Short Notes - Mathematical Methods - Lakshya MHTCET 2025

Class - 11 2023-24 Board: Maharashtra
Mathematical Methods
Vector and Calculus

b  b 2  4ac
Roots ax2 + bx + c = 0 are x 
2a
b
Sum of roots x1  x2  
a
c
Product of roots x1 x2 
a
Binomial Approximation
If x <<, then 1  x   1  nx and 1  x   1  nx
n n
Logarithm
log mn = log m+log n
log m/n = logm–log n
log mn = n log m
loge m = 2.303 log10 m
log 2 = 0.3010
Componendo and Dividend law

p q pq ab
 then 
q b p q a b
Arithmetic Progression –AP Formula

a, a + d , a+2d, a+3d,...,a+(n-1)d
here d = common difference
n
Sum of n terms S n   2a   n  1 d 
2
n  n  1
Note: (i) 1  2  3  4  5...  n 
2
n  n  1 2n  1
(ii) 12  22  32  ...  n 2 
6
Geometrical progression –GP Formula

a, ar, ar²,... here, r = common ratio
a 1  r n 
Sum of n terms S n 
1 r
a
Sum of  terms S 
1 r
Sine Law
Sin A sin B sin C
 
a b c
Cosine Law
b2  c 2  a 2 c 2  a 2  b2 a 2  b2  c 2
cos A ,cos B  ,cos C 
2bc 2ca 2ab
Maxima and Minima of a Function y = f(x)

dy d2y
For maximum value  0 & 2  ve
dx dx
dy d2y
For minimum value  0 & 2  ve
dx dx
Average of a Varying Quantity
 
x3 x3
ydx ydx
If y = f(x) then <y> = y x
 x
x2  x1

x3
x dx
3
 To convert an angle from degree to radian, we should multiply it by π/180°? and to convert an angle from radian
to degree, we should multiply it by 180°/π.
 By help of differentiation, if y is given, we can find dy/dx and by help of integration, if dy/dx is given, we can find
y.
 The maximum and minimum values of function A cos  + B sin  are A2  B2 and  A2  B2 respectively
Parallelogram Law of Vector addition

If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram which are directed away from their common
point then their sum (i.e. resultant vector) is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing away through that
common point
AB  AD  AC  R or A  B  R  R  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 
B sin  A sin 
tan   and tan  
A  B cos  B  A cos 
Addition of More than Two Vectors (Polygon Law)

If some vectors are represented by sides of a polygon in same order, then their resultant vector is represented by the
closing side of polygon in the opposite order
General Vector in x-y Plane


r   xjˆ  yjˆ  r cos iˆ  sin ˆj 
Scalar Product (Dot Product)

 A.B 
A.B  AB cos   angle between two vector = cos –1  
 AB 
E.g. Work done = F  S (Where F is the force Vector and S -is the displacement vector)
Cross Product (Vector Product)

A  B  AB sin ̂ where n̂ is a vector perpendicular to A -and B or their plane and its direction given by right hand
thumb rule.
A  B  B  A
iˆ ˆj kˆ
A  B  Ax A1 Az
Bx By Bz
 iˆ  Ay Bz  Az Bz   ˆj  Ax Bx  Bx Az   kˆ  Ax By  Bx Ay 
Area of Parallelogram
 
Area  | A || B | sin  nˆ  A  B (Where n̂ is the unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B
Area of triangle
| A B 1
Area   AB sin 
2 2
Differentiation of Vector
d
dt

A B 
dA
dt

.B  A.
dB
dt
d
dt

A B 
dA
dt

.B  A 
dB
dt
Displacement Vector
  
r   r2  r1  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2 kˆ  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ 
  x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
Magnitude
r | r |  x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2 2 2
Lami’s Theorem
sin A sin B sin C

 
a b c
F1 F F
 2  3
sin 1 sin 2 sin 3
 A unit vector has no unit.

 Electric current is not a vector as it does not obey the law of vector addition.
 A scalar or a vector can never be divided by a vector.
 To a vector only a vector of same type can be added and the resultant is a vector of the same type
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Class - 11 2023-24 Board: Maharashtra

Vector and Calculus

Componendo and Dividend law

Arithmetic Progression –AP Formula

Geometrical progression –GP Formula

Maxima and Minima of a Function y = f(x)

Average of a Varying Quantity

Parallelogram Law of Vector addition

Addition of More than Two Vectors (Polygon Law)

General Vector in x-y Plane

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

Cross Product (Vector Product)

sin A sin B sin C

 A unit vector has no unit.

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