ULTRASOUND PRELIMS

1. Which property of a medium directly influences the speed at which sound propagates

through it? Both density and elasticity

2. What is the primary difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves?

Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation, while

longitudinal waves oscillate parallel

3. What is the unit of frequency used to measure sound waves? Hertz (Hz)

4. What is the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and velocity of a sound

wave? Velocity = Frequency x Wavelength

5. Which principle explains the generation of spherical waves from a point on a

wavefront? Huygen's Principle

6. What type of interference occurs when two waves of the same frequency and

amplitude are exactly out of phase? Destructive Interference

7. Which of the following terms describes the "Near Field" in ultrasound beam

propagation? Fresnel Zone

8. Which component in an ultrasound machine converts electrical signals into sound

waves? Transducer

9. Which is true about sound propagation in different media? Sound travels faster in

solids than in gases

10. Which frequency range is typically used in medical ultrasound imaging?

a. 1 MHz - 20 MHz

11. What type of artifact is caused by side lobes in ultrasound imaging?

a. Lateral resolution degradation

12. Which phenomenon allows ultrasound waves to visualize blood flow? Doppler Effect

13. What effect does increasing the frequency of an ultrasound beam have on its near

field and far field? Lengthens the near field and reduces far field divergence
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14. Which decade saw the development of 3D ultrasound technology? 1980s

15. What is the function of the piezoelectric crystals in ultrasound transducers?

To convert electrical signals into mechanical vibrations

16. What term describes the maximum displacement that occurs in an acoustic variable?

Amplitude

17. What is the most significant limiting factor for ultrasound resolution? Wavelength

18. What technology advancement allowed for the visualization of blood flow in the

heart’s layers? Pulsed Doppler ultrasound

19. What happens to the sound wave velocity if both the compressibility and density of

the medium decrease? Velocity increases

20. Which of the following animals use echolocation that serves as the basis for

ultrasound physics? Bats

21. What does the piezoelectric effect describe? Electrical polarization when a substance is

stressed

22. What is the range of frequencies that human ears can detect? 20 to 20,000 kHz

23. What is "superposition" in the context of wave theory? The summation of waves to form a

more complex wave

24. Which of the following is a property of a sound wave? Amplitude, WAVELENGTH, PERIOD,

VELOCITY, FREQUENCY

25. Which type of wave involves particles vibrating parallel to the direction of wave propagation?

Longitudinal Waves

26. Which type of wave involves particles vibrating PERPENDICULAR to the direction of wave

propagation? Transverse Waves

27. Who developed the first 3D ultrasound technology in the 1980s? Kazunori Baba
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28. Which medical professional is credited with the incorporation of ultrasound into OB/GYN

medicine in 1958? Ian MacDonald

29. What is the formula for calculating the velocity of sound in a medium?

Velocity = Frequency x Wavelength

30. Which of the following refers to the elapsed time between compression zones or rarefaction

zones? Period

31. Huygen's Principle states that: All points on a wave can be considered as point sources for the

production of threedimensional spherical waves

32. Who first studied echolocation among bats, forming the basis for ultrasound physics?

Lazzaro Spallanzani

33. What does the term "propagation" refer to in sound wave transmission? The transfer of

pressure changes from molecule to molecule

34. Which of the following innovations was introduced in the 2000s for ultrasound technology?

Handheld ultrasound devices and telesonography apps

35. in ultrasound, what is the "period" defined as? The time taken for one complete cycle to occur

36. Who is credited with being the first to use sonography for medical diagnosis in 1942?

Karl Dussik

37. What is the term for the ability of an object to return to its original shape after a force is no

longer applied? Elasticity

38. Which type of ultrasound technology was designed by Don Baker, Dennis Watkins, and John

Reid in 1966? Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound

39. Which of the following describes "constructive interference" of waves? Waves add together to

form a wave of twice the amplitude

40. Which acoustic variable is defined as the distance between two successive compressions or

rarefactions? Wavelength

41. What invention by Paul Langévin is considered the first ultrasound transducer? Hydrophone

42. Who developed A-mode ultrasound? GEORGE D. LUDWIG

43. Who are leading pioneers of B-mode ultrasound equipment including 2D B-mode linear

compound scanner? Douglas Howry and Joseph Holmes

44. It is the same as stiffness and opposite of compressibility. Bulk Modulus

45. It is the number of cycles occurring at a given point in one unit of time? Frequency

46. Discover piezoelectricity. Pierre and Jacques Curie

47. One complete wavelength is equivalent to ___? 360 degrees

48. They performed the first successful echocardiogram. Inge Edler & Engineer C.

Hellmuth Hertz

49. When did the ultrasound guided biopsies(endoscopic ultrasounds) began? 1990’s

50. Who invented a handheld B-mode device to detect breast tumors? John Reid & John

Wild

51. The Greek word “Piezein” means ___. To press or pressure

52. Examples of naturally occurring crystals: quartz, tourmaline, rochelle salt

53. PZT is also known as ___. Lead Zirconate Titanate

54. Examples of synthetic occurring crystals: Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), Barium

Titanate, Lead Metaniobate, Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, Lithium sulphate

55. It is the product of density and velocity of ultrasound in material. Acoustic impedance

56. It is used in determining the amount of ultrasound reflection at an interface. Acoustic

impedance

57. Units of Acoustic impedance – Rayls or kg/m2/s

58. Symbol for Acoustic impedance- Z

59. Defined as mechanical waves with higher frequency than humans can ear. Ultrasound

60. Refers to mechanical waves with frequencies lower than human ear can hear.

Infrasound

61. Mechanical energy that is transmitted by pressure waves through a medium. Audible

sound

62. It is pressure changes that human ear can detect, frequencies of 20-20,000 Hz.

Soundwaves/audible sound

63. Range uses for therapeutic ultrasound. 0.7-1.0 MHz

64. Range uses for surgery ultrasound. 1-5 MHz

65. Range uses for INDUSTRIAL ultrasound. 25-400kHz

66. Range uses for military ultrasound. 20-50 kHz

67. The phase of the wave when the molecules are pushed together. Compression

68. The phase of the wave when the molecules are apart. Rarefaction

69. 1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second

70. Mass of a medium per unit path length. Density

71. It indicates a fractional decrease in volume when pressure is applied to the material.

Compressibility

72. A substance which has densely packed like bones will have a____ acoustic impedance.

HIGH

73. The average velocity of ultrasonic waves in soft tissue is_____. 1540 m/s

74. The greater the impedance mismatch, the ____ percentage of energy that will be

reflected at interface or boundary between. greater

75. The lower acoustic impedance mismatch, the ____ reflection it has. Lower

76. Same acoustic impedance is equal to ____ reflection. No reflection

77. It means no signal. Anechoic

78. It means low signal. Hypoechoic

79. It means high signal. Hyperechoic

80. Echo means “signal”

81. The area through which the sound energy emitted from the ultrasound transducer travels

is known as the _____. Ultrasound beam

82.