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Matrices

University Mathematics is 100% positioned to meet the demands of undergraduate, postgraduate and professional exams. The book is capable and remarkable, giving students a good grounding in real-world mathematical applications. Inside you will find: • Simplified explanations step by step. • Solved examples of varying difficulties. • Plenty of workouts, fill-in-the-blanks and multiple-choice questions. Every student and every classroom will vastly benefit from University Mathematics.

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21 views3 pages

Matrices

University Mathematics is 100% positioned to meet the demands of undergraduate, postgraduate and professional exams. The book is capable and remarkable, giving students a good grounding in real-world mathematical applications. Inside you will find: • Simplified explanations step by step. • Solved examples of varying difficulties. • Plenty of workouts, fill-in-the-blanks and multiple-choice questions. Every student and every classroom will vastly benefit from University Mathematics.

Uploaded by

Olaniyi Evans
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11

MATRICES &
DETERMINANTS

CONTENTS
Matrices 142
Matrix Operations 143
Addition and Subtraction 143
Scalar Multiplication 143
Vector Multiplication 144
Transpose of a Matrix 145
Identity Matrix 145
The Determinant of a Matrix 147
2×2 Matrix 147
3×3 Matrix 147
Inverse of a Matrix 149
2×2 Matrix 149
3×3 Matrices 149

M A TR IC E S
Consider a firm which produces two types of goods, Ice Cream and Yoghurt,
which it sells to three customers, James Bond, Harry Porter and Lionel Messi.
The weekly sales for these goods are given in Table 11.1. In a particular week, the
firm sells 5 barrels of Ice Cream to James Bond and 9 barrels to Harry Porter,
and so on.

Table 11.1 Weekly Sales


Ice Cream Yoghurt
James Bond 5 2
Sold to customer Harry Porter 9 1
Lionel Messi 8 6

If we ignore the table headings, this information can be written more concisely
in matrix form as
5 2
𝑊 = [9 1 ]
8 6
Chapter 11| Matrices and Determinants 143

In general, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, or expressions, arranged


in rows and columns. The number of rows and columns of a matrix is called its
order or its dimension. For example, the dimension (or order) of the matrix
below is 3 × 2 (read "three by two"), because there are three rows and two
columns:
1 4
[−9 2]
3 7
The rows are horizontal and the columns are vertical. Each element of a matrix
is often denoted by a variable with two subscripts. For example, a 31 represents
the element at the third row and first column of matrix A:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

M A TR IX O PE R A T IO NS
Addition, subtraction, and multiplication can be performed using matrices.

Addition and Subtraction


If they have the same dimensions, two matrices can be added or subtracted
element by element.

 EXAMPLE 11.1
1 2 0 −1
Given 𝐴 = [ ] 𝐵=[ ]. Find a) 𝐴 + 𝐵 b) 𝐴 − 𝐵
3 4 5 −2
S O L U T I O N tips
a) Add the corresponding elements
1 + 0 2 + −1 1 1
𝐴+𝐵 =[ ]=[ ]
3 + 5 4 + −2 8 2
b) Subtract the corresponding elements
1 − 0 2 − −1 1 3
𝐴−𝐵 =[ ]=[ ]
3 − 5 4 − −2 −2 6

Scalar Multiplication
Scalar multiplication can also be done on any matrix by multiplying each
element of the matrix by a number.

 EXAMPLE 11.2
−1 2
Given 𝐴 = [ 4 0 ], find a) 2𝐴 b) −3𝐴/2
10 −6
S O L U T I O N tips
a) Multiply each element of the matrix by 2.
−1 2 −2 4
2A = 2[ 4 0 ] =[ 8 0 ]
10 −6 20 −12
144 Olaniyi Evans | University Mathematics

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