Tutorial

Passive Optical
Networks

Authors:
Fabio Neri
Jorge M. Finochietto
Passive Optical Networks Contents
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Optical Access Networks
– Passive Optical Networks (PON)
• TDM-PON
– Physical Layer and Devices
– Traffic Distribution/Scheduling
– Power Budget
– Standards
• APON/BPON
• EPON
• GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed solutions
 Introduction

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks The Broadband Connected Household

Interactive
Ethernet Gaming
10-50 Mb/s
Video-
Conference
Set Top Box
2x5 Mb/s Computers
O/E IP
TV-channels +
100 Mb/s
VoD services
Telephon
2x20 Mb/s e
Triple
Play
Real Estate services TV
La ook
E n on

Al

Home
b
Lo

un in
m

HDTV
ar
er ito

station
ck

dr g

m
gy rin

DVR
g
Passive Optical Networks Access Network
Technologies for access network:
• Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)
• Cable-modems using Cable-TV (CATV)
infrastructures
• Power Line Communication – PLC
• Wireless access technologies
– Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)
– WiFi/WiMax
– Cellular networks
• Optical access networks
Passive Optical Networks xDSL Solutions
• Largely deployed nowadays
– Use of existing copper lines
– Smooth migration/upgrade of current network
• Bandwidth and reach are limited!
Data Rate, Mbps

52

VDSL
Shannon’s information theorem…
24 (S/N-limited, here: crosstalk)
ADSL2+
12

ADSL ADSL2

1 Km 2 Km 3 Km 4 Km 5 Km 6 Km
Length, Km

Source: Ericsson
Passive Optical Networks ADSL: User Devices
• Splitter
– separates data
from voice signals

• Modem
– (de)modudulates signals
Voice Data
at proper frequencies (e.g.,
in ADSL, from 25 KHz in
upstream, and from 240
KHz in downstream)
Passive Optical Networks HFC Access Network
• CATV infrastructures are also called Hybrid Fiber
Coax (HFC)

tap

Head Remote
node amplifiers
end fiber
coax

• They offer a unidirectional

high speed downstream channel
Passive Optical Networks Fiber To The X (FTTx)

Service Node

Internet $$$
Optical Fiber
ONT FTTH “Later”
Leased Line
$ ONT FTTB “Soon”
Frame/Cell
Relay OLT
$$
Telephone
ONU NT FTTC “Later”
Twisted Pair
$-$$
Interactive
Video
ONU NT FTTCab “Soon”
PON xDSL

FTTH : Fiber To The Home FTTC : Fiber To The Curb

FTTB : Fiber To The Building FTTCab
: Fiber To The Cabinet
Passive Optical Networks Optical Access Networks

• Low Attenuation, large • Requires new fiber

distances installation
• Low power consumption • Outside plant costs are
• Large Bandwidth, many important!!
broadband users
Passive Optical Networks Optical Access Networks
• Point-to-Point links
– Simple, standardized and mature technology
– N fibers lines
– 2N transcievers
Passive Optical Networks Optical Access Networks
• Active Optical Network
– Simple, standardized and mature technology
– 1 fiber line
– Curb Switch → power in the field
– 2N+2 transcievers
Passive Optical Networks Optical Access Networks
• Passive Optical Network (PON)
– Simple, under standardization technology
– 1 fiber line
– N+1 transcievers
– passive devices (splitters)
Passive Optical Networks PON Overview
OLT: Optical Line Terminator
ONU: Optical Network Unit
ODN: Optical Distribution Network c
fi f
r a
T
a m
r e
s t
n
ow Tr a ffic
D a m
Upstre

Passiv
e
Device
s ODN
Passive Optical Networks Time vs. Spectrum Sharing
• Downstream → point-to-multipoint network
– The OLT manages the whole bandwidth
• Upstream → multipoint-to-point network
– ONUs transmit only towards the OLT
– ONUs cannot detect other ONUs transmissions
– Data transmitted by ONUs may collide

Need of a channel separation

mechanism to fairly share bandwidth
resources
TDMA WDMA
Time Division Multiple Wavelength Division Multiple
Access Access
Passive Optical Networks PON Evolution
• TDM-PONs
– Standarized
– Use few wavelengths (typically 2 or 3)
– Low cost and mature devices (splitters, lasers, etc.)
– Limited power budget
• Maximum distances ≤ 20km, Split ratios ≤ 64
– Traffic distribution
• Broadcast scheme in downstream
• TDMA techniques in upstream
– Examples: APON/BPON, EPON & GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed in literature and/or demonstrated
– Introduce WDM techniques and devices (AWG)
– Long-reach and bandwidth
– Examples: CPON, LARNET, RITENET, Success-DWA…
Passive Optical Networks Contents
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Optical Access Networks
– Passive Optical Networks (PON)
• TDM-PON
– Physical Layer and Devices
– Traffic Distribution/Scheduling
– Power Budget
– Standards
• APON/BPON
• EPON
• GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed solutions
 TDM-PONs

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks PON Physical Layer
• Passive splitter/combiner(s)
• Two separated channels
– Downstream (OLT → ONUs)
– Upstream (ONUs → OLT)
• A 3rd channel can be used for broadcasting video

ODN ONU

OLT ONU
Passive
Splitter
ONU
Passive Optical Networks Optical Fiber: Attenuation
• Single Mode Fiber (SMF) to achieve large distances
– ITU G.652 SMF (STD)
• “water peak” attenuation renders the 1360nm–1480nm
spectrum unusable for data transmission
– ITU G652c/d SMF (ZWP)
• “zero-water peak”
3.0
First STD SMF
Window Second
2.5
Window ZWP
SMF
ATTENUATION (dB/km)

2.0

1.5 Third
850nm 1310nm Window

1.0

1550nm
0.5

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Passive Optical Networks Optical Fiber: Chromatic Dispersion
• Causes signal pulse broadening
Passive Optical Networks Wavelengths

Low loss (∼0.5 dB/km)

1310nm
Zero chromatic dispersion

Low loss (∼0.3 dB/km)

1490nm
Chromatic dispersion (∼10-17 ps/nm.km)
1550nm
Optically amplified by EDFAs (1550nm)
Passive Optical Networks Lasers Diodes (LD)
Simple FP
• Fabry-Perot (FP) +
gain
– Cheap
– Noisy mirror cleave λ
-
• Sensitive to chromatic dispersion
– Used on 1310 nm DFB
+
• Distributed Feedback (DFB) gain

– More expensive
mirror AR coating λ
– Narrow spectral width -
• Less sensitive to chromatic dispersion
– Used on 1550 nm (or 1310 nm)
Passive Optical Networks Photodiodes (PD)
• PIN Photodiodes
– Good optical sensitivity (∼-22 dBm)
– Silicon for shorter λ’s (eg 850nm)
– InGaAs for longer λ’s (eg 1310/1550nm)

• Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs)

– Higher sensitivity (∼-30 dBm)
– Primarily for extended distances in Gb/s rates
– Much higher cost than PIN diodes
Passive Optical Networks Typical PON Configuration
• Wavelengths

Dual Fiber 1310nm.

Upstream on 1310nm
Single Fiber
Downstream on 1490nm

• Transceivers

Upstream Downstream

ONU FP PIN
OLT APD DFB
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Traffic
• Downstream traffic is broadcasted to all ONUs
– Weak security
• ONUs filter data (frames) by destintation address

ONU

OLT ONU
Passive
Splitter
ONU
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Traffic Scheduling
• OLT schedules traffic inside timeslots
– Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) scheme
• Time slots can vary from ∼µs to ∼ms

B A
C
B
A
A B C B
A B C B

OLT B
Passive A
Splitter B
C
B
C
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Frame Reception
• Each ONU receives all the frames with the same
constant power
– Simple receiver (low-cost) @ ONUs
• Frames have preambles/markers A

7
km

OLT B
3
km
1
C
km
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Traffic
• All ONUs share the same upstream channel
– ONUs cannot exchange data directly
– Collisions may occur at the splitter/combiner

ONU

OLT ONU
Passive
Splitter
ONU
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Traffic Scheduling 1/4
• Media access mechanisms
– Contention-based (similar to CSMA/CD)
• ONUs cannot detect collisions due to directional
properties of optical splitter/combiner
– Guaranteed (TDMA, OCDMA, etc.)
Collision!! A

A
B B
A C B B

OLT B
Passive
C
Splitter

C
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Traffic Scheduling 2/4
• In general, PON standards propose Time Division
Multiplexing Access (TDMA) schemes
– Upstream time slicing and assignment

A
A B C B
B B

OLT B
Passive
Splitter
C

C
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Traffic Scheduling 3/4
• Typically, downstream traffic carries grants that
schedule upstream traffic
• Grant distribution must take into account the
different propagation times to reach each ONU

1 B A
C 10 km
2 B
2 1 A 2 1
A B C B
A B C B

OLT B
Passive A
Splitter 2 B
C
1 B
C
2 km
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Traffic Scheduling 4/4
• PON standards define ranging mechanisms
– the method of measuring the logical distance between each
ONU and the OLT and determining the transmission timing
such that upstream cells sent from different ONUs do not
collide
2
A
A 10 km

C A

OLT B
Passive
Splitter C

C
1
C
2 km
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Frame Reception
• The OLT receives frames with different powers
– Much difficult to recover synchronism
– Burst Mode Receiver (complex) @ OLT
• Sets 0-1 threshold on a burst basis A

A
7
km

B A B
OLT B
3
Passive km
Splitter
1
C
km
Passive Optical Networks Power Budget
• Maximum optical power loss in the ODN
– Difference between the TX power and the
sensitivity of the RX
• Considers attenuation of fiber, connectors,
splices, splitters, etc.
ODN Loss Model Assumptions
Conventional Low-loss
Connection 0.75 dB 0.15 dB
Splices 0.088 dB 0.067 dB
Fiber (1310nm) 0.5 dB/km 0.4 dB/km
Fiber (1490/1550nm) 0.3 dB/km 0.2 dB/km
Passive Optical Networks Passive Splitters
• 1x2 Splitter • 1xN Splitter

• Every time the signal is split two ways, the

signal is reduced by 10log(0.5)=3dB
• Loss ∼3dB × log2(#ONUs)

Conventional Low-loss
Splitter 1x2 3.7dB 3.4dB
Passive Optical Networks Splitter/Couplers Configurations

4-stage 8x8 3-stage 8x8

Passive Optical Networks Transceiver Assumptions

TX Power RX Sensitivity
ONU (FP+PIN) 0 dBm -22 dBm
OLT (DFB+APD) 1 dBm -30 dBm

• Upstream (@1310nm) Power Budget = 30 dB

• Downstream (@1490nm) Power Budget = 22 dB
Passive Optical Networks Video Distribution over PONs
• Video can be distributed in several ways

• RF video signal (overlay video)

– Uses the same technology employed in cable TV
networks
– Requires a dedicated wavelength and high-power
– Supports both analog and digital channels

• IP video signal (integrated video)

– Uses IP protocol to delivery video services
– Can use the same wavelength as data and voice
– Video head end can be shared among many
networks/platforms
Passive Optical Networks RF Video Signal
• A 3rd channel (1550nm) can be used for video
• A high-power signal is required for video
– The video signal is amplified by an EDFA at the OLT
vide
o

ONU
EDFA
vide
o

OLT ONU
Passive vide
Splitter o
ONU
vide
o
Passive Optical Networks RF Video Issue: Brillouin Scattering
• All optical fibers have a physical limitation known
as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)
• SBS occurs when a high power optical signal over
relatively long length (>8km) fiber generates
variations in the fiber’s optical properties and
scatters optical signals in the reverse direction.
• As power levels increase, so does the effect,
resulting in transmitter signal loss and noticeable
video signal degradation on a subscriber’s TV

• In general, this results in a power budget of ∼

21 dB (@1310nm)
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Analysis (Conventional ODN)
• Considers only fiber and splitter attenuation
Nom. Avail. Nom.
Split splitting fiber loss Distance
loss (dB) (dB) (km)
1 0 30 60.0
2 3.7 26.3 52.6
4 7.4 22.6 45.2 Each split
8 11.1 18.9 37.8 costs
16 14.8 15.2 30.4 7.4 km
32 18.5 11.5 23.0 (12.3%)
64 22.2 7.8 15.6
128 25.9 4.1 8.2
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Analysis (Conv. ODN)
• Considers only fiber and splitter attenuation
Nom. Avail. Nom.
Split splitting fiber loss Distance
loss (dB) (dB) (km)
1 0 23 76.7
2 3.7 19.3 64.3
4 7.4 15.6 52.0 Each split
8 11.1 11.9 39.7 costs
16 14.8 8.2 27.3 12.3 km
32 18.5 4.5 15.0 (14.7%)
64 22.2 0.8 2.7
128 25.9 -2.9 0.0
Passive Optical Networks RF Video Analysis (Conventional ODN)
• Considers only fiber and splitter attenuation
Nom. Avail. Nom.
Split splitting fiber loss Distance
loss (dB) (dB) (km)
1 0 21 70.0
2 3.7 17.3 57.7
4 7.4 13.6 45.3 Each split
8 11.1 9.9 33.0 costs
16 14.8 6.2 20.7 12.3 km
32 18.5 2.5 8.3 (16.1%)
64 22.2 -1.2 0.0
128 25.9 -4.9 0.0
Passive Optical Networks Conventional ODN Analysis

Coonventional ODN

100.0
Maximum ONU Distance

80.0

60.0
[km]

40.0

20.0

0.0
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
Number of ONUs (split)

Upstream Downstream RF Video

Passive Optical Networks Upstream Analysis (Low loss ODN)
• Considers only fiber and splitter attenuation
Nom. Avail. Nom.
Split splitting fiber loss Distance
loss (dB) (dB) (km)
1 0 30 75.0
2 3.4 26.6 66.5
4 6.8 23.2 58.0 Each split
8 10.2 19.8 49.5 costs
16 13.6 16.4 41.0 8.5 km
32 17 13 32.5 (11.3%)
64 20.4 9.6 24.0
128 23.8 6.2 15.5
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Analysis (Low loss ODN)
• Considers only fiber and splitter attenuation
Nom. Avail. Nom.
Split splitting fiber loss Distance
loss (dB) (dB) (km)
1 0 23 115
2 3.4 19.6 98
4 6.8 16.2 81 Each split
8 10.2 12.8 64 costs
16 13.6 9.4 47 17 km
32 17 6.0 30 (14.8%)
64 20.4 2.6 13
128 23.8 -0.8 0
Passive Optical Networks RF Video Analysis (Low loss ODN)
• Considers only fiber and splitter attenuation
Nom. Avail. Nom.
Split splitting fiber loss Distance
loss (dB) (dB) (km)
1 0 21 105
2 3.4 17.6 88
4 6.8 14.2 71 Each split
8 10.2 10.8 54 costs
16 13.6 7.4 37 17 km
32 17 4.0 20 (16.2%)
64 20.4 0.6 3
128 23.8 -2.8 0
Passive Optical Networks Low Loss ODN Analysis

Low loss ODN

140.0
Maximum ONU Distance

120.0
100.0
80.0
[km]

60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
Number of ONUs (split)

Upstream Downstream RF Video

Passive Optical Networks Reach/Split Ratio Improvement
• Use of Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques

• ITU-T G.795
– Red Salomon Code
– Low frame processing delay (∼12µs)
∼ 6% overhead
– Upto ∼5.5dB gain
• APD ∼ electrical gain (limited by shot noise)
• PIN ∼ ½ electrical gain (limited by thermal noise)

• Improvements
– Increase 1:32 splits @ 10km
– Allow 1:16 km @ 20km
Passive Optical Networks Which one is a better design?

1 km Fiber: 0.3dB/km
Splitter:
3dB/split
x32 10 km

10 km

x32
1 km

a) b)
Passive Optical Networks Which one is a better design?

1 km No difference at all
x32 10 km

10 km

x32
1 km

a) b)
• a) 0.3 dB + 15 dB + 3 dB = 18.3 dB
• b) 3 dB + 15 dB + 0.3 dB = 18.3 dB
Passive Optical Networks Which one is a better design?

1 km Fiber: 0.3dB/km
Splitter:
3dB/split
x2 10 km
1 km
5 km

x16 6 km
x32
5 km
1 km

a) b)
Passive Optical Networks Which one is a better design?

1 km

x2 10 km
50 km
5 km

x16 55 km
x32
5 km
1 km

a) b)
• a) = 18.3 dB = 0.3dB+3dB+15dB=18.3dB
• b) = 18.3 dB = 3dB+15dB+16.5dB=34.5dB
Passive Optical Networks Other Design Issues...

Wind-Driven Rain

• 70 mph
• 5.8 in/hr
• 30 min
Passing:
No
evidence
of water
intrusion
Passive Optical Networks Summary
• PONs are typically made of
– cheap components at ONUs
– more expensive and performant ones at the OLT
• Upstream traffic scheduling is managed in a
centralized fashion by the OLT
• TDM-PONs have limited reach/split performance
– 10-20km & 16-32 split ratios
• Standards define
– Physical Layer
– Downstream and Upstream Frame Formats
– Upstream Grant Distribution Mechanism
• Ranging Mechanism
Passive Optical Networks Contents
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Optical Access Networks
– Passive Optical Networks (PON)
• TDM-PON
– Physical Layer and Devices
– Traffic Distribution/Scheduling
– Power Budget
– Standards
• APON/BPON
• EPON
• GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed solutions
 PON Standardization

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks PON Standards

Working Full Service Access Ethernet in the

Network (FSAN) First Mile (EFM)
Groups Group Alliance

Propose
standards
International Institute of Electrical &
Standard Telecommunication Electronics Engineers
s Union (ITU-T) (IEEE)
Bodies

1998/200 Ratify standards

1
APON/BPON 2003 2004
Standard (G.983) GPON
s (G.984) EPON
(802.3ah)
Passive Optical Networks FSAN Members: Service Providers
Passive Optical Networks EFM Alliance: Equipment Vendors
• Members
– AllOptic, Cisco, Elastic Networks, Ericsson, Extreme
Networks, Infineon, Intel, NTT, Passave, Texas
Instruments, …

• Position Ethernet in the First Mile as a key

networking technology for the access network
• Support the Ethernet in the First Mile standards
effort conducted in the IEEE P802.3ah Task Force
Passive Optical Networks Technical Standards Comparison

BPON EPON GPON

Standard ITU G.983 IEEE802ah ITU G.984

Data Packet Cell Size 53 bytes 1518 bytes 53 to 1518 bytes

Maximum Speed Configurable Symmetric 1.25 Gb/s Configurable

1.2 Gb/s downstream; 2.4 Gbps downstream
622 Mb/s upstream 2.4 Gbps upstream

Traffic Modes ATM Ethernet ATM, Ethernet or TDM

Voice ATM VoIP ATM, VoIP or TDM

Video 1550 nm overlay (RF) Either over RF or IP

ODN Power Budgets 20-30 dB 21-26 -dB 20-30 dB

Max PON Splits 32 16 or more 64

Reach 10-20 km 10-20 km 20 km

Passive Optical Networks Contents
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Optical Access Networks
– Passive Optical Networks (PON)
• TDM-PON
– Physical Layer and Devices
– Traffic Distribution/Scheduling
– Power Budget
– Standards
• APON/BPON
• EPON
• GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed solutions
 APON

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks ATM PONs (APONs)
• The first PON standard was based on ATM cells
• It consists of:
– Downstream Channel @ 155 Mbps or 622 Mbps
– Upstream Channel @ 155 Mbps

• It supported different services:

– Digital Broadband Video (No Analog Video)
– Multimedia Services
– ATM Services

• Those were the ATM days!

Passive Optical Networks APON Physical Parameters

Fiber Type G.652 (STD SMF)

Class B: 10-25 dB
Power Budget
Class C: 15-30 dB
Max Reach 20 km

Split Ratio 16 or 32
Single Fiber
Transmission
Dual Fiber

Single Fiber Dual Fiber

Upstream 1310 nm 1310 nm
Downstream 1550 nm 1310 nm
Passive Optical Networks APON Architecture (Single Fiber)
Upstream Downstream
1310 nm 1550 nm

Voice and Data Voice, Video and Data

100 nm 100 nm

ONU
Voice, Video & Data
OLT Downstream
1550 nm

Optical
Coupler
Upstream
1310 nm 1x32
Optica Or
l Cascade Video Data POTS
Splitt (l) (AAL5)(AAL1,2)
er
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Frame Structure
• Based on STM-1 (155 Mbps) line rate
• Each frame (∼150 µs) carries timeslots of 53B
– The frame is long
– 56 slots (155 Mbps) → ∼3.6 µs timeslots
– 224 slots (622Mbps) → ∼0.9 µs timeslots
• Each timeslot contains
– a data cell (ATM)
– or a Physical Layer Operation & Management cell
(PLOAM)
– Every 28 slots a PLOAM cell is inserted.
Passive Optical Networks Downstream PLOAM cell
• Downstream PLOAM cells are responsible for
Downstream
– allocating bandwidth (via grant fields), PLOAM Cell

– frame synchronization,
– error control,
– ranging,
– and maintenance.

• Payload of 48 bytes
– Carries 27 grants
– Each grant, schedules
1 upstream ATM cell
Passive Optical Networks Downstream ATM cell
• ONUs filter downstream ATM cells and receive
only those that are addressed to them
• Each ATM cell has a 12-bit addressing field
associated with a virtual circuit
– At most 4096 ATM circuits are allowed per PON
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Frame Structure
• Each frame (∼150 µs) carries 53 slots of 56 bytes
– 53 bytes of ATM or PLOAM cell
– 3 overhead bytes per ATM cell
• The 3 overhead bytes contain
– at least 4 bits of guard time
• to prevent collisions with cells from other ONUs.
– a preamble field for bit synchronization and amplitude
recovery.
– a delimiter field is used to indicate the start of an
incoming cell.
Passive Optical Networks Upstream PLOAM cell
• Upstream PLOAM cells
carry
– alarms,
– alerts
– ranging messages
– receiver and
transmitter status

• Upstream PLOAM rate

– Defined by the OLT for
each ONU
– Minimum is 1 PLOAM
every 100 ms
Upstream PLOAM Cell
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Traffic Scheduling
• Coupled downstream and upstream timing
– Both frames have equal length (∼150 µs)
– Synchronization is based on downstream frames
• The OLT, by means of the ranging process, aligns
all ONUs upstream frames to an unique
downstream frame
• The downstream frame carries grants for ONUs
to allow upstream transmission
• One grant = One cell
– Data Grant
– PLOAM Grant
– Divide_Slot Grant
– …
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Minislots
• An upstream slot can contain a divided_slot
• The divided_slot fits into one upstream slot and contains a
number of minislots coming from a set of ONUs
• The OLT assigns one divided_slot grant to this set of ONUs
for sending their minislots
• Minislots are used to report status information of the ONUs
Passive Optical Networks Ranging Process
• The OLT must compute the RTT for each ONU, and sends
an equalization delay time to each of them
– PLOAM cells are used for this purpose
• ONUs implement the equalization delay to emulate an
equidistant network
ONU

20 km

20 km
OLT ONU

Passive
Splitter
20 km
ONU
Passive Optical Networks APON Ranging
• OLT sends a Ranging Grant and waits for the ONU response
• Once, the OLT has received all responses, it calculates the
equalization delays and communicates this information to
the ONUs, who adjust their transmission
Passive Optical Networks APON Bandwidth Allocation
• Downstream Bandwidth
– bandwidth can be dynamically allocated by the
OLT based on the ONU’s services

• Upstream Bandwidth
– bandwidth is allocated statically through grants
– minislots mechanism for reporting ONUs’ queues,
but no dynamic bandwidth allocation sheme
defined
– No dynamic bandwidth allocation!
 BPON

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks Broadband PONs (BPONs)
• BPONs are similar to APONs, but add extra
functionalities
• Include APONs (G.983.1)
• Defined in the ITU-T G.983.3 (2001)
• Support higher rates
– Downstream (155, 622 & 1244 Mbps)
– Upstream (155 & 622 Mbps)
• Defines
– alternative wavelength plan including additional
wavelength band
• for downstream video broadcast,
– dynamic upstream bandwidth allocation (G.983.4)
– protection mechanisms
Passive Optical Networks BPON Physical Parameters

Fiber Type G.652 (STD SMF)

Class A: 5 - 20 dB
Power Budget Class B: 10-25 dB
Class C: 15-30 dB

Max Reach 20 km

Split Ratio 16 or 32

Transmission Single Fiber

Passive Optical Networks BPON Wavelength Allocation

APON

BPON

Water Peak
Passive Optical Networks BPON Architecture
Upstream Downstream
1310 nm 1490 nm 1550 nm

Voice and Data Voice and Data Video

100 nm 20 nm 10 nm

42 MHz 550 MHz 860 MHz

Analog TV Digital HD/VO
TV D

EDFA

Video
1550 nm
ONU
Voice & Data
OLT Downstream
1490 nm

Optical
Coupler
Upstream
1310 nm 1x32
Optica Or
l Cascade Video Data POTS
Splitt (l) (AAL5)(AAL1,2)
er
Passive Optical Networks
Frames
Passive Optical Networks Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA)
• DBA is the process by which ONUs dynamically request
upstream bandwidth, and the method the OLT reassign
bandwidth accordingly

ONU-A Dynamic allocation

of bandwidth

ONU-B GRANTS

OLT
ONU-C

ONU-D
Shared Dedicated
bandwidth bandwidth

• BPONs defines two DBA schemes

– buffer status reporting (SR)
– idle cell monitoring, or no status reporting (NSR)
Passive Optical Networks Transmission Containers (T-CONTs)
• Entity used for upstream bandwidth allocation
– Responsible for requesting and receiving grants
– Associated to a buffer and report its status
• A single T-CONT can carry ATM traffic with various service
classes and virtual circuits
• A data grant/request is associated with one T-CONT
• T-CONTs are essentially “pipes” that carry ATM circuits
Passive Optical Networks No Status Reporting (NSR)
• OLT inspects each incoming cell from a specific T-CONT in
a predefined time frame
– Remembers the ATM connections that are associated with a
specific T-CONT

• For example, the OLT calculates the utilization rate of the

currently assigned bandwidth by monitoring the number of
effective received cells from specific T-CONTs, and uses
this value as the bandwidth request information
– The bandwidth allocation reserved for a T-CONT is
INCREASED if the current allocation is largely utilized
and DECREASED otherwise
Passive Optical Networks Status Reporting (SR) 1/3
• SR-ONUs explicitly report to its OLT PON interface
• Since a number of ONUs and their T-CONTs may report
queue lengths of T-CONT buffers, it is imperative to
balance the amount of information with the upstream
bandwidth consumption of these reports
• Generally the OLT will generate divided_slot grants to
request a queue length for the specified ONU according to
the service requirements
Passive Optical Networks Status Reporting (SR) 2/3
• When an ONU recognizes a divided_slot grant, the ONU can
transfer information in a minislot in the divided_slot

• This minislot contains the queue length for every T-CONT

using non-linear coding and CRC-8
Passive Optical Networks Status Reporting (SR) 3/3
• SR-ONUs shall report the queue length of their T-
CONTs when requested by their OLT

• The queue length is the sum of the total number

of cells in all the class buffers that are connected
to a T-CONT
Passive Optical Networks Fault Tolerance
• BPON defines different protection schemes
– Based on Automatic Protection Switching (APS)
– Duplication of transceivers (TR), splitters and
optical fiber sections
• Similar to metro/core networks

TR
Drop Section

Feeder Section
TR TR
Passive
Splitter
TR
Passive Optical Networks Protection Mechanisms
TR
TR ONU-1 OLT ONU-1
OLT TR TR

TR TR ONU-2 TR
TR ONU-2
TR TR
TR ONU-n
TR
ONU-n
TR

B type C type
1+1 protection of OLT 1+1 protection of PON
• Cost-effective • Most secure and
• Redundant feeder expensive
• Redundant feeder and
• Redundant OLT
drops
transceivers
• Redundant transceivers
Passive Optical Networks Contents
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Optical Access Networks
– Passive Optical Networks (PON)
• TDM-PON
– Physical Layer and Devices
– Traffic Distribution/Scheduling
– Power Budget
– Standards
• APON/BPON
• EPON
• GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed solutions
 EPON

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks IEEE 802.3.ah
• EPON started to be standardized by IEEE 802.3ah EFM
since 2001, it was ratified in 2004

IEEE802.2 logical link control

IEEE802.1 bridging
Layer 2: data link
IEEE802.3 IEEE802.4 IEEE802.5 IEEE802.6
layer
Ethernet Token bus Token ring MAN IEEE802.11
MAC layer MAC layer MAC layer MAC layer wireless
MAC layer
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical
layer layer layer layer layer
Layer 1: physical layer

802.3a
10Mb/s 100Mb/s 1Gb/s 10Gb/s
h EFM
Passive Optical Networks Ethernet PONs (EPONs)
• All packets carried in EPON are encapsulated in
Ethernet frames
– Support for variable size packets
• Similar wavelength plan to BPON
• Maximum bit rate is 1Gbps (1.25 Gbps 8B/10B)
• Minimum number of splits is 16
• Maximum reach is
– 10 km (FP-LD @ ONUs, limited by dispersion)
– 20 km (DFB-LD @ ONUs)
• Different configurations are allowed
Passive Optical Networks EPON Configurations

ONU

ONU ONU
ONU

OLT ONU OLT ONU

ONU
ONU

(1) Tree Topology (2) Ring Topology

ONU
ONU ONU

ONU

OLT ONU OLT

ONU ONU
ONU
(3) Tree with Redundant Trunk (4) Bus Topology
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Traffic
• Similar to a shared medium network
• Packets are broadcasted by the OLT and selected
by their destination ONU
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Traffic
• ONUs synchronized to a common time reference
• Centralized arbitration scheme
• OLT grants access to ONU for a timeslot
– Several Ethernet packets
Passive Optical Networks IEEE 802 Compliance
• IEEE 802 assumes all stations to be connected to
a shared-medium (single access domain)
• Single-station domains connected by point-to-
point links form a switched LAN

• Problem: IEEE 802 compliance

– ONUs cannot communicate with one another due to
directivity of passive devices
• 1st Solution: Emulate a point-to-point topology
– Loss of useful downstream broadcast nature
• 2nd Solution: Emulate a point-to-point topology but
with a special broadcast feature
Passive Optical Networks Logical Topology Emulation (LTE)
• PON devices implement a logical topology
emulation (LTE) function
– To preserve the existing Ethernet MAC operation,
LTE must reside below the MAC sublayer
• Emulation relies on tagging Ethernet frames
– Logical Link Identification (LLID)
– Replaces 2 bytes of 8 of the Ethernet preamble
Passive Optical Networks EPON Ethernet Tagging
• Unicast LLID
– Established between the OLT and each ONU
– Point-to-point links
– ONUs filter frames by their assigned LLID

• Universal LLID
– Used to define a broadcast service
– Received by all ONUs
– Exploits downstream broadcast nature of PONs!
Passive Optical Networks The Muti-Point Control Protocol (MPCP)
• Original Ethernet MAC protocol cannot operate
properly in the upstream channel (no collision
detection)
• MPCP (Multi-Point Control Protocol)
– In-band signalling
– Messages (64 bytes)
• GATE
• REGISTER
• REGISTER_REQUEST
• REGISTER_ACK
• REPORT
Passive Optical Networks MPCP Modes of Operation
• Auto Discovery Mode
– Detects newly connected ONUs and learns the
round-trip delay and MAC address of that ONU
– Messages: GATE, REGISTER, REGISTER_REQUEST,
REGISTER_ACK

• Bandwidth Assignment Mode

– Assigns transmission opportunities to registered
ONUs
– Messages: GATE, REPORT
Passive Optical Networks Auto Discovery Mode (1/6)
• OLT allocates an initialization slot, an interval of time when
no previously initialized ONUs are allowed to transmit
• OLT sends an initialization “discovery” GATE message
advertising the start time of the initialization slot and its
length
Passive Optical Networks Auto Discovery Mode (2/6)
• Only un-initialized ONUs will respond to the message
• When the local clock located in the ONU reaches the start
time of the initialization slot, the ONU will transmit
REGISTER_REQ message
• When the OLT receives the REGISTER_REQ from an un-
initialized ONU, it learns its MAC address and round-trip
time
Passive Optical Networks Auto Discovery Mode (3/6)
Passive Optical Networks Auto Discovery Mode (4/6)
• The OLT sends a REGISTER message containing the unicast
Logical Link ID (LLID)
Passive Optical Networks Auto Discovery Mode (5/6)
• The OLT sends a GATE message containing a grant for the
the unicast LLID
Passive Optical Networks Auto Discovery Mode (6/6)
• The ONU acknowledges the registration by sending a
REGISTER_ACK message
Passive Optical Networks
Auto Discovery Summary
Passive Optical Networks Bandwidth Assignment Mode
• The OLT sends a GATE message (grant) and schedules
upstream transmission for a specific time interval
• ONUs send REPORT messages with their queue status
claiming grants
Passive Optical Networks “Just-in-Time” Scheduling
• The GATE message is sent so that when the ONU
receives the message it starts transmitting
– Only time length of access interval is needed
• However, Ethernet frames cannot be preempted
so collision may occur
Passive Optical Networks “Start Time” Scheduling
• The GATE message carries
– a Start Time,
– and its length

• Requires a common time

reference (16ns granularity)
Passive Optical Networks MPCP Clock Synchronization
• Both the OLT and the ONU have 32-bit counters
that increment every 16 ns
– These counters provide a local timestamp

• MPCP messages contain a timestamp field

• When the ONU receives a MPCP message, it sets

its counter according to the value in the
timestamp of the received message
– Local clock is then “synchronized” with the OLT
one
Passive Optical Networks Ranging
• When either device transmits a MPCP message, it
maps its counter to the timestamp field
– Useful for the ranging process

RTT = T2 -
T1
Passive Optical Networks REPORT Message
• REPORTs are generated at the ONU

• A REPORT message may

contain queue reports (DBA)
• REPORT messages can be used
with timestamps only (Ranging)

• The OLT must

– process REPORT messages
– consider the REPORT when
allocating bandwidth

• REPORTs must be issued periodically

Passive Optical Networks Contents
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Optical Access Networks
– Passive Optical Networks (PON)
• TDM-PON
– Physical Layer and Devices
– Traffic Distribution/Scheduling
– Power Budget
– Standards
• APON/BPON
• EPON
• GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed solutions
 GPON

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks From BPON to Gigabit PON (GPON)
• BPON Issues
– Shortage of bandwidth in connecting Gigabit
Ethernet
– Inefficient allocation of packets due to AAL5
– High cost of interface cards due to low penetration
of ATM
– Relatively insignificant role played by ATM in the
core network
Passive Optical Networks GPON Standardization

ITU-T Outline Adoption

G-PON service requirements Mar.

G.984.1
(General characteristics) 2003

G-PON Physical Layer spec.

Mar.
G.984.2 (Physical Media Dependent (PMD) layer 2003
specification)

G-PON TC layer spec.

Feb.
G.984.3 (Transmission convergence layer 2004
specification)
Passive Optical Networks G.984.1 Service Requirements

Item Target

1.25Gbit/s symmetric or higher (2.4 Gbit/s).

Bit rates
Asymmetric with 155/622Mb/s upstream

Physical reach Max. 20 km or max. 10 km

Logical reach Max. 60 km

Branches Max. 64 in physical layer

Downstream: 1480 – Downstream video

Wavelength 1500nm wavelength (1550 –
allocation
Upstream: 1260 – 1360nm 1560nm) may be overlaid

Class A, B and C
ODN classes (As B-PON, G.982 is applied)
Passive Optical Networks G.984.2 Physical Requierements

Item Spec.

1.244Gbit/s and 2.488Gbit/s symmetrical

Bit rates
Asymmetrical with 155.52/622.04 Mbit/s upstream

Up to 10km: use of FP without FEC

Correction of
errors due to
dispersion Up to 20km: use of FP with FEC (FEC is not needed
when using DFB)

Optical devices LD + PIN (APD may also be used)

Overhead in 4Bytes (155.52Mbit/s), 8Bytes (622.08Mbit/s)

upstream signal 12Bytes (1.244Gbit/s), 24Bytes (2.488Gbit/s)
Passive Optical Networks G.984.3 Transmission Convergene (TC)
• ATM ATM services are carried by ATM frames
• Other services are in principle carried by Generic frames
• A mix of the two types of frame can be configured

ATM service Other services

ATM T1/E1 POTS Data Video
Layer 5 TDM
or higher
VoIP

TCP+UDP etc.
Layer 4

IP
Layer 3

AAL Ethernet

Layer 2 ATM frame Generic frame

G.983 base G.707 base
GPON TC (GTC) frame
Layer 1
PON-PHY
Passive Optical Networks Multiplexing Mechanisms
• T-CONT entity (as BPON): associated to ports
and/or VP/VC
Passive Optical Networks GPON Encapsulation Mode (GEM)
• GEM provides a Generic Frame where to carry
both TDM and packet traffic over fixed data-rate
channels
– Similar Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) used in
SDH/SONET

• A Generic Frame consists of:

– a core header
– a payload header
– an optional extension header
– a payload
– an optional frame check sequence (FCS).
Passive Optical Networks Mapping Modes
• Framed
– Optimized for bandwidth efficiency at the expense
of latency
– It encapsulates complete Ethernet (or other types
of) frames with a GEM header

• Transparent
– Used for low latency transport of block-coded client
signals such as GbE, Fibre Channel, ESCON, FiCON,
and Digital Video Broadcast (DVB)
– Small groups of 8B/10B symbols are transmitted
rather than waiting for a complete frame of data
Passive Optical Networks GPON-TC (GTC) Frames
• Fixed frame duration (125us)
• Transports both ATM cells and GEM Frames
• Used in both downstream (DS) & upstream (US)
– Use of Pointers to allocate upstream bandwidth
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Scheduling
• Downstream frames indicate permitted locations for
upstream traffic
– Use of pointers (byte units)
• Minimum bandiwdth allocation 64Kbps (1 byte @ 125us)
– Upstream frames synchronized with downstream ones
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Frame Structure 1/3
• It consists of
– a Physical Control Block Downstream (PCBD)
– the ATM partition (N×53 bytes)
– the GEM partition
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Frame Structure 2/3
• The PBCD carries basically
– Synchronization fields (used by ONUs)
– Upstream Bandwidth grants (upstream access)
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Frame Structure 3/3
• Each Access grants is composed of
– an AllocId associated with the T-CONT
– a Start Time and Stop Time expressed in bytes that indicate
when to access the usptream channel and when to release it

• As in BPONs, upstream access is effectively done delaying access

for a specific equalization delay
Passive Optical Networks Downstream Frame Structure
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Frame Structure 1/3
• Each frame contains transmissions from one or more ONUs

• Four types of overheaders are present

– Physical Layer

– PLOAM

– Power Leveling

– Dynamic Bandwidth Report

Passive Optical Networks Upstream Frame Structure 2/3
• A preamble and a delimiter are attached to each
burst in order to recover the frame at the OLT
• Their values are absolute in time and variables in
bits
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Burst Lock-In Time
• BPON: stringent lock-in 3 bytes per cell timing

• GPON: more relaxed timing

– 622 Mbps upstream: 8 bytes
– 1.2 Gbps upstream: 12 bytes
– 2.4 Gbps upstream: 24 bytes

• Results:
– BPON = stringent timing = more expensive
components
– GPON = more relaxed timing = cheaper
components
– GPON = lowest cost path for higher bandwidth
Passive Optical Networks Upstream Frame Structure 3/3
• The usptream frame payload can be used to
carry
– ATM cells,
– GEM frames
– or DBA reports
Passive Optical Networks
DBA Reports
 TDM-PON Summary

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks Technical Summary
BPON GPON EPON
Type of PON
Broadband-PON Gigabit-PON Gigabit Ether-PON

FSAN / ITU-T FSAN/ITU-T

Standardization EFM/IEEE
G.983 series G.984 series

Transmission GEM
ATM Ethernet
frame (partly ATM)

Transmission 1.2G, 2.4G, 1.25G

156M, 622M,
speed 156M (upstream), (1G after
1.2G (downstream)
(bit/s) 622M (upstream) decoding)

Wavelength (µ m) 1.3/1.5

Wavelength
multiplexing of Possible
video
Upstream
TDMA coupled to Downstream Decoupled TDMA
bandwidth control

Full services
Services provided ATM IP-based services
(phone, IP, TDM)

Year of
2001 2003 2004
introduction
Passive Optical Networks Reach/Split

Difference between
30 sending and receiving
levels
G(B)PON
Class A: 5-20dB
G(B)PON
Class B: 10-25dB
Number of splits

Class C
Class C: 15-30dB
G(B)PON EPON
20

Class B Class PX10: 5-20dB

Class PX20: 10-24dB

EPON Assumptions for calculation

Class PX20 Optical splitter insertion loss
10

32-way split: 17dB

16-way split: 14dB
8-way split: 11dB
G(B)PON Class A 4-way split: 8dB
EPON Class PX10 (note) Fixed loss (conn., etc.): 4dB
Line loss:0.5dB/km

0 10 20
Applicable distance (km)
Passive Optical Networks Transmission Efficiency

1400

1200 scheduling OH : frame

delineation
1000 scheduling OH : PHY burst OH

800 scheduling OH : control

messages
Mb/s

payload encapulation OH
600

line coding
400
payload
200

0
EPON GPON BPON
Passive Optical Networks Header’s Comparison
24 bits

min. typ. typ.

4 bits 12 bits 8 bits

BPON Guard PreambleDelimiter Data

min. 76.8 ns EPON costs about

min. typ. typ. ~10% the cost of
25.6 ns 35.2 ns 16.0ns BPON/GPON
GPON Guard PreambleDelimiter Data

max. 400 ns max. 400 ns max. 400ns

EPON Laser
turn on time
AGC, CDR
setting time
Data Data
Laser
turn off time

AGC: Automatic Gain Control; CDR: Clock and Data Recovery

Laser turn on time overlaps the laser turn off time of the previous burst
Passive Optical Networks Contents
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Optical Access Networks
– Passive Optical Networks (PON)
• TDM-PON
– Physical Layer and Devices
– Traffic Distribution/Scheduling
– Power Budget
– Standards
• APON/BPON
• EPON
• GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed solutions
 WDM-PONs

Passive Optical
Networks
Passive Optical Networks Fiber
• Single Mode Fiber (SMF) to achieve large distances
– ITU G.652 SMF (STD)
• “water peak” attenuation renders the 1360nm–1480nm
spectrum unusable for data transmission.
– ITU G652c/d SMF (ZWP)
• “zero-water peak”
3.0
First STD SMF
Window Second
2.5
Window ZWP
SMF
ATTENUATION (dB/km)

2.0

1.5 Third
850nm 1310nm Window

1.0

1550nm
0.5

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Passive Optical Networks Coarse WDM (CWDM)

• Upto 18 channels (1271-1611nm, 20 nm spacing)

• Cheap transmitters (no strict tuning, thus, no thermal
control needed)
• Reach limited by the lowest wavelength
Passive Optical Networks Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWG)
• AWG has already been used in many long-haul
WDM systems
– mulitplexer/demultiplexers
– add/drop multiplexer

• AWGs route each specific ingress wavelength to

a unique output port

• AWG insertion loss is 4-5dB regardless of the

number of channels
– Thus, larger distances can be reached
Passive Optical Networks WDM Techniques in PONs
• WPON: Broadcast and select PONs
• WRPON: wavelength routed PONs
– Include AWGs
Passive Optical Networks Super-PON
• Extends reach (∼100km) and split ratio (∼2000)
– Uses repeaters with optical amplifiers
– Uses several wavelengths (DWDM)
Passive Optical Networks Simple WDM-PON
• Number of ONUs limited by wavelengths
• Point-to-point topology
• Long-reach (almost point-to-point reach)
Passive Optical Networks Composite-PON (CPON)
• Downstream uses AWG (improves reach)
• Upstream uses combiner
Passive Optical Networks LARNET
• Downstream AWG routes wavelengths (reach)
• Upstream AWG separates wavelengths (low cost
1310nm LD) and improves bandwidth

Wideband upstream signals are “sliced” by the AWG

Passive Optical Networks RITENET
• Upstream transmitters in ONUs modulate a
downstream-broadcatsed unmodulated carrier
(no need of light sources at ONUs)
Passive Optical Networks Multistage-PON
• AWG size is limited by fabrication technology
limits → multiple stages of AWGs

• Wavelengths are routed

in groups at the 1st stage
and individually at the 2nd
Passive Optical Networks SUCCESS-DWA PON
• Offers dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) by
adding tunable lasers at the OLT
OL
T

O
NUs

Filter
Passive Optical Networks Contents
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Optical Access Networks
– Passive Optical Networks (PON)
• TDM-PON
– Physical Layer and Devices
– Traffic Distribution/Scheduling
– Power Budget
– Standards
• APON/BPON
• EPON
• GPON
• WDM-PONs
– Proposed solutions
Passive Optical Networks References 1/2
• ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1, .Broadband optical access systems based on
Passive Optical Networks (PON)., Oct 1998.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.983.3, .A broadband optical access system with increased
service capability by wavelength allocation., March 2001.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.983.4, .A broadband optical access system with increased
service capability using dynamic bandwidth assignment., Nov. 2001.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.983.5, .A broadband optical access systemwith enhanced
survivability., Jan 2002.
• IEEE Standard 802.3AH, .CSMA/CD access method and physical layer specifications
Amendment: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers and Management
Parameters for Subscriber Access Networks., June 2004.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.975, .Forward error correction for submarine systems.,
Oct. 2000.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.984.1, .Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON):
General characteristics., March 2003.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.984.2, .Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON):
Physical Media Dependent (PMD) layer specification., March 2003.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.984.3, .Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON):
Transmission convergence layer specification,. Feb. 2004.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.984.4, .Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON):
ONT management and control interface specification., June 2004.
• ITU-T Recommendation G.7041/Y.1303, .Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)., Dec.
2001.
Passive Optical Networks References 2/2
• Kramer, Glen. Ethernet Passive Optical Networks, McGraw-Hill, March, 2005
• Lallukka, Sami & Raatikainen, Pertti. Passive Optical Networks. Espoo 2006. VTT
Publications 597.
• Effenberger F. J., Ichibangase H. & Yamashita H. Advances in Broadband Passive
Optical Networking Technologies.. IEEE Communications Magazine, Dec. 2001, pp.
118.124.
• Bonenfant, P. & Rodriquez-Moral, A. .Generic Framing Procedure (GFP): The Catalyst
for Efficient Data over Transport,. IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002, pp.
72.79.
• A. Banerjee, Y. Park, F. Clarke, H. Song, S. Yang, G. Kramer, K. Kim, and B.
Mukherjee, "Wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON)
technologies for broadband access: a review [Invited]," J. Opt. Netw. 4, 737-758
(2005)
• R. D. Feldman, E. E. Harstead, S. Jiang, T. H. Wood, and M. Zirngibl, “An evaluation of
architectures incorporating wavelength division multiplexing broad-band fiber
access,” J. Lightwave Technol. 16, 1546–1558 (1998).
• M. Zirngibl, C. H. Joyner, L.W. Stulz, C. Dragone, H. M. Presby, and I. P. Kaminow,
“LARNET, a local access router network,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7, 215–217
(1995).
• N. J. Frigo, P. D. Magill, T. E. Darcie, P. P. Iannone, M. M. Downs, B. N. Desai, U.
Koren, T. L. Koch, C. Dragone, and H. M. Presby, “RITENet: a passive optical network
architecture based on the remote interrogation of terminal equipment,”
• G. Mayer, M. Martinelli, A. Pattavina, and E. Salvadori, “Design and cost performance
of the multistage WDM PON access networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 121–142
(2000).
• Van de Voorde, I., Martin, C., Vandevege, J. & Qiu, X. .The SuperPON Demonstrator:
An Exploration of Possible Evolution Paths for Optical Access Networks., IEEE Comm.
Magazine, Feb. 2000, pp. 74.82.
• Y. Hsueh, M. Rogge,W. Shaw, S. Yamamoto, and L. Kazovsky, “Quality of service