READING VISUAL ARTS

(Midterm Reviewer)
VISUAL ARTS today, making Michelangelo the richest artist of the
The visual arts are art forms that create works that are Renaissance.
primarily visual in nature, such as ceramics, drawing,
painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, THREE LEVELS OF MEANING
photography, video, film making and architecture. These FACTUAL MEANING
definitions should not be taken too strictly as many ● It is the most simple level of meaning. Extracted
artistic disciplines (performing arts, conceptual art, textile from the identifiable or recognizable forms in the
arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of artwork.
other types. Also included within the visual arts are the ● Consider the elements of art and the object
applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, ● In terms of object, what is the position,it is what
fashion design, interior design and decorative art. you see in the painting, in description,
● In terms of elements hows the color, shapes,
These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke an movements,
emotion through an expression of skill and imagination.
They include the most ancient forms, such as painting CONVENTIONAL MEANING
and drawing, and the arts that were born thanks to the ● Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of
development of technology, like sculpture, printmaking, the artwork using motifs, signs and symbols.
photography, and installation art. ● Two things to consider: historical and cultural
● In terms of historical it's about religion,
READ – HOW DO WE READ OTHERS? philosophy,
● UNDERSTANDS humans and its nature = ● Cultural context
HUMANITIES
● HUMANITIES- “ humanos” to educate SUBJECTIVE MEANING
● to learn the different art forms ● A particular work of art that is consulted and
● material object (art) read. Meanings that came from the viewers’
● formal object (creativity and appreciation) circumstances and experiences. Meanings may
SEE— DO WE SEE ALL THE ARTS? not be singular, rather they are multiple and
● why? How about music? varied.
● Why is music not included in the visual arts? ● Deeper meaning of an art

COMMON MISCONCEPTION ABOUT ARTIST PURPOSE

● There is no money in art. ● PURPOSE + MEANING FUNCTIONAL
● You have to starve to be an artist
● Artist shouldn't care about marketing THE DISCIPLINES OF VISUAL ARTS
● Making money making art is bad FINE ARTS
● refers to art that is created purely for its
THE STORY OF MICHAELANGELO aesthetics and holds no practical or utilitarian
But it turns out he was not telling the truth. When Rab value. Fine art was originally considered the only
Hatfield dug into old bank records, the truth about the form of visual art and consists of painting,
Renaissance’s most famous artist was finally revealed. sculpture, drawing, architecture and printmaking,
He was not struggling at all. He was not poor, and he amongst others.
was not starving for his art—a fact we have been getting DECORATIVE ARTS
wrong ever since. Renaissance's most famous artist ● are visual art forms made not purely for
was, in fact, very rich. One record Professor Hatfield aesthetics but also for functional purpose. They
found showed a balance of hundreds of thousands of are sometimes used as crafts and were only
dollars, which was a rare sum of money for an artist at included in the realm of visual arts in the 19th
the time. So, let’s all forget about the Sistine Chapel. century. It includes ceramics, tapestry, glass art,
mosaic and metalwork.
While Professor Hatfield went to see if there were more CONTEMPORARY ARTS
bank records, and there were more— many more. In the ● defined as the “ art today” it is often interpreted
end, he uncovered a fortune worth roughly $47 million more widely as art created from the 20th century
to the present day. It includes the broad

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 categories of decorative arts and crafts, ABSTRACT
commercial art, and applied arts. ● Form of emphasizing lines, shapes, or colors
EMERGING ARTS that transform the subject.
● A general category for contemporary artworks NON-OBJECTIVE ART
created by young artists whose careers are on ● Art in which the visual signs are entirely
the rise. In addition to younger artists and newer imaginative and not from anything seen by the
works, the category also includes artists who are artist. No recognizable subject
relatively under-recognized but for the most part
considered on the path to critical and/or market
acceptance.
LESSON 1
AESTHETIC THEORIES
ICONOGRAPHY
Iconography is the use of visual images, symbols or PLATO’S AESTHETIC THEORY
figures to represent complex ideas, subjects or themes Nature:
that are important to different cultures. An understanding - Art as an imitation or mimesis of higher and
of the iconographic images and symbols used in a perfect reality or a Form. A Form is an objective
particular art work helps to reveal the meaning of the "blueprint" of perfection. The Forms are perfect
work. themselves because they are unchanging.
Scope:
- It focuses on the ethical and intellectual
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SUBJECTS
impact of arts on one’s soul and the society. It
NARRATIVE ART is centered on how art affects truth and moral
● its ability to narrate a story across diverse understanding.
cultures, preserving it for future generations. Proponent:
THE NUDE - Plato (428–348 BCE), Greek philosopher.
● Focusing on the unclothed human figure, is an Implication:
enduring tradition in Western art. - Art can be misleading by appealing to emotions
RELIGIOUS ART instead of reason, distracting people away from
higher truths.
● Art which the subject is of religious matter.
Example:
PERSONIFICATION & ALLEGORY 1. Homer’s Epics: The Iliad and The Odyssey.
● Type of allegory in which a fictional character Plato critiques Homer for portraying gods with
represents a concept or a type. human flaws, which he believes could lead to
GENRE moral confusion.Cave
● Art that has a subject matter that concerns 2. Allegory: Art as shadows of truth.Idealized
everyday life, domestic scenes, sentimental 3. Statues: Greek statues of gods and heroes
family Relationships, etc. represent Plato's idea of perfect forms.
4. Trompe-l'oeil: Art that creates a false reality,
PORTRAITURE
shows how art can deceive the senses.
● An image of a particular person or animal, group
thereof.
NATURE ARISTOTLE’S AESTHETIC THEORY
● A focused view or interpretation of specific Nature:
natural elements. - Art as representation of life and a means of
STILL LIFE emotional catharsis. Aristotle describes
● A drawing or painting of an arrangement of catharsis as the purging of the emotions of pity
and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a
nonmoving, non living objects , such as fruit,
tragedy.
flowers, or bottles. Scope:
PROTEST ART - Aristotle's scope is broader, including not only
● Looks at the multitude of ways in which art and poetry and drama but also music and visual arts.
politics have intertwined in the twentieth and He is particularly focused on the function and
twenty-first centuries, psychological impact of art on human emotions
FANTASY ART and morality.
● A genre of art depicting magical or other Proponent:
- Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Greek philosopher.
supernatural themes, ideas, creatures or
Implication:
settings - All kinds of art do not aim to represent reality as
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 it is but to provide a vision of what might be or Scope:
the many possibilities in reality. - This theory focuses on the role of the right
Example: hemisphere in artistic expression, emphasizing
1. Sophocles' Oedipus Rex : Tragedies helped non-verbal communication, emotional depth,
convey emotions, following Aristotle's idea of and divergent thinking in creative processes.
catharsis. - The concept of brain lateralization and
2. Prometheus Bound: Zeus has ordered that he hemispheric specialization emerged from
be chained to a remote crag. studies of cognitive functions in individuals with
3. Idealized Statues: To the Greeks his name might split brains, leading to the development of the
suggest that he was destroyed by horses. Pedre Right Brain Theory.
[1880] by Alexandre Cabanel: Paintings stir Examples:
deep emotion. 1. Visual Arts
2. Music
3. Writing
YORUBA AESTHETICS 4. Design
Nature: 5. Dance
- Yoruba aesthetics are deeply rooted in Implications:
metaphysical (idea) and spiritual beliefs, where - Understanding the Right Brain Theory can
beauty is linked to the divine, harmony, and inspire artists to explore unconventional ideas,
communal values. embrace ambiguity, and infuse their work with
Scope: emotional depth and personal expression,
- It has a high emphasis on the functionality of art fostering a deeper connection with audiences.
in relation to societal values, spirituality, and
communal well-being. PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Proponent: PERCEPTUAL PROCESS IN PSYCHOLOGY
- Yoruba people of West Africa, with scholars like - Involves how individuals select, organize, and
Babatunde Lawal and Rowland Abiodun. interpret sensory information to construct
Implication: meaningful perceptions of the world around
- Yoruba Aesthetics is evaluated not only by their them. It encompasses the ways in which
appearance but also by their spiritual sensory data is processed and integrated to
significance and effectiveness in communicating form coherent representations.
cultural values, such as Ọmọlúàbí (ethical and - We respond differently to an object or person
moral virtues). that we perceive favorably than we do to
Example: something we find unfavorable.
1. Ori Inu: Inner beauty over physical. Proponent:
2. Ẹwà : Beauty as balance and harmony. - Gestalt psychologists, such as Max Wertheimer,
3. Egungun Masks: Connecting to ancestors Krt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler, are key
spiritually. proponents of the Perceptual Process theory,
4. Ere Ibeji statues: Created to honor deceased emphasizing the holistic nature of perception.
twins and embody spiritual significance. - Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) - One of the three
founders of the psychological movement.
contributing experimental psychology and the
LESSON 2 study of sensation and perception, and Phi
RIGHT BRAIN THEORY phenomenon.
- KURT KOFFKA (1886-1941) - Work with
RIGHT BRAIN THEORY IN PSYCHOLOGY wertheimer in Berlin on the phi phenomenon
- The Right Brain Theory suggests that the right Wrote several books and articles regarding
hemisphere of the brain is specialized for gestalt psychology.
creativity, holistic thinking, intuition, spatial - WOLFGANG KÖHLER (1887-1967) - A
awareness, and emotional processing, German psychologist and phenomenologist
contrasting with the left hemisphere's analytical Focused on human perception His theory
and logical functions. suggests that learning processes involve
ROGER SPERRY perceived solutions. He found this theory based
- Roger Sperry, a Psychobiologist and Nobel on his observations of chimpanzees which he
laureate, is a prominent proponent of the Right explained in his book, "The Mentality of Apes".
Brain Theory, particularly through his research Scope:
on split-brain patients in the 1960s. - This theory explores how individuals perceive
and make sense of visual, auditory, and tactile
stimuli, focusing on the principles like
RIGHT-BRAINED THEORY figure-ground relationships, closure and
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 similarity.
Background: - Grounded in cognitive psychology, the
- The concept of brain lateralization and Conceptual Process Theory highlights how
hemispheric specialization emerged from individuals actively process information to create
studies of cognitive functions in individuals with mental models of the world, shaping their
split brains, leading to the development of the understanding and interactions with their
Right Brain Theory. environment
- This field seeks to understand the cognitive and
GESTALT PRINCIPLES emotional processes involved in creating and
1. Figure-Ground Relationship: When viewers appreciating art, delving into the interplay
distinguish between the main subject and the between perception, emotion, and
background in a painting or photograph. meaning-making.
2. Closure: Completing incomplete shapes or Example:
patterns to perceive them as whole entities in 1. Categorization
abstract art 2. Abstraction
3. Proximity: Grouping elements that are close to 3. Symbolism
each other to create visual unity in a 4. Conceptual Blending
composition. 5. Narrative Structure
4. Similarity: Perceiving similar elements as
belonging together, such as grouping objects of - Understanding the Conceptual Process can
the same color in a design. empower artists to enhance their creative
processes by leveraging cognitive mechanisms
Implications: like categorization, abstraction, and symbolic
- Applying the principles of the Perceptual representation to craft meaningful and engaging
Process theory in art can guide artists in artworks that resonate with audiences on
creating visually engaging and coherent intellectual and emotional levels.
compositions that effectively communicate ideas
and evoke specific emotional responses in
viewers. LESSON 3
THE THEORY OF AN ARTIST AS AN OUTSIDER
CONCEPTUAL PROCESS
CONCEPTUAL PROCESS IN PSYCHOLOGY. Introduction
- The Conceptual processes in psychological - Art Brut’ is a term that was coined in 1945 by the
theories of art refer to the mental operations and French artist Jean Dubuffet (1901-85) to refer to
frameworks that individuals use to perceive, art made by individuals working outside of the
interpret, and experience artistic creations. established cultural mainstream. In English, it
These processes encompass a range of tends to be translated as ‘Outsider Art’, which is
cognitive, emotional, and social factors that the phrase Roger Cardinal used for his book.
influence our understanding and appreciation of
art. Avant Garde Artists Outsider Artists Folk Ar
- JEAN PIAGET - Piaget’s cognitive development Proponents of Avant Garde Artists:
theory shed light on how children's - Marcel Duchamp - Often considered a pioneer
understanding of art evolves through different of the avant-garde, Duchamp challenged
stages, highlighting the role of cognitive traditional notions of art with his conceptual
development in artistic appreciation. works and "readymades."
- LEV VYGOTSKY - Vygotsky’s sociocultural - John Cage - A composer and artist known for
theory emphasized the importance of social his avant-garde approach to music and art,
interaction and cultural context in shaping artistic Cage was instrumental in expanding the
development and interpretation. boundaries of what could be considered art.
Scope: - Clement Greenberg - An influential art critic
- Conceptual processes in art theories is vast, who championed Abstract Expressionism and
encompassing various aspects of artistic helped promote modernist movements, which
experience,including: intersected with avant-garde ideas.
PERCEPTION - Hans Richter - An artist and filmmaker who was
COGNITION a key figure in the Dada movement, which was a
EMOTION major avant-garde movement.
CREATIVITY Nature:
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES - Avant-garde art is denoted by going beyond its
time. It explores new artistic techniques and
Background: materials that have never been explored before.
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 The themes chosen within the avant-garde as the trained artist but without the latter’s formal
embrace the use of new artistic methods and knowledge of methods. While this was valid
techniques that would help artists to produce a before the twentieth century, there are now
better art. academies teaching naive art. It is now a
Implication: recognized art genre, represented in galleries
- Avant-garde artists challenge traditional ideas around the world. Another term often associated
and push boundaries in art by experimenting with but not synonymous with naïve art is folk
with new techniques, styles, and concepts. Their art.
art often seeks to innovate or offer fresh Scope:
perspectives, breaking away from established - It referred to supposedly spontaneous, intuitive
norms to inspire change in art world and society. art. typically bold in design, simplistic in form
and color, and lacking in conventional motifs like
linear perspective and chiaroscuro.
Example: Example:
1. Dadaism - “Fountain” Marcel Duchamp (1917) 1. "Sleeping Gypsy" Henri Rousseau (1897)
2. Suprematism - “Suprematism Painting” Kazimir 2. "Sleeping Gypsy" Henri Rousseau (1897)
Malevich (1916-1917) 3. “Two Pigeons Drank Water by a Windmill and
3. Futurism - “Skyscrapers and Tunnels” Fortunato Ford” Maria Primachenko (1970)
Depero (1930)
PRIMITIVE ART
OUTSIDER ARTISTS Nature:
Nature: - Primitive arts use of simpler shapes and more
- Outsider artists, also known as "self-taught" or abstract figures differed significantly from
"naïve" artists. They are creators who operate traditional European styles of representation,
outside the traditional art world norms and and modern artists such as Gauguin, Picasso,
institutions. Their work often emerges from and Matisse used these forms to revolutionize
personal experiences or visions rather than painting and sculpture.
formal training Scope:
- These artists often operate independently of - Primitivism in art involves the appreciation and
formal art training, institutions, or conventions, imitation of cultural products and practices
resulting in unique, unconventional, and raw perceived to be “primitive,” or at an earlier stage
artistic expressions. of a supposed common scale of human
Scope: development.
- Outsider artists encompass a wide range of Implication:
practices and mediums, including painting, - Primitive art comes from early human societies
sculpture, and performance. Their work can and often shows a deep connection to nature
explore themes like identity, mental health, and and spiritual beliefs. It uses simple shapes and
societal critique, often reflecting deeply personal natural materials to express important ideas and
experiences. traditions. Instead of focusing on aesthetics, this
Implication: art is more about meaning and purpose in the
- Outsider artists are significant for both the art culture.
world and society at large. Their work Proponent:
challenges established norms and definitions of - At the turn of the 20th century, European artists
art, prompting discussions about authenticity, such as Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso, Ernst
creativity, and cultural value. Ludwig Kirchner utilized representations of
Other types of Outsider Artists primitive artwork to portray the rich spiritual and
1. Naive Art- Naive artists strive to express their emotional content of pre-industrialized
emotions and inner world through bright and rich civilizations.
colors. Their works are often full of joy, hope and Example:
childlike delight, which makes this style 1. "Standing Nude" Henri Matisse (1907)
especially attractive 2. “The Moon and the Earth” Paul Gauguin (1893)
Proponent: 3. “Dance” Henri Matisse (1909-1910)
- One of the most influential figures in the naïve
art movement was Henri Rousseau Collection
(1844–1910). Rousseau’s contribution to the Nature:
naïve art genre has inspired generations of - an accumulation of objects gathered for study,
artists to embrace the power of simplicity and comparison, or exhibition or as a hobby.
explore the depths of their own imagination. Background:
Background: - Collecting is a practice with a very old cultural
- The naïve artist creates with the same passion history. In Mesopotamia, collecting practices
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 have been noted among royalty and elites as far LESSON 4
back as the 3rd millennium BCE. The Egyptian POPULAR THEORY
Ptolemaic dynasty collected books from all over
the known world at the Library of Alexandria. - Refers to widely recognized and influential ideas
Scope: that help explain different aspects of art. Realism
- The scope of collecting depends on its collector. and prettiness offer frameworks for
(Ex. a Kpop fan collects albums and photocards, understanding what is art, is it more on the dark
a book lover collects various genres of books). side or the bright/light side.
Implication: Realism:
- One of the main benefits of art collecting is the - Realism in art focuses on depicting everyday life
opportunity to own and appreciate art in a and ordinary people. It emphasizes accuracy
personal and intimate way. Art collecting can and truthfulness in representation. Realism is
also have financial benefits, as the value of characterized by its attention to detail and its
certain artworks can appreciate over time. This rejection of idealization or romanticism. The
can make art collecting a smart investment for movement wanted to portray the world as it truly
those who have a passion for art and are willing was, without embellishment. Realism emerged
to put in the time and effort to build a valuable in France in the mid-19th century.
collection. Key Aspect of Realism
1. Depiction of ordinary, everyday subjects.
Folk Art 2. Attention to detail, accuracy.
Nature: 3. Reflection of contemporary society.
- Folk art is characterized by its use of materials Proponents:
readily available in the community, it reflects the 1. Gustave Courbet - famous for his contribution
community's shared values, stories, and beliefs. to the realist art movement.
Folk art is often used for functional purposes or 2. Jean-Francois Millet - known for his realistic
cultural significance, serving as a medium for depictions of rural life and his painstaking
preserving cultural heritage. attention to detail.
Background: 3. Honore daumier - famous for his biting satire
- Folk art has roots in prehistoric times, when on contemporary political and social issues.
people made practical and symbolic items like 4. Edouard Manet - his paintings were iconic for
pottery, textiles, and carvings from materials their realistic portrayal of modern city life and
around them. These artworks were often social events.
connected to religious or community rituals. In
modern days, folk art has become important for Realism
cultural tourism and heritage preservation. Many - Increased engagement with Art, Realism’s focus
contemporary artists also draw inspiration from on relatable subjects made art more accessible
folk traditions, mixing traditional styles with new to a wider audience. Ordinary people could see
ideas. themselves and their lives reflected in artworks.
- Realism is still relevant and still the backbone for
Scope: quality art education. The importance of realism
- Tangible forms, objects which historically are art is evident. If you understand and can
crafted and used within a traditional community masterfully replicate reality, then you can have
and intangible forms of expressive culture like true control over abstraction or any other visual
dance, song, poetry, and foodways. representation in art.
Example:
Key Figures 1. The Stone Breaker by Gustave Courber (1849)
- American Folk Art Museum (Founded in 1961), 2. Olympia (1863) by Edouard Manet
this institution in New York has played a vital role 3. The Gleaners (1857) a painting by Jean-Fancois
in the collection, study, and exhibition of folk art, Millet
bringing greater public awareness to its value. 4. The Third-Class Carriage by Honore Doumier
William Morris, often associated with the Arts (1875)
and Crafts Movement, Morris emphasized the
importance of craftsmanship and traditional Prettiness: Aestheticism/ Beauty
skills, which align with the values of folk art. - Central theme of western aesthetics, referring to
Implication: the qualities in objects or phenomena that
- Folk arts have significant implications for culture, evolve positive reactions (pleasure, happiness,
society, and the economy. They help preserve calm, delight) in viewers.
traditions, strengthen community identity, and Beauty and taste:
offer hands-on learning through the transfer of - Aesthetics is primarily concerned with the
skills across generations. philosophical study of beauty and taste.
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Philosophy of Art: as Aestheticism, emphasizes the intrinsic value
- It is closely related to philosophy of art, which of art, independent of any external purpose or
focuses on the nature of art and its benefit. Its proponents believe that art should be
interpretation. appreciated for its own beauty and form, rather
Broader that Art: than for its moral, political, or social implications.
- Aesthetics goes beyond the philosophy of art to 1. Osscar Wilde (1854-1900): An Irish playwright,
include responses to natural objects. poet, and author, Wilde was a prominent figure
Beyond Beauty and Ugliness: in the Aesthetic movement. His works often
- Other terms such as “ironic’ touching and explored themes of beauty, hedonism, and the
‘expressive’ are also crucial to understanding importance of artistic expression.
aesthetic experience. 2. Walter Pater (1839-1894): An English critic and
scholar, Pater's writings emphasized the
The concept of beauty standards has existed for as long importance of aesthetic experience and the
as humans have existed since 25,000 BCE. pursuit of beauty. His most famous work,
"Studies in the History of the Renaissance," is a
Oscar Wilde collection of essays that explore the beauty and
- Wilde was a staunch proponent of Aestheticism, significance of Renaissance art and culture.
giving lectures on the movement’s ideas 3. John Ruskin (1819-1900): While often
internationally and incorporating its tenets into associated with social and political reforms,
much of his literature. Ruskin also advocated for the importance of art
for its own sake. He believed that art should be
Prettiness: Aestheticism/ Beauty a source of pleasure and beauty, and that it
1. Emotional Impact: Art that is perceived as could have a positive influence on society.
beautiful often elicits a profound emotional 4. Théophile Gautier (1811-1872): A French poet
response from viewers. and critic, Gautier is often considered one of the
2. Aesthetic Experience: Beauty in art contributes primary proponents of the movement. His
to what is known as an “aesthetic experience”. writings celebrated beauty and sensory
3. Cultural Reflection: Art often serves as a experience, arguing that art should be judged
reflection of the cultural and historical context in solely on its aesthetic qualities.
which it was created. Implication:
4. Personal Connection: When viewers find - Art for the sake of art affirmed that art was
beauty in art, it often fosters a personal valuable as art in itself; that artistic pursuits were
connection between them and the artist. their own justification; and that art did not need
5. Inspiration: Beautiful art can serve as a source moral justification, and indeed, was allowed to
of inspiration. be morally neutral or subversive.
Example: Example:
1. Starry Night - Impression, Sunrise" by Claude Monet: This
2. Persistence of Memory painting is a classic example of Impressionism,
3. Mona Lisa characterized by its loose brushwork, vibrant
4. The Birth Of Venus colors, and focus on capturing the fleeting
effects of light. It is valued for its aesthetic
qualities and its contribution to the development
LESSON 5 of modern art.
THEORIES BASED ON THE FUNCTION OF ART Artist:
- Dante Gabriel Rossetti A woman delicately
Art for Art’s sake plays a harp while two angels circle pensively
Nature: above her head. The rich velvet of the woman's
- The phrase expresses the belief held by many green dress flows into the luxurious vegetation
writers and artists, especially those associated that surrounds her, her striking red hair echoed
with Aestheticism, that art needs no justification, by the garland of flowers and the angels' auburn
that it need serve no political, didactic, or other locks. William Michael Rossetti, the brother of
end. the artist, translated this work's as "The
Scope: Garlanded Lady" or "Lady of the Wreath," with
- Art for the sake of art affirmed that art was Alexa Wilding, the model depicted in the center
valuable as art in itself; that artistic pursuits were of the work, portrayed as the ideal of love and
their own justification; and that art did not need beauty
moral justification, and indeed, was allowed to
be morally neutral or subversive.
Proponent:
- The "art for art's sake" movement, also known
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RELIGION that all art must serve a moral purpose. It
Nature: recognizes that some works of art can be
- Religion has been traditionally defined as a valuable in their moral influence without being
collection of cultural systems, belief systems, overtly didactic.
and worldviews that relate humanity to Scope:
spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. - This theory applies to art forms that engage with
Scope: moral and ethical issues, such as literature, film,
- The scope of the religious function of art and visual art, where characters or themes
includes expressing spiritual beliefs, enhancing challenge or uphold moral behavior.
rituals and worship, teaching moral lessons, Proponent:
preserving cultural identity, fostering community - Noël Carroll is a leading philosopher in this area.
cohesion, and reflecting the divine through He argues in his writings that art can be
various artistic forms. evaluated on moral grounds, but that such moral
Proponent: criticism should not overpower an artwork's
- There is no single "proponent" of religion aesthetic appreciation.
universally, as religions are diverse and have Implication:
different founders or figures who are considered - Art that offers moral insight can be appreciated
proponents. on multiple levels, enhancing its complexity.
Implication: However, not all morally "questionable" art
1. Expression of Belief should be condemned, as it can still hold
2. Cultural Identity aesthetic value.
3. Educational Tool Example:
4. Ritual and Worship - A film like Schindler's List is appreciated for its
5. Historical Documentation narrative and aesthetic qualities, but it also
carries a powerful moral message about the
MORALISM IN ART horrors of the Holocaust and the moral
Nature: complexity of individuals during times of crisis.
- Moralism asserts that art must have a moral
purpose. The value of art is determined by its Ethical Criticism through Narrative Art
ethical impact on society, especially in Nature:
encouraging virtuous behavior or discouraging - This theory posits that art, particularly narrative
immoral actions. forms like literature and film, plays a significant
Scope: role in fostering empathy and moral reflection by
- Art that adheres to moralism is judged not only allowing audiences to experience the world from
for its aesthetic qualities but also for its ability to diverse perspectives.
impart moral lessons. It has been widely Scope:
debated in literature, theater, visual arts, and - This theory posits that art, particularly narrative
film. forms like literature and film, plays a significant
Proponent: role in fostering empathy and moral reflection by
- Plato is a significant figure in this theory. In his allowing audiences to experience the world from
work The Republic, he argued that art should diverse perspectives.
contribute to the moral education of citizens and Proponent:
that artists should only create works that align - Martha Nussbaum argues in her work that
with ethical ideals. literature has a special capacity to engage our
Implication: emotions and moral reasoning. Through
- Moralism can lead to censorship, as works that characters and stories, literature helps us
are considered immoral or corrupt may be practice empathy and think deeply about ethical
banned or suppressed. It promotes a issues.
prescriptive view of art, where moral content is Implication:
valued over artistic freedom. - Art that fosters empathy can lead to moral
Example: growth by helping individuals understand the
- In The Republic, Plato proposes banning poets perspectives and sufferings of others. This moral
and artists whose work he believes could corrupt engagement can influence personal behavior
the moral fabric of society, particularly those who and societal attitudes.
depict unethical behavior. Example:
- Nussbaum frequently discusses the moral
MODERATE MORALISM implications of novels like Charles Dickens'
Nature: Oliver Twist, which exposes the harsh conditions
- Maintains that art should be judged both of poverty and challenges the reader’s sense of
aesthetically and morally but doesn't demand justice.
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Catharsis in Art (Aristotle) LESSON 6
Nature: THEORIES BASED ON COMPARISON BETWEEN
- Aristotle's theory of catharsis suggests that art, ARTS
particularly tragic drama, helps purify emotions
by allowing the audience to experience and What is POETRY?
release feelings of pity and fear. This emotional - It is a literary form that uses rhythmic and often
cleansing has moral and psychological benefits. condensed language to evoke emotions, convey
Scope: ideas, and create imagery. Its power lies in its
- This theory applies mostly to theater and ability to express complex feelings and thought
dramatic literature, where tragic events elicit metaphor symbolism and other figurative
strong emotional reactions in the audience, language.
ultimately leading to moral reflection and
emotional balance. Proponent of Art As Poetry
Proponent: 1. William Blake - exploring themes in art and
- Aristotle, in Poetics, argues that tragic art serves poet
a moral function by providing catharsis, helping 2. Dante Gabriel Rossetti - Love in art and poetry
people deal with complex emotions and moral 3. Lewis CArroll - fantasy in art and poetry.
situations through an aesthetic experience. 4. Kansuke Yamamoto - Visual poetry.
Implication:
- Art that elicits strong emotions like tragedy can Art as Poetry
lead to moral clarity or emotional release. It Nature:
offers a way to confront difficult ethical situations - Art as poetry is about expressing human
in a controlled, reflective environment. feelings and experience through words. This
Example: allows us to connect on a deeper level, exploring
- Aristotle used Greek tragedies such as Oedipus life and emotions together.
Rex as examples, where the audience is deeply Scope:
moved by the hero’s downfall but experiences - art as poetry encompasses a wide range of
catharsis as a result. expression where visual elements and language
intersect. This includes not only traditional
Tolstoy’s View of Art and Morality poetry but also visual poetry, where text is
Nature: arranged artistically, and multimedia installations
- Tolstoy believed that the primary function of art that evoke poetic themes. It challenges the
is to convey moral and religious messages. Art boundaries of both art forms,creating a rich
must unite people by expressing universal dialogue between them.
values and moral truths. It should foster love and BACKGROUND OF ART AS POETRY
compassion, which are crucial for the moral - MARSHALL MCLUHAN - "The medium is the
improvement of society. message.”
Scope: - The theory of art as poetry has historical roots in
- Tolstoy’s theory applies to all forms of art but the Symbolist movement of the late 19th century,
focuses particularly on literature, painting, and where poets like Paul Verlaine and Stéphane
music, which he saw as capable of reaching a Mallarmé emphasized suggestive imagery and
wide audience and inspiring moral uplift. metaphor, paralleling visual art (Rilke, 1910). In
Proponent: the early 20th century, Surrealism further blurred
- Leo Tolstoy, in his work What is Art?, argues that the boundaries between visual and literary arts,
true art communicates moral or religious with figures like Salvador Dalí integrating poetic
experiences that are universally accessible to all imagination into their works (Bishop, 2006). This
people. dialogue continued throughout the 20th century,
Implication: with contemporary artists exploring the
- Tolstoy's theory can be restrictive because it intersections of art and poetry, fostering deeper
suggests that only art that conveys positive engagement and understanding (Pound, 1934).
moral messages has real value. Art that fails to Today, the theory remains a vital framework for
promote these messages is seen as inferior or examining how these two forms of creativity
even harmful. intertwine.
Example: IMPLICATION OF ART AS POETRY
- Tolstoy admired the work of artists like Victor - The implication of art as poetry in artwork lies in
Hugo, whose novel Les Misérables embodies a its ability to fuse visual and textual elements,
moral and religious mission by highlighting creating a multidimensional experience that
themes of justice, redemption, and compassion. deepens emotional and intellectual engagement.
This interplay allows artists to convey complex
themes and ideas through both form and
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 language, encouraging viewers to explore layers perspectives and voices.
of meaning beyond traditional interpretations. By
integrating poetic concepts, such as rhythm and Implication of Fine Art:
metaphor, artists can evoke sensory responses - The implications of fine arts in artworks are
and provoke thought, transforming their pieces profound, shaping both the creative process and
into dialogues that resonate on both personal the viewer's experience. Fine arts theories
and cultural levels. Ultimately, this synthesis not encourage artists to explore various forms of
only enhances the appreciation of art but also expression, pushing boundaries and challenging
redefines the boundaries of creative expression, conventional aesthetics. Ultimately, the
inviting audiences to engage with artwork as a implications of fine arts extend beyond the
living, breathing poem. canvas, fostering dialogue and reflection on
EXAMPLES OF ART AS POETRY human experience, societal issues, and the
1. William Blake: "The Divine” nature of creativity itself.
2. Dante Gabriel Rossetti: "The Blessed Damozel" Example:
1. Leonardo da Vinci - Mona LIsa
FINE ART 2. Vincent van Gogh - "Starry Night"
Proponent:
1. Leo Tolstoy - Advocated for the emotional and Art as MUSIC
communicative power of art, arguing that true art Nature:
fosters empathy and shared experience - The nature of art as music is about the ability to
2. Arthur Danto - Proposed that the meaning of express emotions, thoughts, and ideas through
art lies in its context and interpretation, sound. It is characterized by elements such as
emphasizing the philosophical underpinnings melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre, which
across various art forms. together create patterns that evoke various
3. John Dewi - Focused on the experiential nature emotional responses in the listener, and uses
of art, suggesting that art should be seen as a sound as a medium to reflect the listener's
process of interaction between the artwork and interpretations as well as the artist's intentions.
the audience. Scope:
Nature: - The scope of art as music are subcategories of
- The nature of fine arts involves a focus on performance arts due to the fact that music acts
aesthetics, creativity, and expression, as the medium for other art-forms largely for
highlighting characteristics such as form, color, performances. It extends beyond traditional
and technique. musical forms to include interdisciplinary
Scope: practices that merge sound with visual elements,
- The scope of this theory includes visual arts like performance art, and multimedia installations.
painting and sculpture, but also extends to This approach allows for a rich interplay
performance arts by examining how emotional between various art forms, where visual artists
and intellectual responses manifest in different draw inspiration from musical structures and
contexts. This comparative framework allows for vice versa.
a holistic understanding of artistic expression, Background of Art as Music:
bridging gaps between various disciplines and - The concept of art as music has evolved
enhancing the appreciation of their significantly throughout history, reflecting the
interconnectedness. intertwined nature of sound and visual
expression. In the early 20th century,
movements like expressionism and futurism
Background of Fine Art: began to explore the connections between
- The origins of Fine Arts can be traced back to visual art and music.
ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome. Implication:
However, it was during the Renaissance period - The implication of art as music in artwork
in Europe that Fine Arts flourished and reached reveals a dynamic interplay that enhances both
new heights of creativity and innovation. This creative expression and viewer engagement. By
era saw the emergence of great artists such as incorporating musical elements—such as
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, rhythm, harmony, and tempo—into visual art,
whose works have become synonymous with artists can evoke emotional responses that
Fine Arts. In the modern era, Fine Arts has resonate deeply with audiences.
continued to evolve and adapt to new cultural Example:
and societal contexts. It has embraced new 1. Wassily Kandinsky “Composition VII"
technologies and expanded its reach through 2. John Cage “4'33"
various media channels. Today, Fine Arts is a
global phenomenon that encompasses diverse LESSON 7
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SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION THEORY What is Semiotics?
– It is the science and process of analysis to study signs
NATURE: in the form of devices and symbols that are used in
- It focuses on how artists use symbols to express human communications (Heny, 2024). Elements of
deeper meanings, emotions, and ideas. Through Communication
elements like colors, shapes, and objects, artists 1. Context - it forms the setting or the reason for the
convey messages that resonate culturally, message that will be communicated.
emotionally, and socially. 2. Sender - person who encodes the signs and symbols
SCOPE: 3. Recipient - the one who receives and perceives the
- It involves art forms such as performance, sign and generates feedback.
sculpture, and painting. It examines how 4. Message - it is what is sent by the sender and
symbols are used in works of art by artists from corresponds to an experience, idea, explanation, and so
various cultural backgrounds, the effect these on.
symbols have on audiences, and how context 5. Channels - there needs to be a connection between
influences interpretation. the sender and recipient and with that connection it
BACKGROUND: keeps the lines of communication open.
- The roots of Symbolic Communication Theory 6. Common Code - the code includes the rules that
can be traced back to symbolic interactionism, a combine to form the message and correspond to the
sociological perspective developed in the early type of language used.
20th century. Mead's work, particularly in his
book Mind, Self, and Society (1934), 3 Categories of Signs
emphasizes the social nature of communication 1. Iconic - signs that represent the object or picture
and meaning-making. where meaning is based on similarity of appearance.
PROPONENT: 2. Indexical - signs that signify by means of direct
1. George Herbert Mead relation.
2. Herbert Blumer 3. Symbolic - it is the sign that signifies through social
3. Erving Goffman conventions. It must be culturally learned.

IMPLICATIONS: Signifier vs Signified

- Symbols are all about communication. 1. Signifier - it talks about the object itself, the picture
- Symbols communicate through their essence: itself.
their deeper fundamental qualities. 2. Signified - it has something to do with the meaning
- Communication in art can occur through many conveyed by the signifier.
different elements of a work.
- Communication through art can be achieved in SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION
many ways that don't rely on words. - Symbolic communication in art involves the
- The use of metaphors or symbols to represent a creation and interpretation of symbols that
subject matter that would otherwise be difficult to represent ideas, emotions, and cultural
illustrate. Using symbols in art can produce a narratives. These symbols often represent
larger impact or make it more significant. deeper or hidden meanings, connecting to
Example: broader cultural, religious, or emotional ideas.
1. Trees - represent birth and vitality, as well as the Artists use symbols to communicate abstract
core of the natural world. It represented the link concepts such as life, death, love, beauty,
between heaven and earth, possessing the spirituality, and social issues.
ability to grant both earthly and eternal life, in
numerous civilizations and religions. Use of Universal Symbols:
2. Moon - symbolizes a female figure's strength. • Some symbols are universally recognized and can
Because of the previous decade, later convey meaning across cultures.
moon-themed art typically represented the
phases of the moon to convey fertility and the For Example:
cyclical nature of the universe. 1. Dove = Peace
3. Red - It symbolizes love, blood, and life. 2. Skull = Death
4. White - It is used often as a sign of innocence, 3. Exclamation Mark = Danger
goodness, and a connection to the spiritual
world. It is also connected to purity, cleanliness, Cultural and Contextual Interpretations:
and new beginnings. • Symbolism in art can also be culture-specific.

SEMIOTICS For example:

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 1. The Philippine flag itself is a powerful symbol of - With the rise of international films and online
freedom and independence. streaming platforms, there’s a growing shift in
2. The Santo Niño (Symbol of Faith and values, blending traditional Filipino beliefs with
Innocence): global, modern values.
3. The Santo Niño (Holy Child) is one of the most
widely vener (What are the contemporary challenges of Philippine
cinema and the movie industry?)

FILM MOVIES ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

High production costs and foreign competition
(How do Philippine popular movies reflect Philippine - High production costs and the dominance od
society?) foreign films make it difficult for local filmmakers
to compete in the market.
PHILIPPINE MOVIES AS SOCIAL MOVIES Limited funding for independent films
Popular films mirror Filipino experiences - Limited funding and support for independent
- Themes such as family, poverty, love, political films hinder the development of unique and
corruption, and social injustice are commonly innovative local cinema.
portrayed.
Historical and Political consciousness PIRACY AND DIGITAL DISRUPTION
- Example: Films like Heneral Luna (2015) Impact of online piracy
highlight historical and political consciousness, - Online piracy significantly impacts box office
while Four Sisters and a Wedding (2013) sales, reducing revenue for local filmmakers.
addresses family dynamics and societal Streaming platforms: opportunity or threat?
expectations. - The rise of streaming platforms presents both
opportunities and threats, as traditional cinemas
INFLUENCE OF COLONIAL HISTORY are less frequented.
Colonialism influences narrative styles Restrictions from regulatory bodies
- Colonialism, particularly Spanish and American - Filmmakers often face censorship from
influences, has shaped the narrative styles and regulatory bodies, restricting artistic expression
themes in Philippine movies. and limiting the discussion of controversial
Social hierarchies and value mix issues.
- The portrayal of social hierarchies and the mix of
Western and Indigenous values often resonate
in film plots.

(How do popular movies affect and influence Filipino Jeremiah 29:11 NIV
viewers’ belief and value system?) For I know the plans I have for you,” declares the
Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you,
SHAPING CULTURAL IDENTITY AND VALUES plans to give you hope and a future.
Reinforcing traditional values
- Movies often reinforce traditional values like Good luck and God bless, MM 2-8!
“utang na loob” (dept of gratitude), “pakikisama”
(social harmony), and “bayanihan” (community
spirit).
Challenging societal norms
- They can also challenge societal norms,
inspiring change in attitudes toward issues like
gender roles, politics, and religion.

MEDIA’S ROLE IN SHAPING PERCEPTIONS

Influence on views and behaviors
- Movies influence Filipinos’ views on
relationships, ethics, and their sense of national
identity.
Film stars as role models
- Filipino viewers often look to film stars as role
models, emulating their characters’ values and
behaviors in real life.
Blending traditional and modern values
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