Scanned with CamScannerCwwotar ds -vakeinyy en pmaatub tomas? ites? Her are several examples of variable declarations of vastous type, Noted eo an initialization. #) int a, by cr V7 dectater-thres (bea 8. Pi PEs Sy int d23, e, £.= 5: // declares three more ints, initializing ~ (1 dana t. own, byte 2,=/22: // initializes 2. double pi = 3.14159; 7/ declares an approximation Of Pt char X = // the variable x has the value ‘X's their names that indicates ‘The identifiers that you choose have nothing intrinsic in # their type. Many readers will remember when FORTRAN predefined all identifiers front I through N to be of type INTEGER while all other identifiers were REAL. Java allows any properly formed identifier to have any declared type- Dynamic Initialization [Although the preceding examples have used only constants as initializers, Java allows variables to be initialized dynamically, using any expression valid at the time the variable isdeclared. For example, here is a short program that computes the length of the hypotenuse oft a right triangle given the lengths of its two opposing sides: amic initiaTization* 7/ Demonstrate dyn class DyniInit { public static void main(String args{]) ( ‘ double a = 3.0, b= 4.01 4/ ¢ is dynamically initialized oul e.c):4) Mag. sarh (at) antirbut Phe . System.out .print1n ("Hypote nuse is" +.C); Scanned with CamScannerDBD oso ene sonite ttre i of Variables The Scope and Jbles used have been declared at the start of the main() Pree epi vas .s to be declared w! thin any. block. As explained in Syesran with an-opening curly brace and ended by a closing cu ‘ r brace, ioe Uefines 8 ‘scope. Thus, each time you sta ‘As you probably know from your previous Se orines what objects are visible to other parts of your progra lifetime of those objects. ; 2 7 the ‘Most other computer languages define two general categorie of scopes: Ba ete tiorrerer these ditional scopes do not fit well with Java’s strict, object rented model. While it is possible tocreate what amounts to being a global scope, it is by far the exception, not the vate Ga Java, the two major scopes are those d __py-aclass and those defined by a method. Even this distinction is somewhat artific *, Sopcreetince the class scope has several unique properties and attributes that dong apply to the scope defined by a method, this distinction makes some sense. Because of the differences, a discussion of class scope (and variables declared within it) is def until Chapter 6, when classes are described. For now, we will only examine the efined by or within a method. scope defined by a method begin Sema has parameters. they (00 are ee this book will look more closely at paramet Chapter 5, for the sake of this work the same as any other method variable. Asa rule, variables declared insi c ined outside that scope. Thus, fantd a you are localizing that variable and protecting it from u rized a | en PSS Tey ie Scope rules provide the foundation for enca ion. Bie ested For example, each time you cents slack ote aa ng a new, nested : ite a block of cods Thahabjee cri, When this occurs, the outer scope encloses oc iicope. However, the r ae the outer scope will be visible to code within the be visible outeide tt ue: Objects declared within the inner sco e the Stand the effect of nested Scopes, consider the following program: Scanned with CamScanneron se eRe int y = 20; // known tiie only to 4 ne © this block // x and y both known A system. out .printin (my We ee y* 2; uh eK EPS: ) PPP TOY PREECE HAO NeaL ere // x is still known here System.out printin("x is «4 x) ’ As the comments indicate, the variable x is d in()’s scope and Semele al suber code witan at se see Since a block defines a scope, y is only visible to other code within its block. This is why outside of its block, the line y = 100; is commented out. If you remove the leading comment symbol, a compile-time error will occur, because y is not visible outside of its block. Within the if block, x can be used because code within a block (that is, anested _ scope) has access to variables declared by an enclosing scope. Within a block, variables can be declared at any point, but are valid only after they are declared. Thus, if you define a variable at the start of a method, it is available to all of the code within that method. Conversely, if you declare a variable at the end of a block, it is effectively useless, because no code will have access to it. For example, this fragment is invalid because count cannot be used prior to its declaration: // This fragment is wrong! count = 100; // oops! cannot use count before it is declared! int count; "Here is another important point to remember: variables are created when their is entered, and destroyed when their scope is left, This means that a variable ” Inot hold its value once it has gone out of scope, Therefore, variables declared Within a method will not hold their values between calls to that method. Also, a _ declared within a block will lose its value when the block is left. Thus, the iable is confined to its scope- ‘ Be variable is ine judes an initializer, then that variable will be Scanned with CamScanner