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    MOULIK NARULA Physics Investigatory Project

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    adhiraj15107

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    MOULIK NARULA Physics Investigatory Project

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    adhiraj15107
    7 views19 pages

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    MOULIK NARULA physics investigatory project (2)

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    7 views19 pages

    MOULIK NARULA Physics Investigatory Project

    Uploaded by

    adhiraj15107

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    SESSION 2024-25

    Physics
    INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
    AIM: Determination of Refractive Index of a
    liquid using a concave mirror and a plane
    mirror

    NAME: MOULIK NARULA

    CLASS: XII-G

    ROLL NO:
    2024-25

    Table of
    CONTENTS
    01 Certificate
    02 Acknowledgemen
    03 t Aim of Project
    04 Introduction
    05 Formula Used
    06 Procedure
    07 Requirements
    08
    Observation
    09
    Principle Involved
    10
    Application To Society
    11
    Future
    12
    Scope
    Bibliograph
    y
    CERTIFICATE
    This is to certify that MOULIK NARULA of class XII
    G has completed his physics project titled “To
    find the refractive index of a liquid using a
    concave mirror and a plane mirror.” under the
    guidance of Ms. Anny Kalra for the academic
    year 2024-25.

    The certified student has been dedicated


    throughout his research and completed his
    work before the given deadline without
    missing any important details from the
    project. It is also certified that this project is the
    individual work of the student and can be
    submitted for evaluation.

    Teacher’s signature
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    I’d like to thank my Physics teacher, Ms. Anny Kalra
    as well as our principal, Ms. Aditi Misra, for
    providing me with this fantastic opportunity to
    work on this project.

    A special thanks to my parents for their


    encouragement and assistance in completing this
    project on time. I also want to thank my friends,
    who have always supported me in completing this
    project.

    Student Signature:
    Name:
    Class &
    Section:
    Board Roll
    No:
    AIM OF PROJECT
    To determine the refractive index of a liquid using
    a concave mirror and a plane mirror.

    INTRODUCTION
    The refractive index of a medium is a fundamental
    property that describes how light propagates
    through that medium.
    It is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a
    vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.

    n = C/V

    Understanding the refractive index is crucial in


    various optical applications, such as lenses, prisms,
    and fiber optics. This project focuses on a simple yet
    effective method to determine the refractive index of a
    liquid using mirrors.

    In this project, we delve into the intriguing world of


    optics to explore a hands-on approach to determining
    the refractive index of a liquid. By employing a setup
    comprising a concave mirror and a plane mirror, we
    aim to elucidate the concept of refractive index through
    practical experimentation.
    THEORY
    The experiment is based on Snell's Law,
    which describes the relationship between the
    angles of incidence and refraction when light
    passes through different mediums. When
    light travels from one medium to another
    with a different refractive index, it changes
    direction. The concave mirror and plane
    mirror setup allows us to measure and
    calculate the refractive index of the liquid by
    observing the reflected and refracted light
    rays.

    APPARATUS REQUIRED
    1. Concave Mirror
    2. Plane Mirror
    3. Liquid
    4. Optical Bench
    5. Light Source.
    6. Screen
    7. Stand for Holding Mirrors
    DIAGRAM
    FORMULA USED

    Lens Formula for Concave Mirror:


    The lens formula for a concave mirror
    relates the object distance (u), the image
    distance (v), and the focal length (f) of the
    mirror. It is given by:
    1/f = 1/v + 1/u
    In the experimental setup, the concave
    mirror is used to form an image of the light
    source.
    PROCEDURE
    Place the optical bench on a level surface
    and secure it in place.
    Mount the concave mirror and the plane
    mirror at appropriate distances on the optical
    bench.
    Fill the space between the concave mirror and
    the plane mirror with the liquid whose
    refractive index is to be determined.
    Position the light source to direct a beam of light
    towards the concave mirror.
    Adjust the position of the mirrors and the
    light source until a clear image is formed on
    the screen.
    Measure the distances between the mirrors, the
    angles of incidence and reflection, and any other
    relevant parameters.
    Record the measurements
    accurately Repeat the procedure for
    different configurations
    Use the recorded data to calculate the refractive
    index of the liquid using the principles of optics
    and Snell's Law.
    OBSERVATION TABLE

    CALCULATION

    RESULT
    INTERPRETATION
    The experimental setup involving the
    concave mirror, plane mirror, and liquid
    medium provided valuable insights into the
    behavior of light. Through measurements,
    we were able to observe the phenomena of
    reflection and refraction and quantify the
    refractive index of the liquid under investigation.
    The formation of a clear image on the
    screen was a critical aspect of the experiment.

    Overall, the interpretation of the experimental


    results reaffirmed the fundamental relationship
    between light and matter, emphasizing the
    significance of the refractive index in shaping the
    behavior of light and its applications in various
    optical systems.

    PRECAUTIONS
    The mirror and surface of the water
    should be very clean.
    The needle should be clamped
    properly in horizontal position.
    The parallax between the optical needle
    and its image should be removed
    properly
    SOURCES OF ERROR
    The needle may not be proper
    horizontal. Parallax may not be
    removed properly.

    APPLICATION TO SOCIETY
    The research holds significant relevance
    beyond the confines of the laboratory, with
    implications that extend to various sectors of
    society.

    Optical Instrumentation Development:


    The insights can be instrumental in the design
    and development of advanced optical
    instruments. This knowledge forms the basis
    for creating precision lenses, microscopes,
    telescopes, and other optical devices crucial in
    scientific research

    Educational Outreach and STEM Advocacy:


    Projects like the one conducted to determine the
    refractive index of a liquid serve as valuable
    educational tools. They inspire curiosity,
    promote scientific inquiry, and foster interest in
    the fields of science, technology, engineering,
    and mathematics (STEM) among students and
    the broader community.
    Medical Diagnostics and Imaging:
    They play a vital role in medical diagnostics
    and imaging techniques. By accurately
    determining the refractive index of
    biological fluids and tissues, medical
    professionals can enhance the quality and
    accuracy of imaging technologies such as
    microscopes, endoscopes, and medical
    lasers.

    Fiber Optics and Telecommunications:


    Understanding the behavior of light in
    different media is essential for the efficient
    transmission of data through fiber optic
    networks. The knowledge aids in
    designing optical fibers with specific
    properties, enabling high-speed
    communication, and internet connectivity.

    Environmental Monitoring and Analysis:


    The ability can be applied in
    environmental monitoring and analysis.
    For instance, in water quality assessments,
    the refractive index of water samples can
    provide insights into their composition and
    purity, aiding in pollution detection and
    environmental conservation efforts.
    FUTURE SCOPE
    The experimental investigation not only provides
    valuable insights into the behavior of light but
    also paves the way for further exploration and
    applications.

    1. Nanophononics and Metamaterials:


    Exploring the refractive index at the nanoscale
    opens up avenues for studying unique optical
    phenomena and designing metamaterials with
    tailored refractive properties. Research in
    nanophononics could lead to breakthroughs in
    miniaturized optics, photonic circuits, and
    novel materials with extraordinary light-
    manipulating capabilities.
    2. Biomedical Optics and Bio photonics:
    Applying the concepts of refractive index to
    biological tissues and fluids can revolutionize
    medical diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutics.
    Future studies could delve into the
    development of advanced optical techniques for
    non-invasive disease detection, cellular
    imaging, and targeted drug delivery based on
    refractive index variations.
    3. Quantum Optics and Quantum Information:
    The intersection of optics with
    quantum mechanics offers exciting
    possibilities in quantum information
    processing and
    communication. Investigating the refractive
    properties of quantum materials and
    exploring quantum optical phenomena could
    drive innovations in quantum computing,
    cryptography, and secure communication
    protocols.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    1. Wikipedia.com
    2. byjus.com
    3. Physics lab manual class XII CBSE
    4.youtube.com
    5.Physics NCERT CLASS XII Part II

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