it, see it or hear it, and see given around us. It is in this juncture that they can be considered
AND hear it. To fully appreciate our national hero’s monument, one must opposites. What we find in nature should not be expected to be present
go to Rizal Park and see the actual sculpture. In order to know Beyonce’s in art too. Movies are not meant to be direct representation of reality.
music, one must listen to it to actually experience them. A famous story They may, according to the moviemaker’s perception of reality, be a
about someone who adores Picasso goes something like this: “Years ago, reinterpretation or even distortion of nature.
Gertrude Stein was asked why she bought the pictures of the then The distinction assumes that all of us see nature, perceive its elements
unknown artist Picasso. ‘I like to look at them’ said Miss Stein”. At the end in myriad, different, yet ultimately valid ways. One can only imagine that
of the day, one fully gets acquainted with art if one immerses himself into story of the five blind men who one day argue against each other on what
it. In the case of Picasso, one only learns about Picasso’s work by looking an elephant looks like. Each of the live blind men was holding a different
at it. That is precisely what Miss Stein did. part of the elephant. The first was touching the body and thus, thought
In matters of art, the subject’s perception is of primacy. One can read the elephant was like a wall. Another was touching the beast’s ear and
hundreds of reviews about a particular movie, but at the end of the day, was convinced that the elephant was like a fan. The rest were touching
until he sees the movie himself, he will be in no position to actually talk other different parts of the elephant and concluded differently based on
about the movie. He does not know the movie until he experiences it. An their perceptions. Art is like each of these men’s view of the
important aspect of experiencing art is its being highly personal, elephant. It is based on an individual’s subjective experience of nature.
individual, and subjective. In philosophical terms, perception of art is It is not meant, after all, to accurately define what the elephant is really
always a value judgment. It depends on who the perceiver is, his tastes, like in nature. Artists are not expected to duplicate nature just as even
his biases, and what he has inside him. Degustisbus non scientists with their elaborate laboratories cannot make nature.
disputandumest (Matters of taste are not matters of dispute). One Once this point has been made, a student of humanities can then ask
cannot argue with another person’s evaluation of art because one’s further questions such as: What reasons might the artist have in
experience can never be known by another. creating something? Why did Andres Bonifacio write “Pag-ibig
Finally, one should also underscore that every experience with art saTinubuang Lupa? ”What motivation did Juan Luna have in creating his
is accompanied by some emotion. One either likes or dislikes, agrees masterpiece, the Spoliarium? In whatever work of art, one should always
or disagrees that a work of art is beautiful. A stage play or motion picture ask why the artist made it. What is it that he wants to show?
is particularly one of those art forms that evoke strong emotions from its
Art and Nature. Art is not nature; Nature is not art.
audience. With experience comes emotions and feelings, after all. Feelings
and emotions are concrete proofs that the artwork has been experiences. Art is not nature. Art is made by human beings. Artists frequently find
their inspiration and subject matter in nature, and artists do use nature
as a medium, but art itself not nature.
ART IS NOT NATURE.
Art is made by human beings, and no matter how close it is to nature,
In the Philippines, it is not entirely novel to hear some consumers of local
it always shows that it was made by human beings.
movies remark that these movies produced locally are unrealistic. They
contend that local movies work around certain formula to the detriment The function of the artist is to help us understand the nature of things,
of substance and faithfulness to reality of the movies. These critical minds to realize the possibilities in the world, to develop insights or enlarge
argue that a good movie must reflect reality as closely as possible. Is that imagination by creating or revealing new subjects.
so?
Art is made by man; Art is everywhere. Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination, and Expression
It takes an artist make art. One may perceive beauty on a daily basis.
However not every beautiful thing that can be seen or experienced may
truly be called a work of art. Art is a product of man’s creativity,
imagination and expression. No matter how perfectly blended the colors
of a sunset are and now matter how extraordinarily formed mountains
are, nature is not considered art simply because it is not made by man.
Not even photographs or sketches of nature, though captured or drawn
by man, are works of art, but mere recordings of the beauty in nature.
An artwork may be inspired by nature or other works of art, but an artist
invents his own forms and patterns due to what he perceives as beautiful
and incorporates them in creating his masterpiece.
Perhaps not everyone can be considered an artist, but surely, all are
Art is man’s oldest means of expression; Art as a means spectators of art. In deciding what pair of shoes to buy, we carefully
of expression & communication. examine all possible choices within our budget and purchase the one that
- EXAMPLE: HIEROGLYPHICS satisfies out beauty and practical standards. We are able to distinguish
what is fine and beautiful from what id not and what id good quality from
poor. This gives us role in the field of art appreciation.
Art Appreciation as a Way of Life

Jean-Paul Sartre a famous French philosopher of the twentieth
century, described the role of art as a creative work that depicts the
world on a completely different light and perspective, and the
source in due to human freedom. Each artwork beholds beauty of its own
kind that the artist sees and want the viewers to perceive. More often
than not, people are blind to this beauty and only those who have
developed a fine sense of appreciation can experience and see the art
the same way artist did. Because of this, numerous artwork go
unnoticed, artist are not given enough credit, and they miss
- “The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important means opportunities. It sometimes takes a lifetime before their contribution to
of expression developed by man”. Human history has witnessed how man the development of art is recognized. Hence, refining one’s ability to
evolved not just physically but also culturally, from cave painters to men of appreciate art allows him to deeply understand the purpose of an
exquisite paintbrush users of the present. Even if one goes back to the time artwork and recognize the beauty it possesses.
before written records of man’s civilization has appeared, he can find cases of
man’s attempts of not just crafting tools to live and survive but also expressing In cultivating an appreciation of art, one should also exercise and
his feelings and thoughts. The Galloping Wild Boar found in the cave of development his taste for things that are fine and beautiful. This allow
Altamira, Spain is one such example. In 1879, a Spaniard and his daughter were individuals to make intelligent choices and decision in acquitting
exploring a cave when they saw pictures of a wild boar, hind, and bison. necessities and luxuries, knowing what gives better value for time or
money while taking into consideration the aesthetic and practical value.
The Galloping Wild Boar found in the cave of Altamira, Spain.
This continuous demand for aesthetically valuable things influences the
development and evolution of art and its forms.
Frequenting museums, art galleries, performing art theaters, concert
halls, or even mall that display art exhibition that are free in admission
during leisure time will not only develop an understanding of art, but will
also serve as a rewarding experience. Learning to appreciate art, no
matter what vocation or profession you have, will lead to a further
and more meaningful life.
Role of Creativity in Art Making The making of this tune in his head makes it an imaginary tune, an
imaginative creation, an imaginary art. It remains imaginary until he
Creativity requires thinking outside the box. It is often used to solve
hums, sings, or writes down the notes if the tune on the paper, However,
problems that have never occurred before, conflate function and style ,
something imaginary does not necessarily mean it cannot be called art.
and simply make life more unique and enjoyable experience . In art,
Artist use their imagination that gives birth to reality through creation.
creatively is what sets apart one artwork from another. We say something
is done creatively when we have not simply copy imitate another artist In the same way that imagination produces art, art is also inspires
work. He does not imitate the lines, flaws, colors, and patterns, in imagination imagine being in an empty room surrounded by blank, white
recreating nature. He embraces originality, puts his own flavor into work walls, and floor. Would you inspired to work in such a place? Often , you
, and calls it his own creative piece. will find coffee shops , restaurants, and libraries with paintings hung or
sculptures and other pieces of art around the room to add beauty to the
Yet, being creative nowadays can be quite challenging. What you thought
surroundings. This craving and desire to be surrounded by beautiful
was your own unique and creative idea may not what it seems to be after
things dates back our early ancestors. Cave walls are surrounded by
extensive research and someone else has coincidentally devised before
drawings and paintings of animals they hunted; wilds boars, reindeers,
the idea in another part of the world. For instance, the campaign ad “it’s”
and bison. Clays were molded and stones were carved into forms that
More fun in the Philippines” used by the Department of Tourism ( DOT)
resemble men and women; burial jars were created with intricate design
boomed popularity in 2011, but later on it was found out that it was
on them. These creative piece were made not only because they were
allegedly plagiarized form Switzerland’s tourism slogan “its More Fun in
functional to men, but also because beauty gave them joy.
Switzerland,” back in 1951. In Dot’s defense former Dot Secretary Ramon
Jimenez Jr. claimed that it was “purely coincidental.” Thus, creativity Art as Expression
should be backed with careful research on related art to avoid such
conflicts. There may have been times when you felt something is going on within
you, you try to explain it but you do not know how. You may only be
Art as a Product of Imagination, Imagination as a Product conscious about feeling this sort of excitement, fear, or agitation, but
of Art you know that just one word is not enough to describe the nature of what
you truly feel. Finally, you try to release yourself from this tormenting
Where do you think famous writers, painters, and musicians get their and disabling state by doing something, which is called expressing
ideas? Where do ideas in making creative solution begin? It all starts in oneself. Suppose this feeling is excitement. It is frustrating to contain
the human mind. It all begins with mind imagination. such feeling, so you relieve it by expressing through shouting or leaping
German physicist Albert Einstein who had made significant and major in excitement. An emotion will remain unknown to a man until he
contributions in science and humanity demonstrated that knowledge is expresses it.
actually derived from imagination. He emphasized this idea through his Robin George Collingwood, an English philosopher who is best known for
words; his work in aesthetic, explicated in his publication The Principles of art
Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited (1938) that what an artist does to an emotion is not to induce it, but
to all we know and understand. While imagination embraces the entire express it. Through expression, he is able to explore his own emotions and
world, and all there ever will be know and understand”. at the same time, create something beautiful out of them. Collingwood
further illustrated that expressing emotions is something different form
Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm, but goes beyond
describing emotions. In his example, explicitly saying “I am angry” is not
that. That is why people rely on curiosity and imagination for
an expression of an emotion, but a mere description. There is no need in
advancement. Through imagination, one is able to craft something bold,
relating or referring to a specific emotion, such as anger, in expressing
something new, and something better in the hopes of creating something
one’ emotion. Description actually destroy the idea of expression, as it
that will stimulate change. Imagination allows endless possibilities.
classifies the emotion, making it ordinary freedom to express himself the
In artist mind sits a vast gallery of artwork. An artwork does not need to way he wants to Hence, there is no specific technique in expression. This
be a real thing, but can be something that is imaginary. Take for example makes people’s art not a reflection of what outside or external to them,
a musician who thinks of a tune in his head. but a reflection of their inner salves.
There are countless ways of expressing oneself through art. The
following list includes, but is not limited to, popular art expressions.
POPULAR ART EXPRESSIONS Poetry Performance

Visual Arts Poetry is an art form where the artist expresses his emotions not by
using paint, charcoal, or camera, but expresses them through words.
Creations that fall under this category are those that appeal to the sense These words are carefully selected to exhibit clarity and beauty and to
of sight and are mainly visual in nature. Artists produce visual arts stimulate strong emotions of you, anger, love, sorrow, and the list goes
driven by their desire to reproduce things that they have seen in the way on. It uses a word’s emotional, musical, and spatial values that go beyond
that they perceived them. We will not be too strict on the definition since its literal meaning to narrate, emphasize, argue, or convince. These
there are other artistic disciplines that also involve a visual aspect, such words, combined with movements, tone, volume, and intensity of the
as performance arts, theater, and applied arts, that will be discussed in delivery, add to the artistic value of the poem. Some poets even make
detail later on. poems out of their emotions picked up from other works of art, which in
turn produce another work of art through poetry.
Visual arts is the kind of art form that the population is most likely more
exposed to, but its variations are so diverse they range from sculptures Architecture
that you see in art galleries to the last movie you saw. Some mediums of
As discussed, art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while
visual arts include paintings, drawings, lettering, printing, sculptures,
architecture is the making of beautiful buildings. However, not all
digital imaging, and more.
buildings are beautiful. Some buildings only embody the functionality the
need, but the structure, lines, forms, and colors are not beautifully
Film expressed. Thus, not all buildings can be considered architecture. Take,
Film refers to the art of putting together successions of still images for example, the Grand Theatre de Bordeaux where the functionality of
in order to create an illusion of movement, Filmmaking focuses on its the theater remains, but the striking balance of the lines, colors, and
aesthetic, cultural, and social value and is considered as both an art and shapes completes the masterpiece. Buildings should embody these
an industry. Films can be created by using one or a combination of three important elements plan, construction, and design, if they wish to
merit the title architecture.
some or all of these techniques: motion-picture camera (also known as
movie camera), animation techniques, Computer-Generated imagery Architecture – is the art of designing and constructing buildings and
(CGI), and more. other types of structures.
Filmmaking simulates experiences or cerates one that is beyond the It is often referred to as the “mother of the arts” because it houses,
scope of our imagination as it aims to deliver ideas, feeling, or beauty to serves as background for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art.
its viewers. The art of filmmaking is so complex it has to take into account Materials used include stone, concrete, brick, wood, steel, glass, and
many important elements such as lighting, musical scores, visual effects, plaster.
direction, and more. That is why in famous film festivals and awards such
as the Metro Manila Film Festival and Oscars, a long list of categories
Dance
is considered to recognize excellence in the art of filmmaking. Dance is series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music
accompaniment. It was been an age-old debate whether dance can really
be considered an art form, here we primarily describe dance as a form
Performance Art of expression. Dancing is a creative form that allows people to freely
Performance art is a live art and the artist’s medium is mainly the human express themselves. It has no rules, You may say that choreography
body which he or she uses to perform, but also employs other kind of art does not allow this, but in art expression, dancers are not confined to
such as visual art, props, or sound. It usually consists of four important set steps and rules but are free to create and invent their own
elements: time, where the performance took place, the performer’s or movements as long as they deem them graceful and beautiful.
performer’sbody, and a relationship between the audience and the Dance (French dancier,) generally refers to human movement either
performer(s). used as a form of expression or in a social, presented spiritual or
The fact that performance art is live makes it intangible, which means it performance setting.
cannot be bought or traded as a commodity, unlike the previously Choreography - is the art of making dances, and the person who does
discussed art expressions. this is called a choreographer.
Literary Art PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS

Artist who practice literary arts use words-not paint, musical
instruments, or chisels-to express themselves and communicate emotion
to the readers. However, simply becoming a writer does not make one a
literary artist. Simply constructing a succession of sentence in a
meaningful manner is not literary art.
Literary art goes beyond the usual professional, academic,
journalistic, and other technical form of writing. It focuses on writing
According to experts, these paintings were purported to belong to Upper
using a unique style, not following a specific form or norm. It may
Paleolithic Age, several thousands of years before the current era. Pre-
include both fiction and non-fiction such as novels, biographies and
historic men, with their crude instruments, already showcased and
poems. Examples of famous literary artist and their work include The
manifested earliest attempts at recording man’s innermost interests,
Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery and Romeo and Juliet by
preoccupations, and thoughts.
William Shakespeare.
The humanities, then, ironically, have started even before the term has
Theater been coined. Human persons have long been exercising what it means to
be a human long before he was even aware of his being one. The
Theater uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events
humanities stand tall in bearing witness to this magnificent phenomenon.
before a live audience. Theater art performance usually follows a script,
Any human person, then, is tasked to participate, if not, totally partake
though they should not be confused with literary arts.
in this long tradition of humanizing himself.
Much like in filmmaking, theater also considers several elements such as
acting, gesture, lighting, sound effects musical score, scenery, and props.
CHIAROSCHURO
The combination of these elements is what gives the strongest impression
on the audience and the script thus becomes a minor element. - Chiaroscuro stems from the Italian words chiaro, which means “clear”
or “bright”, and oscuro, meaning “obscure” or “dark”.
Similar to performance art, since theater is also a live performance, the
participation of the viewers is an important element in theater arts. Some In art, it refers to the arrangement of light and dark in a painting or
genres of theater include drama, musical, tragedy, comedy and drawing.
improvisation. It can also be used to achieve a sense of volume in modelling three-
dimensional objects and figures. When discussing Italian art, the term
Applied Arts sometimes is used to mean painted images in monochrome or two
Applied arts incorporate elements of style and design to everyday colors, more generally known in English by the French equivalent,
items with the aim of increasing their aesthetical value. Artists in this grisaille.
field bring beauty, charm, and comfort into many things that are useful in The term broadened in meaning, and now primarily covers all strong
everyday life. Industrial design, interior design, fashion design, and contrasts between light and dark areas in art.
graphic design are considered applied arts.
Chiaroscuro originated during the Renaissance as drawing on
Applied is often compared to fine arts, where the latter is chiefly colored paper, where the artist worked from the paper's base tone
concerned on aesthetic value. Through exploration and expression of toward light using white gouache, and toward dark using ink, body color
ideas, consideration of the needs, and careful choice of materials and or water color.
techniques, artists are able to combine functionality and style.
It is said to have been invented by the Renaissance master da Vinci,

who discovered that he could portray depth through slow gradations of
light and shadow.
A century later, the Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio used

chiaroscuro in a new way to dramatically brighten his works.
He heightened the sense of drama by using only a single light source, such
as a lit candle or an open window, which created a high tonal contrast. He
quickly gained followers of this style, called the Caravaggisti, which
spread across Europe.
Caravaggio never established a workshop, which most other painters at

the time did - so he didn’t have a school to spread his techniques or
philosophical approach to art.
But his use of chiaroscuro can be seen in the works of great artists like
Rubens, Ribera, Bernini, and Rembrandt.
In the 1920s Roberto Longhi wrote: "Ribera, Vermeer, La Tour and
Rembrandt could never have existed without him. And the art of Delacroix,
Courbet and Manet would have been utterly different"
WHAT IS ART? (Youtube Video)

Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and
imagination.
Music is for ears
Paintings and sculptures is for eyes
Art is an experience
Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and
imagination that makes the audience feel something
Nature is not art
Art is intent; Art is a goal
Art is the purposeful expression or application of human creative skill or
imagination
Art VS. Design

Design is art with a practical purpose
Stories are art – it make us feel something on purpose
Art when it has a practical purpose beyond simple expression has to have
a focus on the emotions it builds sympathy and empathy and
understanding for a cause or issue or focusing on an experience
Design focuses on functional details it spreads understanding is useful

in practice: an anti-war painting builds sympathy: army enrollment
propaganda because their call to action and though it uses human
emotions to make its point it's focused on information
Dancing, singing, playing piano is not a creative skill but an expression of
the art
Playwright: Choerorapher – creative artist – made art

Actors: Dancer – Performance artist – express art
Art is used in relation with class
Art is subjective – can be bad or good
Art is objectively – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1. What was the goal?
2. Did they achieve the goal?
3. Was it worth doing?
Functions and Philosophical However, art in a much broader context acts as a healing agent for
Perspective on Art society’s general illnesses as well. Artworks can illustrate the failings
THE FUNCTIONS OF ART and excesses of society in hopes of saving us from disaster.
Art can function in many ways: As entertainment, political and social The laughter caused by the comedy releases endorphins, chemicals
weapons, therapy, and artifact. One functions is no more important that produced by the brain, which strengthen the immune system.
the others. Nor are they mutually exclusive: a single artwork can pursue
any or all of them. Nor are these the only functions of art. Rather, they B. ART AS ARTIFACT
serve as indicators of how art has functioned in the past, and can function
Art also functions as an artifact: A product of a particular time and place,
in the present. Like the types and styles of art we will examine later in the
an artwork represents the ideas and technology of that specific time and
book, these four functions are options for the artist and depend on what
place. As we look back over history, we find in art striking, and in some
the artist wishes to do with an artwork.
cases, the only, tangible records of some peoples. The insights we gain
Greek philosophers Aristotle claimed that every particular into cultures, including our own are enhanced tremendously by such
substance in the world has an end, or telos in Greek, which translates artifacts as paintings, sculptures, poems, plays, and buildings.
into “purpose”. Every substance, defined as formed matter, moves Artifacts connects us to our past, and of human relations
according to a fixed path toward its aim. A seed is bound to become a full- sometimes as old as humanity itself. In this text, the function of art
grown plant. A cocoon can look forward to flying high when it morphs into as artifact- as an example of a particular culture- takes on a central
a butterfly. A baby will eventually turn into a grown man or woman. role. In part Two we will examine how artists reflect reality in their
This telos, according to Aristotle, is intricately linked with function. For a artworks. That reflection has much to do with the cultural perspective
thing to reach its purpose, it also has to fulfill its function. Man, in in which artists find themselves: we will go around the world to see and
Aristotle’s view of reality, is bound to achieve a life of fulfillment and hear how reality in a variety of cultures found its way into works of art.
happiness, or in Greek, eudaimonia. All men move toward this final end. A common wisdom asserts that we cannot comprehensively understand
However, happiness, the supposed end of man, is linked with his or experience works of art from other cultures- we cannot grasp the
function, which is being rational. One can only be happy when he is nuances and subtleties of another culture’s artistic expressions unless
rational. This means that to Aristotle, plants can never be happy because we have been nurtured in that culture. That wisdom is fundamentally
they are not rational as well as tables and chairs. Man’s natural end, telos, true, but it does not and should not discourage us from attempting to
is connected with his function, which is his rationality. Moreover, the telos develop as sensitive and sophisticated an awareness as our own cultural
and function of a thing are both related to a thing’s identity. What makes perspectives allow. Often art has a different function in some cultures.
a table a table is the fact that it does perform its function and thereby,
For example, African and Native American art has more to do with
reaching its telos. If a table does not have a surface on which we can put
living in harmony with our controlling (super) natural forces than
on our books or our plates and glasses, then it ceases to be a table. The
aesthetic appreciation. Part of understanding the art of various
same goes for the human.
cultures is striving to understand other cultures’ own view of art. This
A. AS A THERAPY book seeks to develop a positive response to this concern: there are
In its therapeutic function, art can be and is used as therapy for thing that we can do to come as close to these works as possible, with a
individuals with a variety of illnesses, both physical and mental. Role- resulting satisfying and culturally enriching experience. Sensitive and
playing, for example, is used frequently as counseling tool in treating sophisticated awareness is the desired result. Although those who
dysfunctional family situations. In this context, often called have not grown up in Western, Asian, African, Islamic or Native American
traditions will not have to intuitive understanding of those who have,
psychodrama, mentally ill patients act out their personal circumstances
studying art from various times and cultures acts as an introduction to
in order to find and cure the cause of their illness.
further study and enhanced understanding. In turn this can lead to a
The focus of this use of art as therapy is the individual. richly satisfying. Lifelong experience, in one sense, you can say art is a
complex
When one speaks of function, one is practically talking about the use of In the case of Rizal’s novels, they spelled out a country’s independence
the object whose function is in question. An inquiry on the function of art They continue to be treasures even a hundred years after their
is an inquiry on what art is for. Alternatively, the answer to the question supposes functions. Roughly and broadly, the functions of art are
“what is it for” is the function of whatever “it” in the question refers to. classified into three; personal9 public display or expression), social
Suppose one asks, what is the Rizal monument for? Why was it erected in (celebration or to affect collective behavior), and physical (utilitarian).
Rizal Park or what then was called Luneta or Bagumbayan? Is it for pure
sentimental value? Is it for its aesthetic value? Or does it senf a message C. PERSONAL FUNCTION OF ART
to those who witness it? In this string of questions, the inquirer is hoping The personal functions of art are varied and highly subjective. This
to get the function of the piece of art in Rizal Park. means that its function depend on the person- the artist who created
When it comes to function. different art forms come with distinctive the art. An artist may create an art out of the need for self-expression.
function, There is no one-to-one correspondence between an art and its This is the case for an artist who needs to communicate an idea to his
function. Some art forms are more functional than others. Architecture, audience. It can also be more entertainment for his intended audience.
for example, as an art is highly functional just like most applied arts. A Often, the artist may not even intend to mean anything with his work.
building as a work of art is obviously made for a specific purpose. They As art may also be therapeutic. In some orphanages and home for
Tai Mahal, a massive mausoleum of white marbel built in Agra was abandoned elders, art is used to help residents process their emotions
constructed in a memory of the favorite wife of the then emperor, or while away their time. Recently, the use of adult coloring books to
Shah Jahan. de-stress has been apparent too, now with a lot of designs being sold
On the other hand, jewelry-making as an art is known by its product. The in bookstores nationwide. These all fall under personal functions of art.
name of the art in those applied artist basically denoted by its specified
function. In this and other such functional arts, “function is so important D. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF ART
that it has usurped the name of the art on the identification of individual Art is considered to have a social function if and when it addresses a
works”. Other examples are paintings, poems, statues. The name of the particular collective interest as opposed to a personal interest. Political
art basically points toward the direction of the product or its function. art is a very common example of an art with a social function. Art may
On the other end of the spectrum, one can only think of painting and convey message of protest, contestation, or whatever message the
literature as forms of art that least do with purely practical values. When artist intends his work to carry. Often, art can also depict social
one examines and think of a painting or a work of literature such as a conditions.
poem or novel, one looks at the value of the art in itself and not because Photography, as an art form, delivers this kind of function by taking
of what it can do and benefit us. Unlike practical art (in pottery, jewelry- photos of subjects in conditions that people do not normally take a
making, architecture, among others) In question lies in the practical look at or give attention to. Pictures of poverty may carry emotional
benefits one grains form it ( a pot, a jewelry, or a house, or building). With overtones that may solicit action or awareness from their audience.
painting and literature, one can only look at the value of the product of art
Moreover, performance art like plays or satires can also rouse
in and for itself.
emotions and rally people toward a particular end. In these and more,
A poem is beautiful regardless of its possible ramification in the society. the social function of art is apparent.
JoyceKilmer’s“tree” has maintained its popularity through the years
regardless of its application or practical benefit. This definitely is not to E. PHYSICAL FUNCTION OF ART
say that paintings and literary works can never have any function. The
The physical functions of art are the easiest to spot and understand. The
two masterpiece of our national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, the Noli
physical functions of art can be found in artworks that are crafted in
MeTangere and El Filibusterismo serve as a catechist for Filipino
order to serve some physical purpose. A Japanese raku bowl that
revolutionaries to gather strength in rejecting the oppressive force of
serves a physical function in a tea ceremony is an example.
the Spaniards in the Philippines in the nineteenth century. The novel
Architecture, jewelry-making, and even interior design are all
accrued value and as a consequences, function. They are functional in so
forms of arts that have physical function.
far they are designed to accomplish some definite end.
F. Other Functions of Art Art as a Disinterested Judgment

Music as an art is also interesting to talk about in relation to function. In the third critique that Immanuel Kant wrote, the “Critique of
Music in its original form was principally functional. Music was used for Judgment,” Kant considered the judgment of beauty, the
dance and religion. Unlike today, when one can just listen to music for the cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its
sake of music’s sake, the ancient world saw music only as an instrument subjectivity. Kant mentioned that judgment of beauty, and therefore, art
to facilities worship and invocation to gods. Music also was essential to is innately autonomous from specific interests. It is the form of art
dance because music assures synchronicity among dancers. Moreover, that is adjudged by one who perceives art to be beautiful or more so,
music also guarantees that marches, in the case of warriors, were sublime. Therefore, even aesthetic judgment for Kant is a cognitive
simultaneous. activity.
Today, music has expanded its function and coverage. Music is listened to Art as a Communication of Emotion
and made by people for reasons that were foreign to early civilizations.
There is now a lot of music that has no connection whatsoever to dance The author of War and Peace and Anna Katerina, Leo Tolstoy,
or religion. Serenade is one example. People compose hymns of love to provided another perspective on what art is. In his book, What is Art.
express feelings and emotions. Music is also used as a wonderful Tolstoy defended the production of the sometimes truly extravagant
accompaniment to stage plays and motion pictures. Interestingly, a piece art, like operas, despite extreme poverty in the world. For him, art plays
of music can mean a multitude of meanings to different people, a proof a huge role in communication to its audience’s emotions that the artist
that as an art, music has gone a long way. previously experienced.
Sculpture, on the other hand, is another functional art form that has Art them serves as a language, a communication device that
long existed for various purposes. Just like music, from the early days of articulates feelings and emotions that are otherwise unavailable to the
humanity, sculptures have been made by man most particularly for audience. In the same way that language communicates information to
religion. People erect status for the divine. In the Roman Catholic world, other people, art communicates emotions. In listening to music, in
the employment of sculptures for religious purposes has remained vital, watching an opera, and in reading poems. The audience is at the
relevant, and symbolic. Sculptures were also made in order to receiving end of the artist communicating his feelings and emotions.
commemorate important figures in history.
THE ARTS AND LIFE
Art as a Representation Sometimes the arts are seen as being peripheral to real life- they are
just frills. In part, the difficulty many people have in seeing the arts as
Aristotle, Plato’s most important student in philosophy, agreed with his
important in life results from a lack of familiarity. This has perhaps been
teacher that art is a form of imitation. However, in contrast to the disgust
fostered by people both within the arts and the without, who have tried
that his master holds for art, Aristotle considered art as an aid to
to make the arts elitists, and the art gallery, museum, concern hall,
philosophy in revealing truth.
theatre, and opera house privileged institutions open only to the
The kind of imitation that art does is not antithetical to the reaching of knowledgeable and sophisticated. Nothing could be further from the
fundamental truths in the world. Talking about tragedies, for example, truth. We live either the art-the principles of artistic activity are
Aristotle (1902) in the Poetics claimed that poetry, music, dance, everywhere in our lives.
painting, and sculpture, do not aim to represent reality as it is. What art
The use of artistic principles and elements of composition, whether
endeavors to do is to provide a vision of what might be or the myriad
visual or aural, govern the products we buy, the advertising we see and
possibilities in reality.
hear, and the attitudes we take or that others would have us take. Use
Unlike Plato who thought that art is an imitation of another imitation, of line, form, color, and sound attracts us, calm us manipulate us to do
Aristotle conceived of art as representing possible versions of reality. what others would have us do. Equally important, the artistic experience
is a way of knowing and communicating. It forms a significant part of
being human.
The arts and things related to them play an important role in making the Even the disposition or mood of the viewer, his education, his
world around us a more interesting and habitable place. When domestic background, and his exposure to varying context contribute to what
objects are developed, practical matters like purpose and convention are information is taken in and how they are interpreted. To herd all of these
taken into consideration. For example, electrical plugs fit every wall into coherence and intelligibility, the relationships of visual details
socket in the United States. The arts also have conventions: Western presented, the ideas and feelings that they cull, and other springs of
musical scales consist of precisely measured pitches that differ from information may be consulted.
each other by an established member of vibrations per second. In most cases, there are clues that mediate between the artwork and
The design of the Volkswagen “Beetle” is also an example of the artistic the viewer, allowing the viewer to more easily comprehend what he is
principles appearing in everyday life. There, repetition of form the oval seeing. These clues are the three basic components of a work of art:
reflects a concern for unity, a fundamental characteristic of art. In the subject, form, and content. These are largely inseparable from each
early VW, the front and rear show a variation on this theme in the windows, other and usually related to each other.
headlights, hood, and bumpers. Later models reflect the intrusion of In this chapter, subject and content will be discussed, while form will be
conventions that broke down the strong unity of the original composition. better examined in Chapter 6. To differentiate them briefly, subject
As safety standards called for the larger bumpers, the oval design of the refers to the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from
hood was flattened to accommodate a larger bumper. The rear window examining the artwork, while content is the meaning that is
was enlarged and squared for increased rear vision. communicated by the artist or the artwork. Finally, the development and
SUBJECT AND CONTENT configuration of the artwork—how the elements and the medium or
material are put together ---is the form. In simpler terms, the subject
In the Philippines ‘which is predominantly a non-museum-going public,
is seen as the “what”; the content is the “why”; and the form is the “how”.
looking at art has always been a tricky business. This is true not only for
novices, but also at times, confronts the long-time art aficionados. In the field of the sciences, experimentation is the key to proving a
hypothesis or a larger theory. Often, an experiment is done multiple
One of the major hurdles that spoils an individual’s engagement with
times to further prove the reliability of an outcome. Therein, empirical
an artwork is the notion that in order to appreciate it, one must be able
or observable data in the form of visible or tactile qualities, events or
to extracts specific image, isolate the artist or maker’s intention, and
occurrence, yielding an output or by product must follow after a step or
unearth a particular meaning. Failure to do so automatically implies a
a series of processes. In the arts, there are also observable qualities
failure of comprehension and therefore, failure of the experience. This,
that the artwork holds that will point to its subject, and sometimes even
however, relegates art engagement and therefore appreciation to the
to its content. In order to flesh out what the subject of the artwork is, it
very few who had training and instruction in producing and in reading art.
is important to first look at the constituent figures that are perceivable
This should not be the case.
on the surface of the canvas or the sculpture, and the manner in which
The primary stage of engaging with art is its perception. Looking at the artist chose to depict those figures. From these, the type of subject
art is much like any instance of taking in information or stimulus that can then be inferred.
originates from the world around us. For most art forms, the beginning of
Subject refers to the visual focus or the image that may be extracted
engagement is through looking at the artwork. The eyes play a big role
from examining the artwork. QUESTION: WHAT?
in mechanically making a vision possible. However, like any tool, it is
but one component. What makes the difference is the awareness in the Content is the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the
process of looking where subjectively making a vision possible. However, artwork. QUESTION: WHY?
like any tool, it is but one component. What makes the difference is the
awareness in the process of looking where subjectively is essential in
navigating through the artwork.
Subjectively is illustrated in the way that selective perception renders
one or two details more prominent than others, prompting the viewer to
focus on some details as essential or as standouts.
Types of Subject It can be argued then that an artist is faced with a strong persuasion of
creating works that veers toward representational art. However, it is
Representational art not prevailing themes, norms, and practices of specific historical
moments.
– This art does not make a reference to the real world, whether it
is a person, place, thing, or even a particular event. It is stripped One source of confusion is the notion that non-representational art
down to visual elements such as shapes, lines, emotion, and even is the same as abstract art. This is essential to discuss because it
concept. introduces the fact that representational art and non-representational
art is not a clear-cut divide; rather, they exist is a spectrum. An
One of the most iconic and recognizable paintings all over the world is the
abstract work of Pablo Picasso is a great example to illustrate this.
“Mona Lisa” done by Leonardo da Vinci. Some questions are often raised
Although he is more known for his paintings, he also dabbled into other
regarding this artworks, like “Who is Mona Lisa?” “Why was Leonardo da
works including sculptures. Cut metal that is hinged on a metal base,
Vinci compelled to paint her?” but as scholars attempt to solve the true
there is a palpable distortion of the image—whatever it is—seems to be
identity of the sitter, it is relevant to note that there is a consensus that
melting. Even without reading the title from the caption, mere seconds
the Mona Lisa—whoever she is—is based on a real person.
of looking at the combination of lines, shapes, and colors of the sculpture
Portraits such as the “Mona Lisa” are good examples pf what is called will point to a head of a woman. Even with the abstraction of the
representational art. These types of art have subjects that refer to image, this work is arguably representational. As a guide, an artwork,
object or events occurring in the real world. Often, it is also termed depending on the degree of distortion or abstraction , may be judged as
figurative art, because as the name suggest, the figures depicted are leaning more toward one over the other.
easy to makes out and decipher. Despite not knowing who Mona Lisa is,
Abstract art is in itself a departure from reality, but the extent of that
it is clear that the painting is of a woman that is realistically-proportioned;
departure determines whether it has reached the end of the spectrum,
only the upper torso is shown; a beguiling and mysterious smile is flashed;
which is non- representationality —a complete severance from the
and that the background is a landscape—probably a view from a window.
world.
Pushing it even further, one can even imagine a scene in which Leonardo
da Vinci alternates between applying dabs of paint on the canvas and A proponent of non-representational art was Russian artist Vasily
looking at the sitter in order to capture her features for the portrait. Kandinsky. Although his chosen art form was paintings, he likened
non-representational art to music, an art form that he was also very
keen to. He asserted that with sounds, musicians are able to evoke
Non-Representational art imaginary in their listeners or audiences. Object-free, he alludes to the
On the other hand, seeing a painting that has nothing in it but continuous sound and spiritual experiences that music makes possible in his
drips of paint or splotches of colors either confounds the viewer or is paintings. It is therefore not surprising that a lot his paintings are
readily trivialized as something that anyone with access to materials can inspired by music and are titled as impression, improvisation, and
easily make. This kind of the previously discussed type of subject, non- composition.
representational art is also often termed non-figurative art. EXAMPLE: Jackson Pollock, detail of “Number 1A”
Non-representational art does not make a reference to the real
world, whether it is a person, place, thing, or even a particular event. It is
stripped down to visual elements such as shapes, lines, emotion, and even
concept.
It is in this light that representational works are often favored because
they are easier to recognize. Viewers find a greater degree of comfort
when what they see register as something familiar. They then continue to
process this understanding, sometimes even becoming confident enough
to share their insights to others.
SOURCES AND KINDS OF SUBJECT When hit with a wall or a block, the writer is often advised to look back
and take from what he knows. From there, a well and wealth of materials
Sources of Subject may be drawn, but for artist, where do they source the subjects of their
NATURE paintings? What do they paint?
- Vincent van Gogh "Die Ebene von Auvers" For non-representational art, a higher level of perceptiveness and
insight might be required to fully grasp the feeling, emotion, or concept
behind the work. It is perhaps easier to infer where the subject matter
comes from if the artwork is an example of representational art. From
the figure(s) depicted in the artwork, there is already a suggestions to
its inspiration. However, in discussing the sources and kinds of subject
Greek and Roman Mythology in artworks, it is important to note that these two are often inextricably
related. Often, even a singular source of inspiration can yield multiple
- “Discobolus” – Greek original by the sculptor Myron of 450-440 BC translations.
1. NATURE
A good starting point is, of course, the nature. There is nothing more
rudimentary than human interaction with the physical world
around the artist. Early childhood often revolves around getting to
know not just the body and what it can do, but also in getting accustomed
to a multitude of sensory prompts around the artist. Early childhood
HISTORY - Battle of Waterloo
often revolves around getting to know not just the body and what it can
do, but also in getting accustomed to a multitude of sensory prompts
around the artist especially those situated in his environment.
Artists throughout history have explored diverse ways of
representing nature: from plants to animals; the qualities of bodies of
water and the terrain of landmasses; and even then perceivable cycles
Sacred Oriental Texts and changing of seasons.
- “"Shah Jahan Receiving Dara Shikoh" Often, these depictions are seen as expressions of the sacred or the
sacred or the profane, sired by reality or supplemented by the artist’s
imagination. One artist who was attuned with nature was Vincent van
Gogh. He saw art and nature as inseparable, often finding solace and
happiness in painting in it (working in the middle of unspoiled fields) and
painting from it (landscapes).
Other artist with a considerable number of landscapes and
seascapes are Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Paul Cezanne , and
Judeo- Christian Tradition
JMW Turner. In the Philippines, National Artist for Painting Fernando
- “Sistine Chapel” – Michelangelo Amorsolo and Fabian de la Rosa gained prominence from their painted
- “Interior of Westminster rural scenes such as women in the fields gathering harvest.
Breaking nature into smaller parts in Jan van Kessal the Elder who
did numerous still lives and small-scale , highly detailed studies , and
scientific illustrations of flowers , insects, shell, fruits, garland, and
bouquets.
2. Greek and Roman Mythology 4. Sacred Oriental Texts

Greek and Roman mythology were also ripe with references: from Proceeding from a kind of a hybrid between literature and sacred text
episodes that transport the viewer to heroic encounters of Achilles and is India’s miniature paintings. In Central India, the kind of art that was
Aeneas ; the beauty of Aphrodite and the athleticism of Myron. From produced was deeply rooted in Vedic text such as Upanishads,
narrators in literature, artist, on the other hand, gave faces to Greek and Puranas, and other important text like the Sanskrit epics
Roman deities or the gods and goddesses whose fates are seemingly as Mahabharata and Ramayana.
tragic as those of men. Some of the art forms they took on were wall
Indian artist had a wide array of materials to work with in showcasing
paintings or frescos and sculptural works such as busts, statuaries, and
not just their artistry and skill. The significance of these paintings rest
ceramics and pottery, among others.
on its ability to foster devotion and the observance of a code of ethics
Another integral aspect of human life is the distinct relationship with through the visualizations of heroic narratives. These paintings were
a higher controlling power. If the belief system of Greeks and Roman small but were highly pictorial, stylized, and employed a good contrast
was polytheism with a multitude of gods and goddesses, the Judeo- of colors. Some artists also included verse from the epic as part of the
Christian tradition stems from a belief in a lone creator of the universe cartouche which added interest and meaning to the paintings.
or what is called monotheism. This tradition had an immense influence in
5. HISTORY
western civilization especially in art. Guided by a host of styles and
techniques, various media and art forms were also experimented with: Historically significant events particularly in the affairs of
paintings, frescos, church architecture (over-all plan of the space, humanity are abundant reference for art production. From early
stained glass windows, tabernacles manuscripts, and other sacred breakthroughs such as the discovery of fire and the overthrow of
scriptures, among others. geocentric theory in favor of a sun-entered universe, succeeding
advancements brought about by discovery, innovation, and man’s
3. Judeo- Christian Tradition
incessant search for glory plotted a dynamic course of history.
Commissioned by Pope Julius II, the intricate fresco that lines Sistine
An example is Goya’s EL tres de Mayo which captures the death of
Chapel was created by Michelangelo. The immense detail and vast Madrilenes, the local insurgents during the Peninsular war. Former allies
surface he had to cover had him working on it from 1508 to 1512.
in the overrun of Portugal and France turned against Spain. Napoleonic
Unlike in Islam for example, practicing Jews and Christians were forces invaded Madrid without much difficulty and the painting
allowed to depict their God and other important biblical figures: captures the dramatic demise of its people under a firing squad.
laying visual foundations in inculcating the faith. But perhaps the influence
History as a resource for artist in search of subjects, bring into
of this tradition is most intriguingly manifested in the architectural
consideration events that are familiar and sometimes even
marvels that are spread out all over the world.
common or shared in world context: the establishment of nations and
The formative years of church architecture can be traced in the fourth States (discovery, conquest, and colonization). These works serve as
and fifth century but different styles and plans were developed since then. documentary and commemorative artworks that they breed
Prevailing ideas and philosophies became resources that were used by (democracy, liberty, freedom, and rights).
architects to re imagine what the church should look like.
These works serve as documentary leaders and figures; events as they
For instance, Gothic churches were characterized by three things: were recorded to have happened; and representations of ideologies or
soaring heights (ceilings), volume (flying buttresses and ribbed values.
vaults), and light (bright stained glass windows, airy and pleasant
In the history of art, it is Important to remember that the source and
interiors). Gothic style architecture is often attributed as the kind of subject were not merely a product of the artist’s inclination and
brainchild of Abbot Suger. There is a definitive sense that pointed to the choice. A closer examination of the various art movements and artwork
feeling of awe on the part of the believer and the perceived majesty and created within those movements will indicate that nations of freedom
power of God—all of which happened during the time when religion was at and independence, which are presumed to be enjoyed by artist, were not
the heart of everyday life. This echoes her belief that “art was central to without limits or restrictions.
religious experience.
Kinds of Subject Here, it is evident how during the Spanish colonial period, the subjects
of artworks, even the manner in which they are translated, were mostly
1. Still life
dictated by the patrons who commission them for religious and secular
2. Animals
3. Nature art.
4. Landscape CONTENT IN ART
5. History
6. Seascape Levels of meaning
7. Cityscape
1. CONVENTIONAL
8. Figures
9. Myth 2. FACTUAL
10. Fantasies 3. SUBJECTIVE
11. Dreams As outlined in the beginning, in discussing works of art, the subject may
12. Mythology simply be referred to as the “what”---what is readily seen and relates
For instance, a particular kind of subject and the way it is visually to the artworks its inspiration, and the many kinds of translation. But
translated may be traced in relation to the art patrons (those who apart from what is made explicit, to recognize and grasp the message
commission the artworks), the favored artistic style and cannons, and of the artwork created in the first place? When this question is asked,
more importantly, the norms and trends prevailing in the artist’s milieu. we are after the meaning or message that is expressed or
communicated by the artwork.
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, art was
predominantly representational. During the first century of their To take on the challenge of understanding the content of art, it must be
dominance, art came as an aid for communication---a means of reiterated that there are various levels of meaning. Factual pertains to
propagating religion to locals who spoke a different language. The visual the most rudimentary level of meaning for it may be extracted from the
arts, from paintings to early sculptures such as Santos and other votive identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how
figures and icons, were created to assist catholic ministry. Existing art these elements relate to one another.
and craft traditions persisted, with some augmented and infused with CONVENTIONAL
foreign influences that were not limited to the Spanish culture through
contact. Conventional meaning, on the other hand, pertains to the acknowledged
interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs, symbols and other
The momentum that secular (or non-religious) art later gained in the cyphers as bases of its meaning. These conventions are established
nineteenth century can also be attributed to this contact, with the opening through time, strengthened by recurrent use and wide acceptance by its
of the Suez Canal and the growth of export economy in agriculture. The viewers or audience and scholars who study then.
consequence of these developments was the rise of the middle class. With
their new-found economic and social mobility, patrons of the art were no SUBJECTIVE
longer limited to the clergy, but brought about a demand for coming from Finally , when subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meaning may
these wealthy ilustrado families. arise when a particular work of art is read. These meanings stem from
Of interest was the increase in demand for Commissioned portraits (of the viewer’s or audience’s circumstances that come into play when
an individual or an entire family), finding it necessary to document engaging with art. When looking at a particular painting for example,
themselves in light of their elevated status. Wearing the most intricate perception and meaning are always informed (and even colored) by a
and elaborate of garbs, significant adornments such as jewelry and manifold of context: what we know ; what we learned; what we
embroidered implements, among others, completed the Intended experience; and the values we stand for. It is therefore expected that
Narrative. This artistic trend cemented the distinction of artistic such as meaning may not be singular; rather, a painting may communicate
Simon Flores, Justiniano Ascuncion, and Antonio Malantic who became the multiple meanings to its many viewers. This is what we call subjective
foremost portraits of the time. meaning of art.
Michelangelo’s “Creation of Adam” can be read using various levels of An interesting overlap between the conventional and subjective
meaning previously discussed. There, Adam is figured with an aged God, meanings is the proposal from gynecologist Frank Lynn
both of them with an arm stretched and their respective index fingers Meshberger, whose published essay appeared in the October 1990
appearing to be fixed at an Impending contact. Apart from God who is issue of the Journal of American Medical Association.
wearing a tunic, everyone else is in the nude. God is afloat, surrounded by
Written was his theory that an image and a message were hidden in plain
drapery and figures presumed to be angels and cherubs. Adam on the sight: how the silhouette of God , the shroud and the drapery that trail
other hand is earth-bound, sitting and reclined, positioned diagonally behind , all seemingly align with the shape of the human brain. According
parallel to that of God. to Meshberger, the work can also be aptly called “ The Endowment of
Adam “ for it brought to light that as God’s creation, the most important
qualities imparted to man was intellect.
Like most Renaissance artist, Michelangelo unlocked the secrets and
precision of human anatomy assisting in dissections during his
time.
For Meshberger, it was with his medical background and perhaps
exposure to art and history that allow him to catch the symbol,
hidden in Michelangelo’s work.
FACTUAL
– Factual pertains to the most rudimentary level of meaning for it
may be extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in
the artwork and understanding how these elements relate to
one another.
From a factual perspective, Michelangelo depicted a scene from the
creation Story, in particular, the creation of man. Apart from being a key
element of Michelangelo’s fresco at the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the
subject matter suggest that this is an example of biblical art.
This work is indeed iconic, and this is asserted by the conventional
meanings attached to it. Here, the specific poses of God and Adam (convex
and concave postures, respectively) allude to the correspondence of the
body and the commonly held that man was created in the image and
likeness of God.
During this time the ideas of humanism were underscored and the art and
sciences were furthered. It is therefore understandable that the classical
canons of the form of the body (ideally proportioned and muscular) are
portrayed, especially by Michelangelo who was first and foremost a
sculptor. Here, the view is that the greatness of old civilizations such as
that of the Greeks and the Romans may not only be replicated, but even
surpassed. Some art scholars noted how Michelangelo exhibited just
that—an elevated artistry---in that the dynamism and energy of the
figures in the Sistine chapel are unlike the works of predecessors.
ARTIST VS ARTISAN However, it must be stressed that there are cases where the objects
created by an artisan has only decorative value.
Artist vs Artisan Most artisans have the skill of adding aesthetic value to the objects
that they create. This transcends the object from a mere object of utility.
The words artist and artisan are often very confusing for most people
This is why most handmade objects are much more expensive than
although there is a key difference between the two words.
mass-produced objects.
The mere definition of the two words can be rather confusing because
both involve the creation of something. What’s the difference between an artist and an artisan?
This unnecessarily sensitive question is equivalent to the issue of what
The key difference is that while the product or output of an artisan has a constitutes art and what is designated as craft.
clear functional value, this may not be the cased for an artist.
Art refers to the making of tangible or intangible products as an
The output can be an expression of the beauty of art itself without having expression of creativity and imagination for purely aesthetic reasons.
any functional value. Through this article, let us examine the differences
between an artist and an artisan. An artisan, spurred by the same impulses, produces crafts, which,
though they may be acquired only for decoration, are designed to be
ARTIST practical.
- is a person who performs any of the creative arts. This can range from Therefore, though some tension between artist and artisan — between
painting. to music producers of art and designers of crafts — may exist because of a
perceived differential in their relative cultural status, the technical
- This captures all forms of art. For an example, a person who paints can
definitions are just that: precise distinctions not in quality or artistic
be referred to as an artist. In the modern world, the term artist is also
achievement but in function.
used for musicians as well. This is why people often tend to hear the words
‘young artist,’ through media to refer to emerging musicians. The word for the creator of art is the gender-neutral term artist.
Here it is important to highlight that the term artist is not only attributed (The French form of the word, artiste, came to apply more broadly to
for those who create art as an occupation, but also for those who are creative professionals, especially performers, though it also has a
skilled in a particular activity such as drawing Links to an external site., pejorative sense of “pretentious artist.”) By extension, one talented
designing, composing, etc. in any endeavor — even a con artist — may earn the term.
The specialty of an artist is that he is able to create art for the sake of art By contrast, makers of crafts have gender-specific labels —
itself without needing any ulterior motives. Some artists create their craftsman and craftswoman — but though craftsperson is the natural
works of art for the satisfaction of the society in which they live. In this neutral term, many such practitioners prefer to be called artisans. (The
case, they have to confine to the societal demands and limitations. Latin ancestor of this term is artire, which means “to instruct in the
arts.”)
However, there are also others who go beyond the social restrictions and
create art for the pleasure of creating. It is believed that through art the Latin word ars (“art”) include artifact, which comes from the Italian
artist can create a change in society. This is because art appeals to word artifatto and ultimately from the Latin terms arte and factum
all senses of people. (meaning “thing made”), originally having primarily an archaeological
sense but now referring to anything left behind or remaining, and
ARTISAN artifice, which originally meant workmanship but, from a secondary
sense of “cunning,” came to refer to deceit or trickery.
- is a skilled worker who makes things by hand.
However, artificer remains a synonym for artisan, although it can also
- This includes various objects ranging from jewelry to furniture.
refer to one who contrives or makes things or ideas.
- An artisan should not be confused with an artist because there is a clear
Artificial, the adjectival form of artifice, broadly refers to anything not
difference in the things that they create.
produced in nature.
- An artisan is able to produce something that has a functional value;
although it should not be limited to its use value alone.
Artful once referred exclusively to artistic skill but later primarily came A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed
to mean “dexterous, wily”; in that sense, the term is best known in the and used as guild meeting-places.
moniker of the Artful Dodger, an adroit young pickpocket in Charles
Guild members found guilty of cheating on the public would be fined
Dickens’s novel Oliver Twist.
or banned from the guild.
The antonym, artless, likewise was originally a reference to a lack of
Have you ever wondered why some examples of artistic and creative
talent but now usually refers to clumsiness in word or deed.
production have survived to this day?
Arty and artsy both describe artists, but the terms have developed a
Museums are packed with numerous artifacts and interesting objects
pejorative sense of pretension, and artsy is hyphenated in combination
with craftsy and, worse, fartsy, to refer to someone with such airs, or a from all over the world that have survived centuries for us all to see.
creation of theirs. Magnificent structures that are often appreciated not only for their
Art is used in combination with other terms to denote subgenres with historical significance but more so their aesthetic characteristics that
serious artistic ambitions (“art film,” “art rock”) as well as artistic render them unique, become tourist destinations for those who wish to
movements, as in “art deco,” a truncation of the French phrase art explore and see the remarkable façade, interior, and even the minutest
décoratif (“decorative art”), and art nouveau (“new art”); the first letter of details up close.
of each word in these phrases is often capitalized, especially when
Perhaps what made the difference was the materials, medium, and the
associated with other initial-capped designations.
principles behind the process of their creation. Another contributory
Another movement, named arts and crafts, is usually initial-capped to factor is the emergence of technology and knowledge in managing
distinguish it from generic references. and conserving all of these objects and structures, enabling the
The liberal arts are the academic subjects also known as the retention of the integrity of the artwork and the intention of the artist in
humanities. The term liberal stems from the idea that knowledge of terms of the design and overall aesthetic.
these subjects and the attendant skills are necessary for free people
to know in order to be productive members of society.
The Artist and His Studio
From the phrase “liberal arts” comes the designations for mastery of
coursework known as the bachelor of arts and master of arts A good studio for an artist is a very important place. Creative studios
degrees (truncated, alternatively as “bachelor’s degree,” or bachelor’s, might sometimes look like a pile of rubbish or a mixed-up room, but this
and “master’s degree,” or master’s). These terms have no specific is where famous artists paintings are born!
relation to art itself, though study and/or practice of art may be a
Take a look at this assemblage of the greatest artists and their most
component of the coursework.
intimate working places – their studios. I bet that you've seen lots of
their works in museums and art history books, but the artist himself,
The Artisans and the Guilds and his studio, is often left unseen.
From Salvador Dali's artist studio full of beautiful women
A guild is an association of artisan. or merchants. who oversee the
practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. Pablo Picasso's decorated hall to David Lynch's industrial looking
creative space and Francis Bacon's utter chaos. All these photos are
The earliest types of guild formed as a confraternities of tradesmen.
intentionally mixed up – you will find both very famous artists and
They were organized in a manner something between a professional
somewhat less popular painters, sculptors, architects, and even their
association, a trade union., a cartel and a secret society
Muses. Some of them are contemporary, but you will also find genius
They often depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch. or classical masters as well.
other authority to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed
members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials.
Production Process Often, enters into a new sphere, inside the domain of museum,
galleries, performance halls, theaters, and other art spaces where
The process of creating an artwork does not necessarily follow a linear
interaction can take place.
progression.
Take note, however, that approval, enjoyment, or pleasure are not the
One the things that one must accept is the fact that the arts have
sole reactions that an artist intends for his work. Sometimes, it is
anarchic dimension to it, allowing it to fully harness its creative
repulsion, contempt, or even grief, which the artist hopes for.
potential. The very reason why different art styles, periods, and
movements were made possible, is because there was a form of flexibility Either way, it is intellectual and emotional reaction that is often the
given to artist in terms of how to conceptualize and execute their ideas impetus for creating an artwork.
into reality. But this does not mean there is no guiding principle that A message is almost always embedded in the artwork and it is the
governs the general process of art production. hope of the artist that his audience comes cross it, or takes from it
The process is essentially tripartite: something that is his and his alone.
(1) preproduction. These are many aspects that go into postproduction. These may include
allowing the artwork to set, tweaking the artwork, preparing the
(2) production, and
artwork for transport and display, and even the promotion and
(3) postproduction. inclusion of the artwork in publications or discussions.
The artist always begins with an idea that he wants to express or
communicate with his audience. It may not necessarily be fully formulated,
and so some form of exposure, research, and their approaches may
Medium and Technique
be explored to get the idea long before actually making the artwork. This medium is one of the aspects of art that directly correlates with its
process is of course the preproduction stage. The idea may take a while composition and presumed finality of the artwork.
to form, or may come as swift as a bolt of lighting.
Medium is the mode of expression in which the concept, idea, or
Some artist, however, birth their ideas when material manipulation is message is conveyed. It may be concrete or tangible, such as
already underway. This when preproduction sometimes seep into the paintings, sculptures, monuments, and structures; or it may be
production stage. The execution of the art may take a variety of forms ephemeral or something transient, such as a track (recording of sound),
such as painting, sculpture, tapestry, photograph, film, a routine (dance), a film, or a performance.
or a track or composition (music). Even tricky art form such as
The appreciation or engagement with the artwork is also affected
conceptual art, which purports to be solely concerned with the ideas, take
by the medium spatiotemporally. For concrete works, the object
a variety of formats, and may even be harder to pull off. Some artworks
physically manifest themselves for a prolonged or lasting period. For
rely on a precise and skilled execution, while others need only intuition
epheral works, on the other hand, it is durational.
and a kind of judiciousness in the manipulation of material.
A chosen medium must not be expected to yield the same results. Giving
Gathering and sourcing the materials needed for the creation of the two different artist the same exact material and the general qualifier of
artwork is either subsumed under preproduction or the production “painting”’ the end product will still vary minimally or in an exponential
stage. Either way, materials form one of the most crucial aspects that scale. This is where technique comes in, as it is the reason why art
inform the direction, quality, and the final output itself. history Is described by a seemingly limitless example of works of art.
The last stage is the most drawn-out, the postproduction. Once an The technique of the artwork shows the level of familiarity with the
artwork is finished, it will then be decided on how it will be circulated medium being manipulated. It alludes to the necessity of additional
not only in the art world, but the many publics. If the artist decides that tools or implements (e.g., hammer and chisel may come in handy for
he alone should see the work, then so be it. But most of the time, if not
sculptors,) or consideration of time (e.g., behavior of different kinds of
always, the creation of the object requires that it be seen, heard,
paint especially in drying time requirements), and the specificity of the
touched, and/or experienced in a variety of ways.
site of creation (e.g., indoor or outdoor production requirements).

Art Appreciation - Week 1 - Week 4

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ART APPRECIATION: ARTA 111 BSMT (2-Y2-7)

ART APPRECIATION: ARTA 111 ETYMOLOGY OF ART

IMPORTANCE OF HUMANITIES 7. Create order & harmony

• Man needs an image of himself

ONLINE MUSEUM The Louvre, Paris

Guggenheim Museum, New York

NOTE: PAPYRUS: THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF ANI

Philippine museums Center for Art, New Ventures and Sustainable

Presidential Museum and Library, Manila The National Museum, Manila

NOTE: SPOLARIUM BY JUAN LUNA – NATIONAL MUSEUM

NOTE: THESE ARE JUST ADDITIONAL WALA MAN TOH SA CANVAS

Art Appreciation as a Way of Life

POPULAR ART EXPRESSIONS Poetry Performance

Literary Art PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS

It is said to have been invented by the Renaissance master da Vinci,

A century later, the Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio used

Caravaggio never established a workshop, which most other painters at

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Art VS. Design

Design focuses on functional details it spreads understanding is useful

Playwright: Choerorapher – creative artist – made art

F. Other Functions of Art Art as a Disinterested Judgment

2. Greek and Roman Mythology 4. Sacred Oriental Texts

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