ARC 354 Industrial Buildings (Lesson 4)

Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
ARC Industrial Buildings

354 Dr. Edward Ayebeng Botchway
Lessons
ARC 354: Industrial Buildings Tuesday, 14 April, 2020
3/6
Completed
Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3
Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6

ARC 354: Industrial Buildings | Lesson 4: Construction Systems www.knust.edu.gh 2
Generic Construction Systems Adaptable for
Industrial Buildings
In this Lesson…
Tuesday, 14 April, 2020 ARC 354: Industrial Buildings | Lesson 4: Construction Systems www.knust.edu.gh 4
Types of Industrial Processes
5 main types of industrial processes meant to be housed in industrial buildings:
Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production
Classification by
Jolylon Drury
Light Production Heavy Engineering

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Process Based Production
These deal with the processing of raw material into consumable/

non-consumable items of pharmaceutics, food, paper and petro-
chemical products
Types of
Process-
based
Production
The Dispersed Facility The Centralized System
Nestle Ghana ltd | Unilever | Darko farms
Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Mass Production & Assembly
These deal with manufacture of consumer goods where all the

components come together in batches and are assembled together
Examples of
Mass
Production
Mass Production of Cars Mass Production of Phones

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Batch Production & Assembly
These deal with manufacture of same type items which are usually
inputs/products for the mass production industries such as motors
for other industrial machines, car seats, iron sheets etc.
Examples of
Batch
Production
Car Tires Jet Engines

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Light Production and Assembly
These deal with manufacture of light weight items such as electrical

components, scientific instruments, vehicle maintenance units and
clothing manufacture. These could be divided into hi and low
technology industries
Examples of
light
Production
Laboratory Equipment Maintenance Tools

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Types of Industries
Heavy Engineering
These deal with manufacture of heavy equipment for the mining

and construction sectors and handling/storage of heavy items
Examples of
Heavy
Equipment
Haul Truck Tunnel Boring Machine

Types of Industries
Classification by
Jolylon Drury

Massing Types
There are five possible types of building masses
Type 2
Type 1 Type 4 Type 5
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2
Type 4 Type 5
Type 1
Single Storey – Single Building

Type 3
e.g. American thinking, Asian concepts/
tied to indigenous culture, small
factories for nails etc.
Massing Types
Type 2
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2

Type 1
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2
Type 4 Type 5
Type 2
1
Single Storey – Multiple Buildings

Type 3
European concept/thinking of culture.
E.g. Hangars
Massing Types
Type 2

Type 1
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2

Type 1
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2
Type 4 Type 5
Type 3
1
Multi Storey – Single Building

Type 3
E.g. For small computer ICT component.
American
Massing Types
Type 2

Type 1
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2

Type 1
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2
Type 4 Type 5
Type 4
1
Multi Storey – Multi Buildings

Type 3
Hybrids of the new systems of industrial parks
Food processing and pharmaceutical
Products. E.g. Flour mills
Massing Types
Type 2

Type 1
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2

Type 1
Type 3
Massing Types
Type 2
Type 4 Type 5
Type 5
1
A combination of all 4 Types

Type 3
E.g. Industrial Parks
Massing Types
Type 2

Type 1
Type 3
Applied Systems in Industrial Building Design
Factors that affect the choice of industrial building type and applied system
The nature of material/item to be processed

vis-à-vis the state of the finished product
E.g. the weight, delicacy, form, state in which the material
is gotten, storage of raw material and look and nature of
the finished or packaged goods, goods issues of
refrigeration etc.
The production capacities and the

design of the production plant: size,
height volume
eg. Ghacem in Takoradi
Environmental issues and processing

requirements waste disposal etc.
Number of personnel needed and their

needs at the work place/vehicular
circulation requirements
e.g. accommodation and amenity.
Availability of land for project and for

expansion and the frequency of
modification of the production process
e.g. changing from surface mines to deep shaft

mining at Anglo-gold Ashanti
Some Examples
Examples of Processed goods and the implication on design and building type
Some Examples
An example of the use of massing
Detailing of the
Zwc co. ltd
The making of
Atonsu Market
Complex as an
The table of
industrial building
systems by class
starting with core
areas
Foundation Systems
• There will be several approaches depending on the building mass.
• Deep foundations for the Multi-storey blocks:
• Cellular
• Raft
• pad
• Shallow foundations for the large expanse processing blocks:

• Strip
• Pad
A combination of the two systems.
Structure
There are two (2) basic structural typologies
Post tied to roofing system Load bearing enclosures with

with non-load bearing skin a roof system
Structure
Post tied to roofing system with non-load bearing skin
The entire frame of the
industry is erected with a
material that constitute a
post and a roofing system
The assembling of a light

weight material as the skin
and the enclosure of the
operational area
Structure

Structure

Structure
Load bearing enclosures with a roof system
The enclosures in
themselves are stable
enough to provide
protection against all loads
The enclosures are stable

enough to provide
anchorage for the roofing
loads that will be imposed
on them
Structure

Roofing Systems
• The drainage functional roofing
• The Services embedded roofing
• Identity indicative roofing
Kumasi South Trade Centre, Atonsu
Case study of the design of an industrial facility; the market place in Ghana
Atonsu Market Developed Brief and Parameters
Traditional Market Super/Hyper Market
Brief & Parameters
Food stuffs General Consumables
Existing Situation Meat etc. Electrical/Electronic
Concept & Design Clothing Books and Stationery

Textile Consumer /Provisions
Precedent Study Trades
Cloth/garments/shoes
Existing Data
Amenity Support Services
Accommodation Banks, Post Office Dry Storage Areas
Police /Security Post Cold Storage Areas
The Site Cinema/Conference Service yards/
Crèche/Day Care Circulation
Massing Per Site Restaurant/Bar Toilets/Janitorial
Gymnasium Services/
Preliminary Cost Internet Cafe Standby Gen. Set
Impressions
Must Function Day and Night
Cost Limit: $10,000,000

Atonsu Market The Issues and the Solutions
Brief & Parameters
Merits Demerit/Challenges
 Sprawling adhoc development
 Good location Flood prone location
Existing Situation 
 Good views  General absence of amenity
Concept & Design  Lack of coordination of
 Easy accessibility facilities
Precedent Study
 No night activity
Existing Data
The Solution
Accommodation  New market concept; an
integration of the new
The Site super/hyper market into the
traditional system of
Massing Per Site marketing:
 A new beginning : the rising
Preliminary Cost sun
Impressions
Atonsu Market The Concept And Design Solution:
The New Dawn; A New Beginning
Brief & Parameters
Existing Situation
Concept & Design

THE RISING SUN
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
The Site
Massing Per Site

Amidst the flooding and the
congestion and the disoder
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
The New Dawn; A New Beginning and its Evolution
Brief & Parameters
Existing Situation
THE NEW CONCEPT:
Concept & Design A merger which brings a new order
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation THE SUPER/HYPER MKT
The Site
STREAM
THE TRADITIONAL MARKET
Massing Per Site
A MERGER OF THE TRADITIONAL AND SUPER MKTS

Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Brief & Parameters
Existing Situation
THE CONCEPT: SECTION
Concept & Design USE OF ARTIFICIAL
ACTIVE ROOF TOP VENTILATION AND LIGHTING
FOR NIGHT ACTIVITY
Precedent Study
ROAD
USE OF NATURAL SUPER/HYPER MARKET
Existing Data VENTILATION AND LIGHTING
STORAGE/SERVS
Accommodation
TRADITIONAL MKT
The Site USE OF STILTS AND FILLING
Massing Per Site

STREAM
Preliminary Cost Schematic section through site showing the various blocks
Impressions
Brief & Parameters
THE CONCEPT :
Existing Situation Phasing the project in two stages with the traditional market on the lower ground
floors and the Super/hyper markets on the upper floors with service/storage safely
Concept & Design tucked into the ground floor in between the blocks
Precedent Study
Existing Data
ATONSU ROAD
STREAM TRADITIONAL MKT
WITH NATURAL LIGHTING
Accommodation
AND VENTILATION VOIDS
The Site STORAGE /SERVICES

FILLING STATION SUPER/HYPER MKT
Massing Per Site
N PARKING AREA WITH ACTIVE ROOF TOP
PARKING AREA
Preliminary Cost
ROAD TO KUMASI HIGH SCHOOL
Impressions
SCHEMATIC BLOCK PLAN SHOWING BLOCKS
Atonsu Market Markets in the Sub-region and Abroad:
The Evolution of the Concept
Brief & Parameters
The traditional market has open spaces with natural lighting and ventilation
Existing Situation whilst the super/hyper market uses artificial lighting and ventilation
Concept & Design
GHANA - TRAD. MKT
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
SINGAPORE - SUPER/HYPER MKT
The Site IVORY COAST - TRAD. MKT
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Conclusion: One Stop Shop One Roof

Atonsu Market Existing Situation Study:
The Existing Data on Atonsu Market
Brief & Parameters
Existing Situation
80 100
Concept & Design
70
80 Foodstuffs
Precedent Study 60
50 60 Clothing
Males
Existing Data 40
30 Females 40
Cosmetics
Accommodation 20
20
10 Others
The Site 0 0
GENDER ITEMS
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost Conclusion: Women are the main users and foodstuff
Is the main item bought: Food market must be big and accessible.
Impressions
Clothing/Cosmetic Market will be required
Brief & Parameters
Existing Situation
100 60
Concept & Design
50
80 Less
Precedent Study than 1km 40
60 30 Private
Existing Data 40 2-5 km 20 Public
10 NMT
Accommodation 20
Over 5 0
The Site 0 km MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
TARGET
Massing Per Site COMMUNITY
Preliminary Cost Conclusion: Space must be provided for private

and public transportation
Impressions
Brief & Parameters
Existing Situation
80 70
Convenience
Concept & Design 70
60
60
50
Precedent Study 50 Affordability
40 Daily
40
Weekly
Existing Data 30 Quality of 30
20 Goods and Monthly
20
Accommodation 10 Services Others
Others 10
0
The Site WHY 0
ATONSU? NUMBER OF
Massing Per Site TIMES
Preliminary Cost
Conclusion: Market will be a viable project because it will receive
patronage. Public needed lorry station, car park and paved routes for
Impressions
convenience of use
Atonsu Market The Broad Schedule of Accommodation
Brief & Parameters
Food market 19,500 m2
Existing Situation
Super/hyper market 12,195m2
Concept & Design
Storage facility 3,321m2 (9,963 m3)
Precedent Study
Parking/landscaping 9000m2
Existing Data
Total 44,016m2
Accommodation Add 20,000m2 for future
expansion
The Site
Massing Per Site

Grand total 64,016m2
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Atonsu Market The Site: Topography, Potential and Weakness
Brief & Parameters Area of Site
Existing Situation
Concept & Design
Precedent Study
29,400m2
Existing Data
Accommodation
The Site
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Atonsu Market Massing Per Site Available
Brief & Parameters Area needed is including expansion 64,016m2
Existing Situation Area of site available 29,400m2
Concept & Design Massing must be a minimum of three levels

Precedent Study
Existing Data
Super market
Accommodation Food market
The Site
Flood height is maximum
of one storey
Massing Per Site stream
Preliminary Cost
Impressions Schematic section through stream and front access road

Atonsu Market The Preliminary Cost
Brief & Parameters The preliminary cost of project $10,760,944 million
Existing Situation Which translates into 99,000,682,500 cedis
Concept & Design
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
The Site
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Atonsu Market Impressions
Brief & Parameters Block Plan
Existing Situation
Concept & Design
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
The Site
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Brief & Parameters Block Plan Elevations Aerial View
Existing Situation
Concept & Design
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
The Site
Left-side Elevation
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Existing Situation
Concept & Design
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
Front Elevation
The Site
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Existing Situation
Concept & Design
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
Back Elevation
The Site
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost
Impressions
Existing Situation
Concept & Design
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
The Site
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost Close Up Aerial View
Impressions
Existing Situation
Concept & Design
Precedent Study
Existing Data
Accommodation
The Site
Massing Per Site
Preliminary Cost Aerial View from Road
Impressions
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Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

ARC Industrial Buildings

Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3

Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

These deal with the processing of raw material into consumable/

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

These deal with manufacture of consumer goods where all the

Mass Production of Cars Mass Production of Phones

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

Car Tires Jet Engines

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

These deal with manufacture of light weight items such as electrical

Laboratory Equipment Maintenance Tools

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

These deal with manufacture of heavy equipment for the mining

Haul Truck Tunnel Boring Machine

Process-based Production Mass Production Batch Production

Light Production Heavy Engineering

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

Single Storey – Single Building

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

Single Storey – Multiple Buildings

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

Multi Storey – Single Building

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

Multi Storey – Multi Buildings

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

A combination of all 4 Types

Type 1 Type 4 Type 5

The nature of material/item to be processed

The production capacities and the

eg. Ghacem in Takoradi

Environmental issues and processing

Number of personnel needed and their

e.g. accommodation and amenity.

Availability of land for project and for