DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Question Bank

OMR353 - SENSORS
(Open Elective)

Regulation 2021

IV SEMESTER
(Academic Year – 2024-2025-Odd semester)
Prepared by
B. Theeban Chakkaravathy. ASP/ECE
 To impart world-class education to students and be respected as a thought leader in the field of higher
Institution
education in India
Vision
 Using Invest in Yourself (IIY) technique, learn continually, harvest new ideas and execute them
Institution practically to provide world-class education to students
Mission  Using IIY technique, strengthen technical and managerial thinking, enhance research and innovate to
reach intellectual excellence.
Core Values Openness || Ethical behaviour || Excellence || Innovation || Ownership || Think big
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VISION To be recognized as a leading department for moulding intellectual and ethical engineers addressing societal needs
 Facilitate the students to excel in intellectual abilities through Invest in Yourself (IIY).
MISSION
 Through IIY, encourage students to drive ethical innovations for societal advancements.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE
1. To provide the students with a strong foundation in the required sciences in order to pursue studies in Electronics and
Communication Engineering.
2. To gain adequate knowledge to become a good professional in electronic and communication engineering-associated
industries, higher education, and research.
3. To develop an attitude in lifelong learning, applying and adapting new ideas and technologies as their field evolves.
4. To prepare students to critically analyze existing literature in an area of specialization and ethically develop innovative and
research-oriented methodologies to solve the problems identified.
5. To inculcate in the students a professional and ethical attitude and an ability to visualize engineering issues in a broader
social context
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated
conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
3. Design/ Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or
processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems using research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering and IT tools including
prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multi-
disciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering and management principles
and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life- long
learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
The Students will be able to
PSO1. Design, develop and analyze electronic systems through application of relevant electronics, mathematics and
engineering principles.
PSO2: Design, develop and analyze communication systems through application of fundamentals from communication
principles, signal processing, and RF System Design & Electromagnetics.
PSO3: Adapt to emerging electronics and communication technologies and develop innovative solutions for existing and
newer problems.
 OMR353 - SENSORS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To learn the various types of sensors, transducers, sensor output signal types, calibration
techniques, formulation of system equation and its characteristics.
 To understand basic working principle, construction, Application and characteristics of
displacement, speed and ranging sensors.
 To understand and analyze the working principle, construction, application and
characteristics of force, magnetic and heading sensors.
 To learn and analyze the working principle, construction, application and characteristics of
optical, pressure, temperature and other sensors.
 To familiarize students with different signal conditioning circuits design and data acquisition
system.

SYLLABUS
 UNIT I SENSOR CLASSIFICATION, CHARACTERISTICS AND SIGNAL TYPES
o Basics of Measurement – Classification of Errors – Error Analysis – Static and Dynamic
Characteristics of Transducers – Performance Measures of Sensors – Classification of Sensors
– Sensor Calibration Techniques – Sensor Outputs - Signal Types - Analog and Digital
Signals, PWM and PPM.
 UNIT II DISPLACEMENT, PROXIMITY AND RANGING SENSORS
o Displacement Sensors – Brush Encoders - Potentiometers, Resolver, Encoders – Optical,
Magnetic, Inductive, Capacitive, LVDT – RVDT – Synchro – Microsyn, Accelerometer –
Range Sensors - Ultrasonic Ranging - Reflective Beacons - Laser Range Sensor (LIDAR) –
GPS - RF Beacons.
 UNIT III FORCE, MAGNETIC AND HEADING SENSORS
o Strain Gage – Types, Working, Advantage, Limitation, and Applications: Load Measurement
– Force and Torque Measurement - Magnetic Sensors – Types, Principle, Advantage,
Limitation, and Applications - Magneto Resistive – Hall Effect, Eddy Current Sensor -
Heading Sensors – Compass, Gyroscope and Inclinometers.
 UNIT IV OPTICAL, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND OTHER SENSORS
o Photo Conductive Cell, Photo Voltaic, Photo Resistive, LDR – Fiber Optic Sensors – Pressure
– Diaphragm – Bellows - Piezoelectric - Piezo-resistive - Acoustic, Temperature – IC,
Thermistor, RTD, Thermocouple – Non Contact Sensor - Chemical Sensors - MEMS Sensors
- Smart Sensors.
 UNIT V SIGNAL CONDITIONING
o Need for Signal Conditioning – Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive Bridges for Measurement
- DC and AC Signal Conditioning - Voltage, Current, Power and Instrumentation Amplifiers
– Filter and Isolation Circuits – Fundamentals of Data Acquisition System

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES

Upon successful completion of the course, students should be able to:

1. Understand various sensor effects, sensor characteristics, signal types, calibration methods and
obtain transfer function and empirical relation of sensors. They can also analyze the sensor
response.
2. Analyze and select suitable sensor for displacement, proximity, and range measurement.
3. Analyze and select suitable sensor for force, magnetic field, speed, position, and direction
measurement.
4. Analyze and select suitable sensors for light detection, pressure, and temperature measurement and
familiar with other miniaturized smart sensors.
5. Select and design suitable signal conditioning circuit with proper compensation and linearizing
element based on sensor output signal.
 UNIT 1 – INTRODUCTION
Basics of Measurement – Classification of errors – Error analysis – Static and dynamic characteristics
of transducers – Performance measures of sensors – Classification of sensors – Sensor calibration
techniques – Sensor Output Signal Types.
PART – A
BT
Q.No Questions Competenc
Level
e
1. What do you understand by the term ‘Steady State Error’? BTL 1 Remember
2. Conclude the purpose of measurement. BTL 5 Evaluate
3. The unknown resistance in a Wheatstone bridge is measured utilizing
three known resistances such that R4 = R2R3/R1. If the values of R1 = 100 + BTL 3 Apply
0.5%Ω, R2 = 500 + 0.5%Ω, and R3 =292 + 0.5%Ω, solve for the
error in unknown resistance.
4. List out the types of instrumental errors. BTL 1 Remember
5. Differentiate primary and derived standards BTL 2 Understand
6. Identify the types of errors in measurement. BTL 3 Apply
7. List out the sources of errors. BTL 1 Remember
8. What are the two different means adopted to avoid gross error? BTL 1 Remember
9. Contrast the needs between static calibration and dynamic calibration? BTL 4 Analyze
10. The following 10 observations were recorded when measuring a voltage:
41.7, 42.0, 41.8, 42.9, 42.1, 41.9, 42.0, 41.9, 42.5, 41.8. Estimate (a) BTL 6 Create
The mean (b) The standard deviation.
11. Differentiate between passive and active transducers. Give an example of BTL 2 Understand
each.
12. Compare limiting errors & component errors BTL 2 Understand
13. List the differences between error and uncertainty. Contrast
BTL 4 Analyze
systematic and random errors?
14. What is the inference on term inverse transducer? Give an example. BTL 4 Analyze
15. Identify the factors to be considered for selection of transducer for a
BTL 3 Apply
particular application.
16. Elaborate the terms ‘Selectivity’ and ‘Specificity’ of sensors. BTL 1 Remember
17. What are the output signals of sensors? BTL 1 Remember
18. Explain the importance of two wire and three wire sensors? Give
BTL 5 Evaluate
typical example for each type.
19. Classify sensors based on order and give example. BTL 2 Understand
20. Define Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS). BTL 1 Remember
PART – B
1. Discuss about the types of errors in measurement system and explain
BTL 6 Create
how they are corrected? (13)
2. (i) Explain the Normal or Gaussian curve of errors. (6)
BTL 2 Understand
(ii) Explain about different types of systematic error. (7)
3. What is meant by error analysis? Explain statistical methods of error
BTL 1 Remember
analysis with example. (13)
4. In a test, temperature is measured 100 times with variations in
apparatus and procedures. After applying the corrections, the results
are:
Temp°C 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405
BTL 3 Apply
Freq 1 3 12 23 37 16 4 2 2
Solve and obtain arithmetic mean, the average deviation, the standard
deviation and the probable error. (13)
5. The following values were obtained from the measurement of current:
12.35A, 12.71A, 12.48A, 10.24A, 12.63A and 12.58A. Apply proper
methods and calculate:
a. The arithmetic mean BTL 3 Apply
b. The average deviation
c. The standard deviation
d. Variance. (13)
6. What are the classifications of instrument errors? Explain about the BTL 1 Remember
causes and remedies for each error in detail. (13)
7. (i) Enumerate the various sources of errors encountered in a BTL 4 Analyze
measurement system. (7)
(ii) Classify the standards and give example for each level of
standard. (6)
8. Compare and explain static and dynamic characteristics of BTL 4 Analyze
transducers / measurement system. (13)
9. Analyze the various performance measures of sensors (13) BTL 4 Analyze
10. (i) List and discuss the desirable and undesirable static BTL 1 Remember
characteristics of transducers. (7)
(ii) What is the true value of the voltage across the terminals A and
B? What would a voltmeter of 20kΩ/V sensitivity read on the 50
V and 10 V ranges? (6)

BTL 5 Apply

11. Explain the classification of transducers in detail. (13) BTL 2 Understand

12. (i) Measure the sensitivity of a pressure gauge as a ratio of scale
length to pressure if the gauge has radius of scale line as 100mm BTL 5 Evaluate
and pressure of 0 to 50pascals if displayed over an arc of
2700. The gauge has linear calibration curve. (4)
(ii) Explain statics characteristics of measuring instruments. (9) BTL 2 Understand
13. List the calibration methods. Explain about the static calibration in BTL 1 Remember
detail. (13)
14. (i) List out the sensor output signal types. (3) BTL 1 Remember
(ii) Explain various output signal types of sensors. (10) BTL 2 Understand
 PART – C
1. Two resistors have the following rating: R1 = 36Ω ± 5% and R2 = BTL 5 Analyze
75Ω ± 5%. Deduce the limiting error when the resistors are
connected in i) Series and ii) Parallel. (15)
2. The following 10 observations were recorded when measuring a
voltage in volts. 41.7, 42.0, 41.8, 42.0, 42.1, 41.9, 42.5, 42.0, 41.9, BTL 5 Analyze
41.8. Evaluate (1) Mean (2) Standard Deviation (3) Probable error
(4) Mode. (15)
3. The power factor in a circuit having sinusoidal voltage and current are
determined by measuring current, voltage and power. The voltage is
150V on a voltmeter of 200V scale. The current is 7A on an ammeter
of 10A scale. The power is 550W on a 1KW wattmeter. Ammeter and
voltmeter are guaranteed to be accurate within +0.2% of full scale and BTL 6 Analyze
wattmeter +0.5% of full scale.
(i) To what % accuracy, the power factor obtained from the
readings can be guaranteed?
(ii) Estimate the amount of contribution of error by each
instrument for the error obtained above in power factor
reading. (15)
4. Discuss about the primary and secondary signals in sensor or
transducer classification. Give examples of magnetic - electric BTL 6 Analyze
sensors and chemical - Electric sensors. (15)