PHYSICSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT

AIM: To investigate the relation

between the ratio of (i) output and
input voltage and (ii) number of
turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self- designed
transformer

SUBMITTER BY SUBMITTED TO
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Yashvi Kumar, of class , would like to express my

Sincere gratitude and special thanks principal Mr. Mukesh Singh for his
invaluable advice and unending support.

I would also like to give a special thanks to my

teacher for the guidance, support and
sharing valuable insights, on this investigatory
project
topic

I would like to extend my gratitude towards my school for providing all

facilities to do the project.

I would also like to express sincere thanks to my family who extended helping
hand in completing this project
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Yashvi Kumar, of class , would like to express my

Sincere gratitude and special thanks principal Mr. Mukesh Singh for his
invaluable advice and unending support.

I would also like to give a special thanks to my

teacher for the guidance, support and
sharing valuable insights, on this investigatory
project
topic

I would like to extend my gratitude towards my school for providing all

facilities to do the project.

I would also like to express sincere thanks to my family who extended helping
hand in completing this project
 MOTOR FITNESS TEST

In the motor fitness test, school students of 17 years of age are considered. Andre
advised to warm up themselves before participating in the test, stand all the students
must be medically fit.
The general motor fitness test includes:
 Pull-Ups (For Boys):
It is done to measure the strength of the f shoulders and arms. In this test, the bar is
adjusted according to the boy’s height, and the bar is held with the palms facing away.
The boy is asked to pull his body up so that his chin reaches the bar’s level. Everyone
who pulls up is awarded by one point. One trial round is also given before starting the
test.
 Flexed Arm Flange (For Girls):
It is done to measure the strength of the arms and shoulders. The bar is adjusted
according to the girl’s height, and the bar is held with an overhand grasp. The girl is
asked to lift her body till her chin reaches bar level. The Score is provided as per the
time in seconds; she holds the bar.
 Flexed Leg Sit-ups:
This test is done to measure the strength and endurance of the abdomen. The student is
asked to lie on the floor by making a 90 degrees angle of knees. The hands must be
held behind the head with interlocked fingers. Another person holds the feet. The
student is then asked to curl up and touch the knees with an elbow. The score is
counted as per the sit-ups done in 60 seconds.
 Shuttle Run:
It is used to measure speed and agility. Two parallel lines are drawn behind which two
wooden boxes are kept. The youth has to run and pick the wooden box at the initial lines
two times. The score is counted in which the student took less time.
 50 Yard Dash:
It is done to measure the speed. The student is asked to run 50 yards from the initial
line and the total time to complete 50 yards.
 600 Yard Run-Walk:
It is done to measure endurance. The student is asked to either run or walk 600 yards.
The time is measured either in minutes or seconds.
 YOGA

Yoga is an ancient practice that originated in India over 5,000 years ago and has
evolved into a widely practiced discipline around the world. It is a holistic system
designed to enhance physical health, mental clarity, and spiritual well-being. The word
yoga comes from the Sanskrit root yuj, meaning "to unite" or "to join." At its
core, yoga seeks to harmonize the body, mind, and spirit, helping practitioners
cultivate balance and self-awareness.
While yoga is often associated with physical postures (known as asanas), it
encompasses far more than just exercise. It integrates techniques for breath
control, meditation, and ethical principles that support the development of inner
peace,
mindfulness, and personal growth.

ELEMENTS OF YOGA
1. Yama:
Yama details the outlook a yogi should adopt towards his/her life. Yamas are yogic ethical
precepts, a collection of actions designed to assist a yogi in becoming a moral being, a
person with strong ideals to live by. The Yama expects to abide by the values suggested in
order to attain a sense of a higher living being.
2. Niyama
Niyama translates to rules in Sanskrit, and are a kind of rule prescribed for a yogi.
Niyamas help in building the values of self-discipline, willpower, determination, and trust
in oneself and one’s path.
3. Asana
Most of us would be familiar with the concept of Asana. These are the physical postures
that one adopts while practising Yoga. Each Asana is expected to help you stretch and
relax certain parts of the body. These Asanas are also linked to easing or curing various
ailments or promoting growth. For example, Tadasana is linked to height growth in
younger children. However, according to the scriptures, each asana is supposed to be
practised with a specific attitude.
4. Pranayama
A sort of yogic breathing exercise known as pranayama is used to prepare yogis for
meditation. Pranayama has several advantages and beneficial impacts on both the body
and the psyche. To begin with, pranayama aids yogis in improving their breathing
patterns. Second, pranayama allows more oxygen to reach the brain, which improves
its functions, particularly its ability to stay alert and focused (for meditation and
introspection). It assists a person in being more mindful of their breath, body, and
mind, resulting in increased self-awareness.
5. Pratyahara
Translated as the ‘withdrawal of the senses,’ the state of Pratyahara, is a state of being
completely aware of the present moment. It is a state in which the yogi is absolutely
living in the present moment, completely concentrated and absorbed in one’s activity.
It is similar to what artists or writers call “the flow” wherein the person’s mind is
present in the work that they are doing, and is completely focused on thoughts and
physically. In this state, the yogi is absolutely devoid of distractions.
6. Dharana
Dharana is a single-pointed concentration technique. Dharana is a mental fixation in
which the flow of awareness is directed only towards one object (internal or external)
and remains there for an extended period of time. This form of mental focus should be
unbroken and unaffected by any other mental processes. As you might expect,
Dharana requires years of effort and dedication for the majority of us, however, some
people are born with a natural aptitude to concentrate. Some people may develop this
form of
focus as a result of their job.
7. Dyana
In recent years, meditation has taken the center stage, and people are now beginning to
realise the mental and physical benefits of practising meditation. Dyana is a meditation
technique that is intended to calm and control the mind by limiting its activity and
achieving a state of intense concentration, focus, and eventually – self-awareness.
When the mind is entirely silent and no mental activity distracts a yogi, a state is
attained in which one can tap into one’s essence beneath all of the layers and layers
of conscious and subconscious mental representations that must be removed.
Meditation isn’t something you do; it’s something that happens when all of the
necessary
conditions are satisfied.
8. Samadhi
Samadhi is often used in relation to famous saints or yogis who took Samadhi. It is a
difficult topic to explain and is a form of hibernation that the yogi practices while
giving up on most worldly pleasure. It is one of the most enigmatic, misunderstood,
and misrepresented aspects of the yoga journey. It is undeniably something that is
absolutely individualised in terms of how one might experience and explain it in its
early phases. As a result, there’s a lot of confusion. It’s a state that goes beyond words
and mental notions. This is why metaphors, poetry, and art have proven to be the most
effective means of describing samadhi.

ASANAS
VAJRASANA
How to Perform Vajrasana:
1. Starting Position:
o Begin by kneeling on the floor with your knees and feet together, and
your big toes touching each other.
o Sit back on your heels, with your buttocks resting on your heels. The
tops of your feet should be flat on the floor, with your toes pointing
straight
back.
o Your thighs should be in contact with your abdomen, and your spine
should be erect.
o Rest your hands on your thighs, with the palms facing down or
up depending on your comfort.
2. Alignment:
o Keep your shoulders relaxed and away from the ears, while maintaining
an open chest and a long, straight spine.
o Your head should be in line with your spine, and your chin should
be parallel to the ground.
o Keep your gaze forward and soft, or close your eyes if you wish to
deepen your focus.
3. Breathing:
o Breathe deeply and evenly through the nostrils. The breath should be
smooth, slow, and calming, helping to cultivate a sense of inner peace and
relaxation.
4. Duration:
 Hold the position for 1 to 5 minutes, or longer if comfortable. If you're using this
pose for meditation, you can stay seated as long as needed, but it’s essential to
stay relaxed.

Benefits of Vajrasana:
1. Improves Digestion:
o Vajrasana is known to be beneficial for digestion. Sitting with a straight
spine, the pressure placed on the abdomen while sitting in Vajrasana helps
stimulate digestive organs and can aid in better digestion and the
alleviation of issues like indigestion and bloating.
2. Relieves Back Pain:
o Regular practice of Vajrasana can help alleviate tension in the lower back
and improve overall spinal health by encouraging proper posture. It helps to
stretch the lower back muscles, especially when held for an extended
period.
3. Strengthens the Lower Body:
o This pose engages the thighs, knees, and calves, helping to strengthen
and tone these areas. It also increases flexibility in the ankles, which can
be
beneficial for individuals who are on their feet for long periods.
Contraindications for Vajrasana:
Although Vajrasana is generally safe and accessible for most people, there are
some situations where it may not be suitable, or where modifications may be
necessary:
1. Knee Injuries:
o If you have knee pain or injuries such as torn ligaments, knee arthritis, or
patellar issues, Vajrasana can place significant pressure on the knees.
Sitting in this pose may aggravate these conditions.
o Modification: You can place a thick cushion or blanket under your
knees or between your buttocks and heels to reduce the pressure.
Alternatively, you can practice Sukhasana (Easy Pose) or Siddhasana
(Accomplished Pose) as a seated alternative.
2. Ankle Problems:
o If you have any ankle injuries, such as sprains, fractures, or chronic pain,
this pose might cause discomfort due to the pressure placed on the tops
of the feet.
o Modification: Consider using a soft cushion under your ankles, or
try sitting with a gap between your feet to reduce strain
PADAHASTASANA
How to Perform Padahastasana:
1. Start in Tadasana: Stand upright with your feet hip-width apart and your arms
by your sides. Keep your spine straight and your body relaxed.
2. Inhale and Raise Arms: Stretch your arms overhead, reaching toward the
sky, keeping your shoulders relaxed and your spine long.
3. Exhale and Bend Forward: Hinge at the hips and begin to fold forward, aiming
to bring your chest toward your thighs. Keep your back straight as you fold, and
avoid rounding your spine.
4. Grab the Feet: As you fold deeper, try to bring your hands to the soles of your
feet, either by reaching behind your legs and grabbing your ankles or by placing
your
palms under your feet. If you can't reach your feet yet, you can bend your knees
slightly or use a strap around your feet.
5. Hold the Pose: Keep your feet firmly planted and gently pull on your feet with
your hands to deepen the stretch. Allow your head to relax toward your shins,
with your neck soft.
6. Breathe and Hold: Stay in the pose for several breaths (around 20-30 seconds),
and focus on lengthening your spine and deepening the stretch with each
exhalation.
7. To Exit: Inhale and slowly roll up, bringing your torso back to upright position.
Keep your core engaged and your spine extended as you come up.
Benefits of Padahastasana:
 Stretches the Hamstrings: This pose is great for lengthening and strengthening
the back of the legs.
 Improves Flexibility: It helps improve overall flexibility in the hamstrings,
lower back, and calves.
 Reduces Stress: The forward fold helps calm the nervous system and
relieves mental stress.
 Strengthens the Core: Maintaining balance in the pose engages your core
muscles. Contraindications for Padahastasana (Hand-to-Foot Pose)
1. Lower Back Issues:
 People with lower back pain, herniated discs, or sciatica should be cautious
when practicing this pose, as the forward bend can put pressure on the spine. It
may worsen pain or discomfort in these conditions.
 If you have chronic back pain, it’s essential to avoid deep bending or to modify
the pose with a slight bend in the knees and focus on lengthening the spine rather
than forcing the fold.
2. Hamstring Injuries:
 If you have a hamstring strain or tear, this pose can strain the hamstrings further
due to the deep stretch required. It's better to modify the pose and practice with
a gentle bend in the knees.
URDHVA HASTASANA
How to Perform Urdhva Hastasana (Upward Salute Pose):
1. Start in Tadasana (Mountain Pose):
Begin by standing tall with your feet together or hip-width apart, grounding
evenly through all four corners of your feet. Keep your legs straight but not
locked, and engage your thighs slightly. Lengthen your spine and stand upright,
with your shoulders relaxed and your arms by your sides.
2. Inhale and Raise Your Arms:
On an inhale, sweep your arms out to the sides and then upward, bringing them
parallel to each other and close to your ears. Your palms should face each other,
and your fingers should reach toward the sky. Keep your arms straight but
avoid locking your elbows.
3. Engage Your Core:
As you lift your arms, engage your core to support your spine. Lift through your
chest and keep your ribs drawn in to avoid arching your lower back too much.
Maintain an even distribution of weight through your feet.
4. Gaze Upward (Optional):
You can choose to keep your gaze forward or gently look up toward your
hands, ensuring that your neck remains neutral and not strained.
5. Hold the Pose:
Stay in the pose for 5-10 breaths, maintaining an active engagement in your
legs, core, and arms. Keep your body aligned, with your chest open and your
shoulders relaxed.
6. Exhale and Release:
To exit the pose, exhale and slowly lower your arms back down to your sides,
returning to Tadasana.
Benefits of Urdhva Hastasana:
 Stretches and Strengthens the Body:
The pose stretches the entire body, especially the arms, shoulders, and upper
back. It also strengthens the core, legs, and lower back.
 Improves Posture:
By encouraging an upright posture and lengthening the spine, this pose helps
improve posture and counteracts the effects of slouching.
 Opens the Chest:
The pose helps open the chest and expands the rib cage, improving lung
capacity and promoting deep breathing.
Contraindications:
.  Shoulder Injuries:
If you have shoulder injuries, be mindful not to over-extend the arms and to
maintain a comfortable range of motion.
 Back Issues:
Those with lower back problems should engage the core and avoid over-
arching the lower back while lifting the arms.
 TRIKONASANA
How to Perform Trikonasana (Triangle Pose):
1. Start in Tadasana (Mountain Pose):
Begin by standing tall with your feet together and your arms by your sides.
2. Step Your Feet Wide Apart:
Take a big step with your feet about 3-4 feet apart (depending on your body size),
ensuring your feet are aligned in a straight line. Turn your right foot outward 90
degrees, so it’s pointing directly to the side, and turn your left foot slightly inward,
around 15 degrees.
3. Align Your Hips and Shoulders:
Your hips should be facing forward, and your torso should be upright. Engage
your legs by pressing the feet into the floor and activating your thighs.
4. Extend Your Arms:
Inhale and extend your arms out to the sides at shoulder height, parallel to the
floor, with your palms facing down.
5. Bend at the Hips, Not the Waist:
On an exhale, begin to extend your torso over your right leg, reaching toward
the right foot. Keep your torso long and avoid collapsing at the waist. Instead,
hinge at the hips, extending your body horizontally over the right leg.
6. Reach for Your Right Leg (or a Block):
Place your right hand on your shin, ankle, or the floor (depending on your
flexibility). If your hand does not reach the floor, you can use a yoga block under
your hand for support. Your left arm should be reaching upward, with the palm
facing forward.
7. Open the Chest:
Open your chest toward the ceiling, stacking your left shoulder directly over the
right. Gaze can be either up at your left hand, or you can keep it facing forward or
down if that feels better for your neck.
8. Hold and Breathe:
Hold the pose for 5-10 breaths, keeping your legs strong and engaged. Keep your
body aligned and your breath steady.
9. To Exit:
Inhale and lift your torso back up, coming into a standing position. Turn your feet
to face forward, then repeat on the other side.
 Benefits of Trikonasana:
 Stretches the Hips, Hamstrings, and Spine:
This pose stretches the legs, especially the hamstrings and inner thighs, as well
as the sides of the torso and the spine.
 Improves Balance and Stability:
Trikonasana requires strength and stability, particularly in the legs and core,
helping improve overall balance and coordination.
Contraindications:
 Back Injuries:
People with severe back injuries should be cautious and avoid over-stretching
in the lower back. They may also need to modify the pose with a gentle version
or use props for support.
 Neck Issues:
Those with neck problems should avoid looking upward and may want to keep
their gaze forward or down to reduce strain on the neck.
 ARDHAMATSYENDRASANA
How to Perform Ardha Matsyendrasana:
1. Starting Position (Seated Pose):
o Sit on the floor with your legs extended straight in front of you and
your spine tall.
o Bend your right knee, bringing your right foot to the outside of your
left thigh (keeping your left leg straight).
o Place your left foot flat on the floor, near your right hip.
2. Twist the Torso:
o Inhale, lengthen your spine, and sit up straight.
o Exhale and twist your torso to the right.
o Place your right hand behind you on the floor, fingers pointing
backward, to support your spine and help deepen the twist.
3. Position the Left Arm:
o On your next inhale, bring your left arm up to the ceiling, extending
it towards the sky.
o Exhale and hook your left elbow on the outside of your right knee (this
is where the twist happens).
o Press your left elbow gently against your right knee as you twist
further to the right.
4. Engage the Core:
o Engage your core and keep your spine long as you continue to twist
from the lower abdomen upwards.
o Try to keep both hips grounded on the floor as you deepen the twist.

o Turn your head to the right, looking over your right

shoulder. Keep your gaze steady and focused.
5. Gaze:
 Turn your head to the right, looking over your right shoulder. Keep your
gaze steady and focused.
6. Hold the Position:
 Hold the pose for 30 seconds to 1 minute, breathing deeply and slowly.
 To release the pose, slowly unwind by reversing the twist and returning to
the seated position. Repeat the same on the opposite side.

Benefits of Ardhamatsyendrasana:
1. Improves Spine Flexibility: The twisting motion helps to stretch and
strengthen the muscles along the spine, improving spinal mobility and
flexibility.
2. Increases Hip Flexibility: The pose stretches the hips, hamstrings, and
lower back, improving overall flexibility in the lower body.

Contraindications (Who Should Avoid Ardha Matsyendrasana):

1. Spinal Injuries: If you have any back or spinal injuries (e.g., herniated discs,
sciatica), avoid deep twists without proper guidance. Always consult a healthcare
provider or experienced instructor before attempting this pose.
2. Hip Problems: If you have any hip injuries or discomfort in the hip joints,
modifications may be necessary. Avoid forcing the twist or placing pressure on
the hips.
BHUJANGASANA
How to Perform Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose):
1. Start in Prone Position:
o Lie face down on the mat with your legs extended straight behind
you, and your feet hip-width apart. The tops of your feet should be
pressing into the floor, and your heels should point outward
slightly.
o Place your hands flat on the floor beneath your shoulders, with
. your elbows bent and pointing straight back. Keep your elbows
close to your body.
2. Engage Your Legs:
o Press the tops of your feet into the floor to engage your legs. Activate
your thigh muscles and keep your legs straight without locking your
knees. This will help protect your lower back and stabilize your
body.
3. Inhale and Lift Your Chest:
o On an inhale, press your palms into the floor and gently lift your
chest and upper torso away from the ground, using the strength
of
your back muscles. Keep your elbows slightly bent and avoid using
too much arm strength.
o Your lower ribs should stay on the mat while the upper chest lifts.
Focus on lengthening your spine as you rise, keeping the hips on the
floor.
4. Open Your Chest and Shoulders:
o Roll your shoulders back and down, away from your ears, as you
lift your chest. Keep your elbows close to your body, and avoid
collapsing your chest forward.
o Look slightly upwards or forward, keeping your neck in line
with your spine.
5. Hold the Pose:
o Stay in the pose for 15-30 seconds, breathing deeply and evenly.
Focus on maintaining a gentle curve in your back rather than forcing
your chest to lift too high. Keep your legs engaged and your pelvis
grounded.
6. To Exit the Pose:
 To come out of the pose, gently lower your chest and forehead back to the
mat, and release your arms. Rest for a moment before repeating or
moving into another posture.

Benefits of Bhujangasana:
 Strengthens the Spine and Lower Back:
o This pose strengthens the muscles along the spine, helping
improve posture and spinal flexibility. It also strengthens the
muscles of the lower back, which is beneficial for individuals with
back pain or
weakness.
 Opens the Chest and Shoulders:
o Bhujangasana helps to open the chest and stretch the
shoulder muscles, improving flexibility and counteracting the
rounded shoulders caused by sitting for extended periods.


Contraindications:
 Pregnancy:
o Pregnant individuals, especially in the later stages, should avoid
deep backbends like Bhujangasana, as they can put pressure on the
abdomen. A modified version or more gentle poses might be
recommended.
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or Wrist Injuries:
o If you have wrist injuries, you can perform the pose with your
forearms on the ground instead of your hands to reduce pressure on
the wrists.
PASCHINMOTTANASANA
How to Perform Paschimottanasana (Seated Forward Bend Pose):
1. Start in Dandasana (Staff Pose):
o Sit on the floor with your legs extended straight in front of you,
keeping them together. Flex your feet so that the toes point upwards,
and engage your thighs, pressing the backs of your legs toward the
floor.
o Place your hands on the floor next to your hips with your fingers spread
wide and your palms pressing down. Keep your spine long and tall,
with your shoulders relaxed away from your ears.
2. Inhale and Lengthen the Spine:
o Take a deep breath in and lengthen your spine, reaching the crown of
your head toward the ceiling. Imagine elongating your torso,
drawing energy upward through the spine.
3. Exhale and Fold Forward:
o As you exhale, begin to fold forward from the hips (not the waist),
keeping your spine as long as possible. Reach your arms toward your
feet. You can hold your feet with your hands, or if you can’t reach them,
hold your shins, ankles, or use a yoga strap around your feet for extra
reach.
o Keep your elbows bent slightly as you deepen the fold, but maintain
the length in your spine rather than rounding the back.
4. Relax the Neck and Head:
o Once you’re folded forward, relax your neck, allowing your head to
drop toward your legs or the floor. Keep your face relaxed and breathe
deeply.
5. Hold the Pose:
o Stay in the pose for 30 seconds to 1 minute, breathing deeply and
maintaining a steady, calm breath. Each time you exhale, aim to
deepen the fold slightly, maintaining the length in your spine.
6. To Exit the Pose:
o To release the pose, gently roll up vertebra by vertebra, one segment at
a time, to sit back up. Draw your navel in and keep your back straight as
you rise.
Benefits of Paschimottanasana:
 Calms the Mind:
As a forward fold, Paschimottanasana has a calming effect on the nervous
system, helping to reduce stress and anxiety. It’s often used in yoga
sequences to promote relaxation and mental clarity.
 Relieves Back Pain:
Stretching the lower back and hamstrings can relieve discomfort from
tightness or mild lower back pain. It can also help release tension in the upper
back and shoulders.
Contraindications:
 Severe Back or Spine Issues:
If you have severe lower back pain, herniated discs, or sciatica, practice this
pose with caution, or avoid it altogether. The forward fold may place too
much strain on the spine.
o Always consult with a healthcare provider or a qualified yoga
teacher if you have back issues.
 Hamstring Injuries:
If you have a hamstring injury, avoid forcing the stretch. Keep a slight bend
in the knees and avoid pushing too deep into the fold.
PAWANMUKTASANA
How to Perform Pawanmuktasana (Wind-Relieving Pose):
1. Lie Down on Your Back:
o Start by lying flat on your back on a yoga mat, with your legs extended
and your arms by your sides, palms facing down.
2. Bend Your Knees:
o As you exhale, bring your knees toward your chest, and wrap your arms
around your shins or thighs. If you can, clasp your hands together
around your knees to secure the position.
3. Press Your Thighs into Your Belly:
o Gently pull your knees closer to your chest, pressing your thighs into
your belly to apply mild pressure to the abdomen. Keep your back
pressed
against the floor and your lower back in a neutral position.
4. Engage Your Core:
o While maintaining the grip on your knees, engage your core muscles
slightly. You can gently rock side to side if you’d like, but be mindful of
your body, staying relaxed and breathing steadily.
5. Breathe Deeply:
o Take slow, deep breaths while holding the position. Focus on inhaling
deeply into your belly, expanding it outward, and then exhaling
slowly.
With each exhale, you can try to deepen the bend of your knees into your
chest slightly, but avoid forcing it.
6. Hold for 20-30 Seconds:
o Stay in the position for about 20-30 seconds, then release your
grip, extending your legs back to the floor and resting for a few
breaths.
7. Repeat as Needed:
o You can repeat the pose 2-3 times, depending on your comfort level.
Contraindications:
 Severe Back Problems:
If you have serious spinal issues, herniated discs, or back pain, consult with
a healthcare provider before attempting this pose, as it may exacerbate
existing issues.
 Glaucoma or Eye Problems:
Individuals with glaucoma or other eye-related issues should avoid poses that
place pressure on the abdomen, as this can increase pressure in the eyes.
 CRICKET

Cricket is a bat-and-ball sport that is played between two teams, typically consisting of
11 players each. It is one of the most popular sports globally, particularly in countries
like India, England, Australia, Pakistan, South Africa, and the West Indies. The sport
has evolved over centuries and boasts a rich history, with modern formats appealing
to a wide audience.

Basic Structure of the Game

Cricket matches are played between two teams, and each match is divided into innings.
An inning is a segment in which one team bats and the other bowls/fields. There are
different formats of the game, which vary in terms of the number of overs (sets of six
balls) bowled.
1. Format of the Game:
o Test Matches: The traditional and longest form of cricket. It lasts for up
to 5 days, with each team having two innings.
o One-Day Internationals (ODIs): A limited-overs format where each
team bats for a maximum of 50 overs.
o Twenty20 (T20): A much shorter format, where each team bats for
a maximum of 20 overs.
2. Objective:
o The team that scores the most runs wins the match. Runs are scored by
the batsman hitting the ball and running between the wickets or by hitting
boundaries (4 runs) or sixes (6 runs).
3. Teams:
o Batting Team: The team that is currently batting. Two batsmen are on
the field at a time.
o Fielding/Bowling Team: The team that is bowling and fielding.
The objective is to dismiss the batsmen by various methods.
o The Field and Equipment
o Cricket Field:
o A standard cricket field is an oval, typically with a 70 to 80-meter boundary.
o In the center of the field is the pitch, a 22-yard-long strip where the
bowler delivers the ball to the batsman.
o Equipment:
o Bat: Typically made from willow wood. The bat is flat on one side
and rounded on the other, and it is used by the batsman to hit the ball.
o Ball: A hard, leather-covered ball with a seam that is used to bowl and hit.
o Wickets: There are three stumps (vertical wooden posts) at each end of
the pitch, with two bails resting on top. The wicket is the target for the
bowler, and the batsman must protect it.
o Protective Gear: Batsmen and fielders wear pads, helmets, gloves, and
other protective equipment to shield against the hard ball.
o Roles and Responsibilities
o Batsmen:
o Batsmen are responsible for scoring runs. There are typically two batsmen
at the crease (the area where the batsman stands). A batsman continues to
bat
until they are dismissed, which can happen in several ways (e.g., bowled,
caught, run out).
o Bowlers:
o Bowlers deliver the ball to the batsman. They are the primary means
of dismissing the batsmen, and their role can vary (e.g., fast bowlers,
spin bowlers).
o Fielders:
o Fielders are responsible for catching balls, stopping boundaries, and assisting
in dismissals. Fielders are spread around the field in various positions, such
as slips, gully, and long-on.
o Wicketkeeper:
o Positioned behind the batsman, the wicketkeeper’s job is to catch balls
that are missed by the batsman (e.g., through the gloves or edges). The
wicketkeeper also plays a critical role in dismissing players via stumpings
and run-outs.
Basic Rules

1. Overs:
o An over consists of 6 balls (deliveries) bowled by one bowler. After 6
balls, a different bowler delivers the next over from the other end of the
pitch.
2. Runs:
o Runs are the primary means of scoring in cricket. A batsman scores by
hitting the ball and running between the wickets or by hitting the ball to the
boundary (4 runs) or over the boundary (6 runs).
3. Dismissals:
o A batsman can be dismissed in several ways:
 Bowled: The ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails.
 Caught: The ball is caught by a fielder, wicketkeeper, or
bowler without touching the ground.
 Run Out: The batsman is out if the wicket is broken while they
are out of their ground.
 LBW (Leg Before Wicket): A batsman is out if the ball hits their
leg in front of the stumps, and the ball would have hit the stumps.
 Stumped: A wicketkeeper removes the bails when the batsman is
out of their ground while the bowler delivers the ball.
4. Innings:
o An innings consists of one team batting while the other team bowls and
fields. Once 10 batsmen are dismissed or a predetermined number of
overs have been bowled, the inning ends, and the teams switch roles.
5. Extras:
o In cricket, there are additional ways to score points:
 No-ball: A delivery that breaks the rules of bowling. The
batsman cannot be dismissed off a no-ball, and they score one
extra run.
 Wide: A ball that is too far from the batsman to reach. This results
in one extra run for the batting team.

o In the center of the field is the pitch, a 22-yard-long strip where the
bowler delivers the ball to the batsman.
 Popular Forms of Cricket
 Test Cricket:
 The oldest form of the game, played over five days with unlimited overs
per inning. Test matches are played between national teams and have a
more traditional and strategic nature.
 One-Day Internationals (ODIs):
 Limited to 50 overs per team. ODIs are fast-paced games, typically
completed in a day, and are the format used for World Cup tournaments.
 Twenty20 (T20):
 A newer and faster format where each team is allowed only 20 overs. This is
the shortest format and is known for its entertainment value, with explosive
batting and aggressive fielding.
 The Hundred:
 A new format introduced in England, where each team has 100 balls to score.
It is faster-paced than T20 cricket and has a unique set of rules and playing
style.
 International Cricket Tournaments
 ICC Cricket World Cup:
A prestigious ODI tournament held every four years, featuring national teams
from around the world. The first World Cup was held in 1975.
 ICC T20 World Cup:
A similar tournament to the World Cup, but for the T20 format, held every 2 to
4 years.
 Ashes Series:
A Test series between England and Australia, one of the oldest and most
celebrated rivalries in cricket history.
 Indian Premier League (IPL):
A franchise-based T20 league held annually in India, attracting top international
players. It’s one of the most-watched cricket leagues globally.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://adventureyogaonline.com/urdhva-hastasana-benefits/
https://www.healthshots.com/fitness/staying-fit/padahastasana-benefits/
https://www.tataaig.com/knowledge-center/health-insurance/health-benefits-of-vajrasana
https://samadhiyogaashram.com/blog/top-10-health-benefits-of-trikonasana/
 INDEX
 General Motor fitness test
 Yoga
 Elements of yoga
 Asanas
 Cricket
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Yashvi Kumar, of class , would like to express my

Sincere gratitude and special thanks principal Mr. Mukesh Singh for his
invaluable advice and unending support.

I would also like to give a special thanks to my

teacher for the guidance, support and
sharing valuable insights, on this investigatory
project
topic

I would like to extend my gratitude towards my school for providing all

facilities to do the project.

I would also like to express sincere thanks to my family who extended helping
hand in completing this project
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Yashvi Kumar, of class , would like to express my

Sincere gratitude and special thanks principal Mr. Mukesh Singh for his
invaluable advice and unending support.

I would also like to give a special thanks to my

teacher for the guidance, support and
sharing valuable insights, on this investigatory
project
topic

I would like to extend my gratitude towards my school for providing all

facilities to do the project.

I would also like to express sincere thanks to my family who extended helping
hand in completing this project
 CHEMISTRY PROJECT
AIM: To detect the presence of different cations and
anions in different toothpaste brands and determine
its quality

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO