SYBMITTED TO:

SUBMITTED BY:
MS. PRIYANKA ARORA
TANUJ

(24/A14/035)
 Experment 11
Question: Write a program to find an element of an array
using linear search
CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

int linearSearch(int arr[], int size, int target) {

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (arr[i] == target) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}

int main() {
int size, target, result;

printf("Enter the number of elements in the

array: ");
scanf("%d", &size);

int arr[size];

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", size);

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

printf("Enter the element to search for: ");

scanf("%d", &target);

result = linearSearch(arr, size, target);

 if (result == -1) {
printf("Element not found in the array.\n");
} else {
printf("Element found at index %d.\n",
result);
}

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 12
Question : Write a program to find an element of an array
using binary search.

Code:
#include <stdio.h>

int binarySearch(int arr[], int low, int high, int

target) {
while (low <= high) {
int mid = (low + high) / 2;

if (arr[mid] == target)
return mid;
else if (arr[mid] < target)
low = mid + 1;
else
high = mid - 1;
}
return -1;
}

int main() {
int size, target;

printf("Enter array size: ");

scanf("%d", &size);

int arr[size];
printf("Enter sorted array elements: ");
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

printf("Enter target: ");

scanf("%d", &target);
 int result = binarySearch(arr, 0, size - 1,
target);

if (result != -1)
printf("Element found at index %d\n",
result);
else
printf("Element not found\n");

return 0;
}

Output:
 Experiment 13
Question:. Write a program to sort an array using bubble
sort.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>

void bubbleSort(int arr[], int n) {

for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n - i - 1; j++) {
if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
int temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
arr[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
}
}

int main() {
int n;

printf("Enter the number of elements: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int arr[n];

printf("Enter %d elements: ", n);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

bubbleSort(arr, n);
 printf("Sorted array: ");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}

return 0;
}

Output:
 Experiment 14
Question: Write a program to sort an array using
selection sort.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>

void selectionSort(int array[], int size) {

int i, j, minIndex, temp;

for (i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {

minIndex = i;
for (j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
if (array[j] < array[minIndex]) {
minIndex = j;
}
}

temp = array[minIndex];
array[minIndex] = array[i];
array[i] = temp;
}
}

void printArray(int array[], int size) {

int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
printf("%d ", array[i]);
}
 printf("\n");
}

int main() {
int array[] = {64, 25, 12, 22, 11};
int size = sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]);

printf("Original array: \n");

printArray(array, size);

selectionSort(array, size);

printf("Sorted array: \n");

printArray(array, size);

return 0;
}

Output:
 Experiment 15
Question: Write a program to sort an array using
insertion sort.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>

void insertionSort(int array[], int size) {

int i, key, j;
for (i = 1; i < size; i++) {
key = array[i];
j = i - 1;

while (j >= 0 && array[j] > key) {

array[j + 1] = array[j];
j = j - 1;
}
array[j + 1] = key;
}
}

void printArray(int array[], int size) {

int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
printf("%d ", array[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}

int main() {
 int array[] = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6};
int size = sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]);

printf("Original array: \n");

printArray(array, size);

insertionSort(array, size);

printf("Sorted array: \n");

printArray(array, size);

return 0;
}

Output:
 Experiment 16

Question: Write a program to find

factorial using recursion

Code:
#include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0 || n == 1) {
return 1;
} else {
return n * factorial(n - 1); // Recursive
case
}
}

int main() {
int num;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

if (num < 0) {
printf("Factorial of a negative number
doesn't exist.\n");
} else {

printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", num,

factorial(num));
}
 return 0;
}
Output:

Experiment 17

Question: Write a program to find length

of a string without using predefined
function.

Code:
#include <stdio.h>

int stringLength(char str[]) {

int length = 0;

while (str[length] != '\0') {

length++; }

return length; }

int main() {
char str[100];

printf("Enter a string: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);

int length = stringLength(str);

printf("Length of the string is: %d\n", length);

 return 0;
}
Output:

Experiment 18

Question: Write a program to concatenates

a string without using predefined
libraries.

Code:
#include <stdio.h>

void concatenateStrings(char *str1, const char *str2)

{

while (*str1 != '\0') {

str1++;
}

while (*str2 != '\0') {

*str1 = *str2;
str1++;

str2++; }

*str1 = '\0';
}

int main() {
char str1[100];
char str2[50];
 printf("Enter the first string: ");
fgets(str1, sizeof(str1), stdin);

printf("Enter the second string: ");

fgets(str2, sizeof(str2), stdin);

str1[strcspn(str1, "\n")] = '\0'; // For str1

str2[strcspn(str2, "\n")] = '\0';

concatenateStrings(str1, str2);
printf("Concatenated String: %s\n", str1);

return 0;
}

Output:
 Experiment 19
Question: Write a program to reverse a
given string.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>

void reverseString(char *str) {

char temp;
int start = 0;
int end = 0;

while (str[end] != '\0') {

end++;
}
end--;

while (start < end) {

temp = str[start];
str[start] = str[end];
str[end] = temp;
start++;
end--;
}
}

int main() {
 char str[100];

printf("Enter a string: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);
str[strcspn(str, "\n")] = '\0';

reverseString(str);
printf("Reversed String: %s\n", str);

return 0;
}

Output:
 Experiment 20
Question: Write a program to Addition of
matrix of 3x3 matrices.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int matrix1[3][3], matrix2[3][3], sum[3][3];
int i, j;

printf("Enter elements of first matrix (3x3):");

for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix1[i][j]);
}
}

printf("Enter elements of second matrix (3x3):");

for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix2[i][j]);
}
}

for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
sum[i][j] = matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i]
[j];
 }
}

printf("Sum of the matrices:");

for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", sum[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}
Output:
 Experiment 21
Question: Write a program to
Multiplication of 3x3 matrices.

Code:
#include <stdio.h>

#define SIZE 3 // Define the size of the matrix

void matrix_multiply(int A[SIZE][SIZE], int B[SIZE]

[SIZE], int C[SIZE][SIZE]) {
// Initialize the result matrix C with zeros
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < SIZE; j++) {
C[i][j] = 0;
}
}

// Perform matrix multiplication

for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < SIZE; j++) {
for (int k = 0; k < SIZE; k++) {
C[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
}
}
 }
}

void print_matrix(int matrix[SIZE][SIZE]) {

for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < SIZE; j++) {
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

int main() {
int A[SIZE][SIZE] = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9}
};

int B[SIZE][SIZE] = {
{9, 8, 7},
{6, 5, 4},
{3, 2, 1}
};

int C[SIZE][SIZE]; // Resultant matrix

// Multiply matrices A and B, store result in C

matrix_multiply(A, B, C);

// Print the resulting matrix C

printf("Resulting Matrix C:\n");
print_matrix(C);

return 0;
}
Output:

Experiment 22
Question: Write a program to compare
length of strings.
CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void compareStringLengths(const char *str1, const

char *str2) {
int length1 = strlen(str1);
int length2 = strlen(str2);

if (length1 > length2) {

printf("The first string is longer by %d
characters.\n", length1 - length2);
} else if (length1 < length2) {
printf("The second string is longer by %d
characters.\n", length2 - length1);
} else {
printf("Both strings are of equal length.\
n");
}
}

int main() {
 char str1[100], str2[100];

printf("Enter the first string: ");

fgets(str1, sizeof(str1), stdin);
str1[strcspn(str1, "\n")] = '\0';

printf("Enter the second string: ");

fgets(str2, sizeof(str2), stdin);
str2[strcspn(str2, "\n")] = '\0';

compareStringLengths(str1, str2);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 23
Question: )Write a program to find number
of vowels in a string.

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

int countVowels(const char *str) {

int count = 0;
while (*str) {
char ch = *str;
if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch
== 'o' || ch == 'u' ||
ch == 'A' || ch == 'E' || ch == 'I' || ch
== 'O' || ch == 'U') {
count++;
}
str++;
}
return count;
}

int main() {
char str[100];

printf("Enter a string: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);
str[strcspn(str, "\n")] = '\0';
 int vowelCount = countVowels(str);
printf("Number of vowels: %d\n", vowelCount);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Experiment 24
Question: Write a program to print the
triangle of star

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int rows, i, j;

printf("Enter the number of rows: ");

scanf("%d", &rows);

for(i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {

for(j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
printf("* ");
}
printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}
OUTPUT:

Experiment 25
Question: Write a program to find whether an
entered number is prime or not.

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num, i, isPrime = 1;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

if (num <= 1) {
isPrime = 0;
} else {
for (i = 2; i * i <= num; i++) {
if (num % i == 0) {
isPrime = 0;
break;
}}}

if (isPrime) {
printf("%d is a prime number.\n", num);
 } else {
printf("%d is not a prime number.\n", num);
}

return 0;
}
OUTPUT:

Experiment 26
Question: Write a program whether a string is
palindrome or not.
CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char str[100], rev[100];
int i, j, len;

printf("Enter a string: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);
len = strlen(str);
if (str[len - 1] == '\n') {
str[len - 1] = '\0';
len--;
}

for (i = 0, j = len - 1; i < len; i++, j--) {

rev[i] = str[j];
}
rev[len] = '\0';

if (strcmp(str, rev) == 0) {
printf("The string is a palindrome.\n");
} else {
printf("The string is not a palindrome.\n");
 }

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 27
Question: Write a program to convert a string
from lower case to upper case

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char str[100];
int i;

printf("Enter a string: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);

for (i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {

if (str[i] >= 'a' && str[i] <= 'z') {
str[i] = str[i] - 'a' + 'A';
}
}

printf("Uppercase string: %s", str);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Experiment 28
Question: Write a program to convert a string
from upper case to lower case and vice versa.
CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char str[100];
int i;

printf("Enter a string: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);

for (i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {

if (str[i] >= 'a' && str[i] <= 'z') {
str[i] = str[i] - 'a' + 'A';
} else if (str[i] >= 'A' && str[i] <= 'Z') {
str[i] = str[i] - 'A' + 'a';
}
}

printf("Converted string: %s", str);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Experiment 29
Question: )Write a program to swap two numbers
using pointers.

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

void swap(int *a, int *b) {

int temp = *a;
 *a = *b;
*b = temp;
}

int main() {
int num1, num2;

// Input two numbers

printf("Enter first number: ");
scanf("%d", &num1);
printf("Enter second number: ");
scanf("%d", &num2);

// Display numbers before swapping

printf("Before swapping: num1 = %d, num2 = %d\n", num1,
num2);

// Swap the numbers

swap(&num1, &num2);

// Display numbers after swapping

printf("After swapping: num1 = %d, num2 = %d\n", num1,
num2);

return 0
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 30
Question: )Write a program to find the area
perimeter of a circle, rectangle, square and
triangle using functions.
CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

#define PI 3.14159

float circleArea(float radius) {

return PI * radius * radius;
}

float circlePerimeter(float radius) {

return 2 * PI * radius;
}

float rectangleArea(float length, float width) {

return length * width;
}

float rectanglePerimeter(float length, float width) {

return 2 * (length + width);
}

float squareArea(float side) {

return side * side;
}

float squarePerimeter(float side) {

return 4 * side;
}

float triangleArea(float base, float height) {

return 0.5 * base * height;
}

float trianglePerimeter(float a, float b, float c) {

return a + b + c;
}

int main() {
float radius, length, width, side, base, height, a, b, c;

printf("Enter radius of circle: ");

scanf("%f", &radius);
printf("Circle Area: %.2f\n", circleArea(radius));
printf("Circle Perimeter: %.2f\n", circlePerimeter(radius));

printf("Enter length and width of rectangle: ");

scanf("%f %f", &length, &width);
printf("Rectangle Area: %.2f\n", rectangleArea(length,
width));
printf("Rectangle Perimeter: %.2f\n",
rectanglePerimeter(length, width));

printf("Enter side of square: ");

scanf("%f", &side);
printf("Square Area: %.2f\n", squareArea(side));
printf("Square Perimeter: %.2f\n", squarePerimeter(side));

printf("Enter base and height of triangle: ");

scanf("%f %f", &base, &height);
printf("Triangle Area: %.2f\n", triangleArea(base, height));

printf("Enter lengths of triangle sides: ");

scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c);
printf("Triangle Perimeter: %.2f\n", trianglePerimeter(a, b,
c));

return 0:
}
OUTPUT:
 Experiment 31
Question: Write a program to generate the
employee details using structure

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

struct Employee {
int id;
char name[50];
float salary;
};

void displayEmployee(struct Employee emp) {

printf("Employee ID: %d\n", emp.id);
printf("Employee Name: %s\n", emp.name);
printf("Employee Salary: %.2f\n", emp.salary);
}

int main() {
int n, i;
printf("Enter the number of employees: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

struct Employee employees[n];

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("Enter details for employee %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("ID: ");
scanf("%d", &employees[i].id);
printf("Name: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]s", employees[i].name);
printf("Salary: ");
scanf("%f", &employees[i].salary);
}

printf("\nEmployee Details:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
displayEmployee(employees[i]);
printf("\n");
}
 return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 32
Question: Program to pass and return pointer to
function hence calculate average of an array.

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

float calculateAverage(int *arr, int size) {

int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return (float)sum / size;
}

int main() {
int n;

printf("Enter the number of elements in the array: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int arr[n];
printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

float average = calculateAverage(arr, n);

printf("Average: %.2f\n", average);

return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
 Experiment 33
Question: Program to pass an array as pointer to
a function that calculates the sum of all elements
of the array.
CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
int calculateSum(int *arr, int size) {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum;
}

int main() {
int n;

printf("Enter the number of elements in the array: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int arr[n];
printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

int sum = calculateSum(arr, n);

printf("Sum of all elements: %d\n", sum);
 return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 34
Question: . Program to demonstrate the example
of array of pointers

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
// Declare an array of pointers to char
const char *fruits[] = {
"Apple",
"Banana",
"Cherry",
"Date",
"Elderberry"
};

// Calculate the number of elements in the array

int numberOfFruits = sizeof(fruits) / sizeof(fruits[0]);

// Print each fruit using the array of pointers

printf("List of fruits:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < numberOfFruits; i++) {
printf("%s\n", fruits[i]);
}

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 35
Question: Program to create a file called emp.txt
and store information about a person, in terms of
his name, age and salary.

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char name[50];
int age;
float salary;

printf("Enter name: ");

scanf("%49s", name);
printf("Enter age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
printf("Enter salary: ");
scanf("%f", &salary);

FILE *file = fopen("emp.txt", "w");

fprintf(file, "Name: %s\n", name);
fprintf(file, "Age: %d\n", age);
fprintf(file, "Salary: %.2f\n", salary);
fclose(file);

return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
 Experiment 36
Question: 6. Program which copies one file
contents to another file.

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

if (argc != 3) {
printf("Usage: %s <source_file> <destination_file>\n",
argv[0]);
return 1;
}

FILE *sourceFile = fopen(argv[1], "rb");

FILE *destinationFile = fopen(argv[2], "wb");
char buffer[1024];
size_t bytesRead;

if (sourceFile == NULL) {
perror("Error opening source file");
return 1;
}
if (destinationFile == NULL) {
perror("Error opening destination file");
fclose(sourceFile);
return 1;
}
 while ((bytesRead = fread(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer),
sourceFile)) > 0) {
fwrite(buffer, 1, bytesRead, destinationFile);
}

fclose(sourceFile);
fclose(destinationFile);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 37
Question: Program to read a file and after
converting all lower case to upper case letters
write it to another file

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

int main() {
FILE *inputFile = fopen("input.txt", "r");
FILE *outputFile = fopen("output.txt", "w");
char ch;

if (inputFile == NULL) {
printf("Error opening input file.\n");
return 1;
}
if (outputFile == NULL) {
printf("Error opening output file.\n");
fclose(inputFile);
return 1;
}

while ((ch = fgetc(inputFile)) != EOF) {

fputc(toupper(ch), outputFile);
}
 fclose(inputFile);
fclose(outputFile);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 Experiment 38
Question: Program to find the size of a given file

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
FILE *file = fopen("emp.txt", "rb");
if (file == NULL) {
printf("File not found.\n");
return 1;
}

fseek(file, 0, SEEK_END);
long size = ftell(file);
fclose(file);

printf("Size of file: %ld bytes\n", size);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT: