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    Unit - IV Social Ethics

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    Dinesh Karan

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    Unit - IV Social Ethics

    Uploaded by

    Dinesh Karan
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    8 views18 pages

    Unit - IV Social Ethics

    Uploaded by

    Dinesh Karan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    UNIT - IV

    SOCIAL ETHICS
    APPLICATION OF ETHICAL REASONING TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS

    • Analytical and Critical Thinking


    • Applied Problem Solving
    • Ethical Reasoning and Decision making
    • Innovation and Creativity
    • Digital Literacy
    • Career Management
    • Engaging Diversity
    • Active Citizenship and Community Engagement
    • Teamwork and Leadership
    • Oral and Written Communication
    GENDER BIAS AND ISSUES
    Gender bias is the tendency to prefer one gender over another.
    • TYPES OF GENDER BIAS:
    ➢ Performance support bias
    Performance support bias occurs when employers, managers and colleagues provide more resources
    and opportunities to one gender (typically men) over another.

    ➢ Performance review bias


    Performance review bias occurs when employers, managers and colleagues review an employee of
    one gender differently from another gender – even when the evaluations are purely merit-based.

    ➢ Performance reward bias


    Performance review bias occurs when employers, managers and colleagues reward an employee of
    one gender differently from another gender. Rewards may be in the form of promotions, raises or other
    merit-based rewards.
    Causes of Gender bias in India

    ➢ Poverty
    • According to the World Bank approximately 70% of the world’s impoverished population is
    female.
    • Poverty restricts access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

    ➢ Child Marriage
    • UNICEF estimates that 12 million girls are married before the age of 18 every year.
    • UNESCO reports that 132 million girls are out of school glopally, with less access to learning
    opportunities than boys.

    ➢ Poor Medical health:


    • In regions with inadequate healthcare facilities, girls face higher maternal mortality rates, limited
    access to family planning and health related bias.
    ➢ Lack of Awareness and patriarchal Norms
    • When societies perpetuate gender stereotypes and discrimination, it becomes challenging to break free
    from the shackles of inequality.
    • Patriarchal norms hold back many girls from striving for their dreams by receiving a quality
    education, medical facilities and overall awareness for their well-bring.
    ➢ Uneven access to education
    • Around the world women still have less access to education than men ¼ of young women between 15-
    24 will not finish primary school.
    • That group makes up 58% of the people not completing that basic education.
    ➢Job segregation
    • Most of the time, those are the jobs pay the best. This discrimination results in lower income for
    women.
    ➢Lack of legal protections
    ▪ According to research from the World Bank, over one billion women don’t have legal protection
    against domestic sexual violence or domestic economic violence.
    ▪ In many countries, there’s also a lack of legal protections against harassment in the workplace, at
    school, and in public. These places become unsafe and without protection women frequently have to
    make decisions that compromise and limit their goals.
    Ways to reduce gender bias…..

    1. Collect and analyze employee demographic data.


    2. Collect and analyze employee compensation data.
    3. Run experiments unique to team.
    4. Identify gender bias in recruiting process.
    5. Utilize automation and artificial intelligence.
    6. Implement regular gender bias training
    7. Provide leadership training opportunities.
    8. Create office space for everyone.
    9. Give everyone a seat at the table for important projects.
    10. Review anti-discrimination and bias policies.
    GENDER VIOLENCE / GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (GBV)

    ➢Physical harm
    • It results in injuries, distress and health problems and may even lead to death in certain cases.
    • Typical form physical violence are beating, strangling, pushing and the use of weapons.
    • In the Asian countries, 31% of women have experienced one or more acts of physical violence
    since the age of 15.
    ➢Sexual harm
    • It includes unconsented sexual acts, attempts to obtain a sexual act, acts to traffic or acts otherwise
    directed against a person’s sexuality without the person’s consent.
    • Its estimated that 1/20 of women (5%) has been raped since the age of 15.
    ➢Psychological or economic harm or suffering to women
    • It includes psychologically abusive behaviours such as controlling, coercion, economic violence
    and blackmail. 43% of women experienced some form of psychological violence by an intimate
    partner.
    Who is most at Risk? (GBV)

    • Women and girls living with disabilities

    • Young and adolescent girls

    • Older women

    • Women of ethnic minorities

    • Refugees and migrants.


    Causes Gender-based Violence

    • Poverty
    young girls may be pulled out of education for marriage, to help with domestic tasks or unemployment
    and economic distress in the household .
    • Breakdown of services
    women and girls travelling great distances in search of food, water or fuel further increasing risk of
    sexual harassment.
    • Displacement
    women living in refugee camps and other temporary accommodation can face safety issues that put
    them greater risk.
    • Stress in the home
    intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence women experience in humanitarian
    settings.
    SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION
    It is defined as the differentiating treatment of an individual based on their actual or
    perceived characteristics.(Example: Age, Gender, income status or medical condition)
    TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION:
    ❖Age discrimination
    Employment Act of 1967, as amended, protects individuals who are 40 years of age and
    older from employment discrimination based on age.
    ❖Disability discrimination
    The ADA prohibits discrimination in all employment practices, including job application
    procedures, hiring, firing, training, compensation, advancement and any other terms and
    conditions.
    ❖Status as a Parent
    Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) as amended, prohibits employment
    discrimination in the Federal government based on marital status, political affiliation and conduct
    does not adversely affect the performance of the employee.
    ❖ Religious discrimination:
    Civil Right Act 1964 – prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals because of their
    religion in hiring, firing and other terms and condition of employment.

    ❖ National Origin:
    It is unlawful to discriminate against an employee because of the individual’s birthplace, culture etc.
    ❖ Pregnancy:

    The Pregnancy Discrimination Act is an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
    Under this act, discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth or related medical conditions constitutes
    unlawful sex (pregnancy) discrimination.
    ❖ Race, Colour and Sex:
    ✓ Race discrimination occurs when employees are treated differently than other employees because of
    unalterable characteristics, such as physical features attributed to their race.
    ✓ Colour discrimination occurs when persons are treated differently than others because of their skin
    pigmentation. Colour discrimination can occur within the same ethnic group.
    ✓ Sex discrimination occurs when men and women who are similarly situated are treated differently
    based on gender.
    CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION AND POLICIES

    • Constitutional protection is when the constitution or Bill of Rights

    guarantees basic freedoms, like the freedom of speech. This means

    that the government cannot take away these freedoms from people.

    • It is also called constitutional freedom or constitutional liberty.


    CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION AND POLICIES:
    The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic
    assures its citizens justice, equality, and liberty and endeavours to promote fraternity.

    What are constitutional provisions and policies?


    ❖Freedom of speech and religion
    ❖Citizenship
    ❖Separation of state and religion
    ❖Fundamental structure doctrine of the construction of India
    ❖Secularism
    Some constitutional provisions and policies:
    • Article 315: Public Service Commission for the Union and for the States

    • Article 316: Appointment of members for work

    • Article 317: Suspension of a person from a Public Service Commission

    • Article 318: It grants the power to make regulations

    • Article 319: Prohibits the holding of offices by the members

    • Article 320: Work of Public Service Commission

    • Article 321: Grant power for the extension of functions of the Public Service Commission

    • Article 322: Expenditure of Public Service Commission

    • Article 323: Reports of Public Service Commission


    FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN INDIA

    Six fundamental rights are:


    1.Article 14 – 18 : Right to Equality

    2.Article 19 - 22: Right to Freedom

    3.Article 23 - 24: Right against exploitation

    4.Article 25 - 28: Right to freedom of Religion

    5.Article 29 - 30: Cultural and educational rights

    6.Article 32 - 35: Right to Constitutional Remedies

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