CELL DISCOVERY AND CELL THEORY cellular pathology, or the study of disease at

HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE the cellular level.

- Lens in the eye piece is originated from the
“Glass” invented by Romans during first Cell Theories
century – year 100.
 The cell is the fundamental unit of structure
- They discovered that the shape of the glass
and function in living things.
helps to magnify an object from its original
 All organisms are made up of one or more
size.
cells.
- The discovery of lens caught the attention of
 Cells came from other pre-existing cells
the eyeglass maker’s brothers, Zacharias
through cellular division.
Janssen and Hans Janssen.

ZACHARIAS AND HANS JANSSEN-

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
- They got a tube and put lenses of each end PROKARYOTIC
and started observing objects. - “pro” means before and “karyon” means
- Since their invention uses two or more lenses, nucleus.
they are among the first inventors of - Has no true nucleus because of the genetic
compound microscope. materials is floating on the cytoplasm.
- They observe that viewed objects in front of - The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an
the tube appear greatly enlarged. irregularly shaped region within the cell of a
prokaryote that contains all of most of the
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK genetic material.
- Builds a simple microscope with one lens. - Smaller and simple
- He is the first to describe cells and bacteria. He
- Few organelles and lack membrane
didn’t used the word cell, but he called it
- All are unicellular organisms.
“animalcule” meaning “little animals”.
BACTERIA is the first specimen to study under the Example: Bacteria EUKARYOTIC
microscope.
- “eu” means true and “karyon” nucleus.
CELL THEORY - Has a true nucleus covered in nuclear
- A postulated and widely accepted hypothesis membrane
of how most life on Earth operates. - Larger and more complex.
- The hypothesis states that cell comprise all - Has a complex organelles with membrane.
organisms. Organs, tissues, and organisms - Can be unicellular or
are made up of groups of cells. These are multicellular organisms.
the fundamental assumptions of cell theory.
Example: Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Fungi and
Protista.
ROBERT HOOKE
- Coined the term “cell”. CELL ORGANELLES
- He discovered that “Cell as the smallest
units of life”. Organelles – are structures that enable the cell to live,
grow, and reproduce.
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
PARTS OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
- According to his discovery, “existence of
single-cell organisms.” 1. PILI – hair-like structure on the surface of the cell
that attach to other bacterial cells. Shorter pili
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN called fimbriae help bacteria attach to surfaces.
- a German botanist concluded that all plant
2. CELL WALL – it is an outer covering that protects
tissues are composed of cells and that an
the bacterial cell and gives it shape. Made out of
embryonic plant arose from a single cell.
peptidoglycan.
3. NUCLEOID REGION – area of the cytoplasm that
THEODOR SCHWANN
contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.
- a German botanist who concluded that
4. CAPSULE – found in some bacterial cells, this
Animals were composed of cells.
additional outer covering protects the cell when
it is engulfed by other organisms, assist in
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
retaining moisture, and helps the cell adhere to
- use the theory that all cells arise from pre-
surfaces and nutrients.
existing cells to lay the groundwork for
 5. PLASMID – are gene carrying, circular DNA
structures that are not involved in reproduction. 4. RIBOSOMES
6. CYTOPLASM – is a gel-like substance composed - Site of protein synthesis.
mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts,
cell components and various organic molecules. 5. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
7. RIBOSOMES – responsible for protein - Network of channels composed of single
production. membrane.
8. FLAGELLA – are long whip-like protrusion that
aids in cellular locomotion. Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
9. PLASMA MEMBRANE – surrounds the cell’s
cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substance in
1. Rough ER – they have ribosomes
attached on their surfaces and t
and out of the cell.
manufactures proteins and transport
them to various places.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
2. Smooth ER – they do not ribosomes
Organelles that present in both ANIMAL AND attached on their surfaces and it
PLANT CELL. manufactures lipids and transport them to
various places.
1. CELL MEMBRANE
- a phospholipid bilayer and has proteins. 6. GOLGI APPARATUS / GOLGI BODY
- Selectively permeable which regulates the entry - Consist of stacks of single membrane that are
and exit of selective materials in the cell. connected to the plasma membrane and
- Serve as the protection of the cell. endoplasmic reticulum.
2. CYTOPLASM - It sorts, packs and modifies proteins for
- Jelly-like material inside the cell. secretion.
- Most organelles are found here.
3. NUCLEUS 7. MITOCHONDRIA
- Spherical body - They are made of two membranes. The outer
- The control center of the cell, directs and membrane covers the organelles and contains
coordinates all cellular activities. it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over
- Robert Brown – saw central structure in plant many times and creates layered structures
cells, and he called this structure a nucleus. called cristae.

CELL NUCLEUS ANATOMY

Nuclear Envelope Organelles that present in ANIMAL CELL
only.
- A membrane that encloses the nucleus.
- It is porous – means has pores. 1. LYSOSOMES
- Separates the nuclear contents from the - Spherical organelle that encloses digestive
cytoplasm. enzymes.
Nuclear Pores / Nucleopores - Break down food particles,
invading objects, or worn out cell
- Opening of the nucleus. parts.
- Large complex of proteins. - Suicidal bag – self-destruct dying cell
- Allow the transport of molecules across the - Also break down damaged or own out cell
nuclear envelope. parts.
- Recycling center.
Nucleoplasm

- It is a gel-like material that fills the nucleus.

- Hold the materials inside the nucleus. 2. PERIXOSOMES
- Hold the genetic material called - Similar to lysosomes, peroxisomes also exist
the chromatin. as small vesicles around the cell.
Nucleolus - They are surrounded by a single membrane,
containing digestive enzymes for breaking
- It is a dense spherical body onside the
down toxic materials.
nucleus, it also contains RNA.
- Though they contain digestive enzymes, just
- Production of Ribosomes
like lysosomes, they carry oxidative enzymes
(Protein Synthesis) occur
that requires oxygen.
here.
 - Peroxisomes also help in breaking down S PHASE / SYNTHESIS PHASE
alcohol in the body. Because of this, you
would expect your liver cells to have more - The stage where DNA replication occurs.
peroxisomes than other cells in your body. - The doubling of Genetic content for each
daughter cells.
3. CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES - Synthesis of histones and other nuclear
- The centrosome is a small dense region of requirements.
cytoplasm that serves as the main G2 / GAP 2/ GROWTH 2
microtubule organizing center (MTOC),
where microtubules are organized and - The cell is ready to enter mitosis.
assembled. - Production of spindle fibers (microtubules) in
- Centrioles are cylinder shaped organelles the centrioles (part of centrosome) occurs.
made of nine triplets of short microtubules
arranged in a ring. Cell Cycle Checkpoint – checks if the cell passed the
requirements during the stages of interphases.
Before an animal cell divides, the centrosome
NOTE: Cancer cells do not follow cell cycle
including the centrioles double, and the two new
checkpoints.
centrosomes move to opposite ends of the

APOPTOSIS – cell death. It happens when the

CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION problem cannot be fixed anymore.

- Cancer cells are uncontrolled and dividing

CELL REST – cell will go rest if the problem of the cell
cells.
still can be fixed.
- They lost control and communication to other
body cell. They also lost their functions.
Some cells don’t go top the phases that we
- They have the ability to secrete their own
mention instead they remain to G0 (Gap 0).
growth hormone, allowing blood vessels to
supply them huge amount of nutrients that G0 / GAP 0
can take away nutrients from a healthy cell.
- Cells are still performing cell function, but
Factors affecting normal cells to become they are not preparing to divide.
cancer cells. - Some cells go here temporarily. Example of
it is MUSCLE CELLS.
1. Genetics – it could be past from one
- Some cells stay here permanently – NERVE
generation to another.
or BRAIN Cells that is why brain and spinal
2. Exposure to toxic substances
damages are hard to heal and most of the
and radiation
time has no cure because they will not be
3. Too much exposure to UV lights
able to divide.
4. Unhealthy lifestyle such as vices and
exposure to technology. CELL DIVISION

Cure: Chemotherapy. - A process by which a cell, called parent cell,

divide into two or more cells, called
CELL CYCLE – the life cycle of cell which it grows and
daughter cells.
divide.
- Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes undergo
Two Stages of Cell Cycle cell division.
- Prokaryotes – binary fission
1. Interphase – preparation of cell before it - Eukaryotes – mitosis and meiosis
undergoes cellular division.

Three Stages of Interphase

TWO TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
G1 / GAP 1 / GROWTH 1
1. MITOSIS (Somatic Cell Division)
- In this stage the cell decided whether it will - Also known as Karyokinesis (division of
enter the cell cycle or not. nucleus)
- Characterized by increase cell mass due to - The doubling of genetic information for each
absorption of nutrients. daughter cells (DNA Replication)
- Organelles are highly active on this stage. - It is a type of cell division where it produced
 daughter cells that have the same number of FOUR STAGES OF MITOSIS
chromosomes as their parent.

DIPLOID – complete set of chromosomes.

NOTE: Humans have 46 chromosomes. If we

have a total of 46 chromosomes, in the end of
mitosis, the daughter cells will also have 46
chromosomes each.

Why do cells need to divide?

1. Living things grow by producing more cells,

NOT because each cell increases in size.
2. Repair of damaged tissue.
3. If cell gets too big, it cannot get enough
nutrients into the cell and wastes out of the
cell.

GENETIC MATERIALS DURING CELL DIVISION

CHROMOSOME – a threadlike structure of a nucleic
acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living
cells.
- It carries genetic information on the form of
genes.
- It is form when the chromatin condensed.
GENE – one section of a DNA strand that codes for
one trait.

NOTE: all somatic (body) cells in organism have the

same number and kind of chromosomes.

Human = 46 chromosomes
Human skin cell = 46 chromosomes Human
Heart cell = 46 chromosomes

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

- It is where the cells get the information they

need to function.
- It is a double helix strand that encodes the
genetic instructions used in the development
and functioning of all known living organisms
and many viruses.
CHROMATIN - mixture of DNA and proteins that
form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans
and other higher organisms.
HISTONES - a protein that provides structural support
for a chromosome.
NUCLEOSOMES – it is a section of DNA that is
wrapped around a core of proteins

ANIMAL CELL DURING CYTOKINESIS

- Formed cleavage furrow through microfilament.

PLANT CELL DURING CYTOKINESIS

- Formed cell plate created by Golgi apparatus.
- Cell plate becomes cell wall.